This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of clinical pharmacists as part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team. It outlines how pharmacists round with other providers to discuss patient disease states, therapies, and outcomes. Pharmacists evaluate medication regimens, monitor patients, educate patients, and provide drug information to other team members. When documenting in patient records, pharmacists write clear, objective notes using common note formats like SOAP notes. As part of the team, pharmacists work to optimize patient medication therapy and health outcomes.

2. Topical Subjects
• Clinical Pharmacy General View
• Rounding, Documentation, and Patient Education
• Patient Counselling of Medication
• Patient Education of Medication for desired therapeutical
outcomes

3. Clinical Pharmacy
The area of pharmacy
concerned with the
science & practice of
rational medication use.
Health science discipline in which
pharmacists provide pt care that
1. optimizes medication therapy
2. promotes health, wellness &
disease prevention.
3. contributes to the generation of
new knowledge that advances
health & QoL.
Abridged unabridged

4. Has in-depth knowledge of medications that is
integrated with understanding of biomedical,
pharmaceutical, sociobehavioral, & clinical sciences.
Applies evidence-
based guidelines,
evolving sciences,
technologies & legal,
ethical, social, cultural,
economic &
professional principles.
Assume responsibility & accountability for
managing medication therapy in patient care
settings, whether independently or in collaboration
with other healthcare professionals.
Generates,
disseminates, &
applies new
knowledge that
contributes to
improved health and
Quality of Life (QoL).
Clinical Pharmacist

5. Unabridged Definition of Clinical
Pharmacy
The discipline of
clinical pharmacy
The clinical
pharmacist
The roles of the clinical
pharmacist in the
health care system.

6. The discipline
of clinical
pharmacy
The
Clinical
Pharmacist
Roles Within
the
Health
Care System
•As clinical
pharmacy embraces
the philosophy of
pharmaceutical
care→ the primary
object of practice &
research is the
patient (pt).
•As a discipline,
clinical pharmacy
must be engaged in
research to generate
new knowledge that
advances human
health & QoL.
• Clinical
pharmacists
provide care to pts
(i.e., they don’t just
provide clinical
services),
• This practice occur
in any practice
setting.
• Clinical pharmacist
plays imp. role as
researchers by
generating,
disseminating, &
applying
knowledge to
improve health &
QoL
•It’s unique set of
knowledge & skills to
the health care system
& assume the role of
drug therapy expert to
ensure & advance
rational drug therapy,
averting medication
misadventures that
ensue inappropriate
therapeutic decisions
during prescribing.
•Clinical pharmacist
serves as an
objective, evidence-
based source of
information.

7. History Taking
• The medication history is the starting point for generating
hypotheses regarding
– pt’s understanding of the role of medications in the treatment of disease;
– the pt’s ability to comply with the medication regimen;
– the medication’s effectiveness; &
– the pt’s experiences with side effects, allergies, & ARDs.
• Pharmacists have unique combination of drug-related expertise
& experience; interview trust & respect pharmacists.
• Other healthcare professionals interview pts regarding the use
of medications, but no other professional has the pharmacist’s
depth & scope of knowledge regarding medications.
• It’s important that pharmacists obtain & document pt
medication histories & communicate this information to other
healthcare team.

8. History Taking
Review → Interview Interview → Review
1. Pharmacist can have
some knowledge of the
pt before the interview
& can prepare to
explore & address
specific issues
2. The pharmacist may
feel more comfortable
having some
knowledge before
interacting with the pt.
1. The pharmacist is
completely unbiased
which allows the
exploration of all the
aspects of the history
with equal intensity.
Advantages

9. History Taking
Review → Interview Interview → Review
1. Important information
may be overlooked if
the pharmacist
becomes too focused
or influenced by
previously collected
information.
1. It can be an
intimidating & time-
consuming process for
the inexperienced
interviewers.
Disadvantages

10. Observation of the Patient & the Patient’s
Environment
Close observation of the pt & the surroundings provides
important information regarding the pt’s health, economic
status, compliance & social system.
Pt’s well-being & socioeconomic class can be judged by:
The way the patient is dressed Patient’s room

11. Unkempt sloppy dress
Patient is too ill to pay attention to these
details

12. Amount, quality
& type of jewellery,
hairstyle, make-up, watches
Socioeconomic status

13. Worn, dated clothing
Difficulties in paying for medication

14. Patterns of wear on shoes & shirt sleeves
Physical impairment from stroke or other trauma

15. Shoes with toes and other area cut out
History of gout or joint disease

16. Oversized Cloths
Weight loss

17. Too Tight Cloths
Weight gain

18. Loose-fitting house slippers or untied sneakers
Recent lower extremity Oedema

19. Dressing Too Warmly
Hypothyroidism

20. Dressing Too Coolly
Hyperthyroidism

21. Flowers, Plants, Cards
Social Supports of family and friends

22. Books, Newspapers, Magazines
Literate patients

23. Crosswords puzzles and crafts
Patient is well enough to get engaged in
activities

24. Food in the Room
• a. Social support
• b. Not hungry pts or anorexia (side effect of some
drugs)
• c. Missing a meal while at test or asleep
• d. Dislike the hospital food

25. Look for Forbidden Food
• Diabetic patients
• Salted snakes with patients on salt-restricted diets
• Soft drinks or water with patients on restricted fluids

26. Demographic Data
Age, height, weight, race, ethnicity, education,
occupation and lifestyle (housing situation and the
people living with the patient).

27. Dietary Information
•The type of diet & restrictions, supplements &
stimulants.
•Some drugs may appear ineffective if the patient is
noncompliant with diet restrictions (e.g., patients with
CHF may not comply with salt-restricted diets).

28. Social Habits
•The use of tobacco, alcohol & illicit drugs (the duration of
use, frequency of use & reasons for use, date of stopping).
•Tobacco smoking is quantified in terms pack per day
(ppy) = pack-years, i.e., one pack-year is equivalent to
smoking 1 pack daily for 1 year (2 packs per day for 5
years = 10 ppy, a 10 ppy tobacco history is equivalent to ½
pack/day for 20 years, or 1 pack/day for 10 years or 2
packs/day for 5 years).
•Illicit drugs = street drugs (marijuana, cocaine & heroin).
•Patients may be more comfortable revealing this type of
information to the pharmacists than other professionals.

29. Name: pts may fail
to remember the
names → detailed
description should
be obtained (dosage
form, size, colour,
shape)
Dosage
Dosing schedule (prescribed & actual). Pharmacist should ascertain the
amount of medication used & don’t accept imprecise description (prn). One
approach to quantify the amount of consumed medication is to ask “how
often the pt has obtain a new supply of the medication”
Reasons for
taking medication.
Therapy duration: try to det. exactly when pt started the
medication. Exact dates are imp. to det. if ADRs/allergy is a
result of sp. medication & if the medications are effective.
Therapy
outcome
Current
Prescription
Medication

30. Past Prescribed Medication
•Knowledge of the past prescriptions helps the pharmacist
understand the medications used either successfully or
unsuccessfully, to treat current & past medical problems.
•This information includes the name, description, dosage,
prescribed & actual schedule, dates & duration of therapy,
reason for taking medication & outcomes.
•This knowledge provides information regarding new
medication regimens.

31. Current Non- Prescribed Medication
•Document the name, dose, schedule (recommended &
actual), date & duration, reasons & outcomes of the
therapy.
•This information allows the pharmacist to
•detect any drug interactions,
•whether the pt is self-medicating to treat an ADR from
prescribed medication or to obtain better relief from
symptoms than that provided with the prescribed
regimens &
•whether a OTC medication is the cause of a complaint
or exacerbation of concurrent condition.

32. Alternative Remedies
•Many of these remedies interact with traditional
medicines & some have significant side effects. Therefore,
it is important to document the use of these products.
•Pharmacist should document the name, dosage, schedule,
duration, reason, dates (start & stop) & timing of use and
outcome of therapy.

33. Medication Allergy
•Allergy indicates hypersensitivity to specific substances.
•Drug-induced allergic reactions include anaphylaxis, contact
dermatitis, and serum sickness.
•The 1st step to follow is to ask pts if they are allergic to any
medication or if they have experienced rashes or breathing
problems after taking medication.
•After a medication has been identified as the cause of allergic
reaction, the pt should be asked to provide details regarding the
time/date of the reaction, any interventions to manage the reaction.
•Pt should be asked if medications in similar drug class have been
taken without the occurrence of similar reactions.
• NA, NKDA

34. Adverse Drug Reactions
•ADRs are unwanted pharmacological effects associated
with medications (drowsiness with antihistamines,
constipation with codeine, nausea with theophylline and
diarrhoea with ampicillin).
•The patients can be asked whether they have ever taken
a medication they would rather not to take again.
•This may elicit specific descriptions of ADRs & the way
the pt dealt with the reaction (stop the medication,
decrease the dosage, take another medication to treat the
ADRs).

35. Compliance
•One of the goals of the medication history interview is to
det. whether the pt is compliant with the medication
regimens.
•Knowledge regarding pt compliance is useful in
evaluating the effectiveness of regimens.
•The treatment may be ineffective if the pt doesn’t
comply with the regimen.
•Non-compliance may result in additional diagnostic
evaluations, procedures, hospitalization, & unnecessary
combination medication regimens.

36. Compliance
•Compliance can be assessed by gentle probing
throughout the interview through pts’ descriptions of how
they take their medication.
•Sympathetic confrontation may help the pharmacist
obtain information regarding patient compliance.
•If the pharmacist acknowledges that the dosage regimen
is complex & difficult to follow or taking medication
regularly is hard, pts are more likely to be truthful when
describing difficulties with complying with the regimens.
•Pharmacist should keep non-judgemental all along the
interview.

37. Any Questions???

38. Rounding, Documentation, and
Patient Education

39. Pharmaceutical Care
“The responsible provision for drug therapy for the
purposes of achieving definite outcomes”. (Hepler & Strand 1990)
“The direct, responsible provision of medication related
care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that
improve a patient’s QoL.” (ASHP, 1993)
“The responsible provision of pharmacotherapy for the
purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve or
maintain a patient’s QoL”.(FIP 1998)

40. Rounding with a
multidisciplinary team
Provision of drug
information to other health-
care providers
Writing SOAP notes &/or
documentation in charts
Selective monitoring for pts with renal/hepatic disease
Medication order evaluation & modification
Target-drug
monitoring
Work-up of new pts
Role of Clinical
Pharmacist
Pt education
Literature evaluation
PK consultation
ADRs
identification

41. Radiologist
Physician
Assistant
Physician
Surgeon
Dietician /
Nutritionist
Ethicist
Respiratory therapist
Multidisciplinary
Team
Social worker
Physical therapist
nurse
Pharmacist
Pathologist
Medical Resident
Students

42. Patient
Clinical
Round
Taking multidisciplinary team to each pt room for discussion of
disease & therapies, monitoring pt progress, & det. pt outcomes.
Multidisciplinary teams will function differently dep. on the setting. It’s
important to be respectful & professional when participating in rounds.
It may be
accomplished
through chart
review &
team
discussion.
An opportunity
to evaluate the
pt’s response to
therapeutic
interventions &
make changes
as necessary.

43. Some basic guidelines for practicing
professionalism include
• Introduce yourself & state
you are the pharmacist.
• Know the dress code &
dress appropriately.
• Be on time.
• Be prepared—bring your
PDA, pocket reference
books/cards, note cards, &
a pen.
• Review the pt charts ahead
of time (take notes if
necessary).
• Respect & maintain pt
confidentiality.
• Listen & observe.
• Ask questions.
• Answer questions.
• Speak up & articulate your
knowledge.
• Follow up with all drug
information responses in a
timely manner.

44. When reviewing a patient’s chart consider
questions such as:
• Does the pt have any drug
allergies?
• What are the pt’s current
medications? Appropriate
doses?
• Are there any sign. lab.
values that could affect
drug therapy (impaired
renal/liver function)?
• What are the comorbid
disease states?
• Are there any clinically
sign. drug interactions?
• Is there any therap.
duplication?
• Can pt be switched from
IV to po?
• Is the pt experiencing any
symptoms that could be
related to adverse event?
• Are the medications
appropriate for treating the
medical condition?

45. Writing
• Be clear & concise.
• When writing notes, use
permanent ink & write
legibly.
• Use correct spelling &
grammar.
• Know your audience.
• Have a clear
understanding of the
topic.
• Organize your thoughts
& det. the main point.
• Avoid redundancy &
bias.
An important form of communication is writing. As a health-
care provider, it is important that you communicate
effectively & be skilled in writing & documentation.
General rules for writing

46. Information in a PMR & EMR has many
purposes
• This is a legal, permanent health record & is also an
evaluation of drug use.
• A marker of critical thinking & judgment, justification for
reimbursement.
• A method to improve continuity of care, & a quality
assurance tool for practice.
A PMR/EMR notes include: pts’ medical & medication
history, a list of existing & potential pt care problems,
including DRP; interventions & referrals that were made;
goals of therapy; & plans for follow-up.

47. • Indicate date, time & pt’s name
on each record (include DOB
& medical record No.).
• Use as few words as possible.
• Use objective language.
• Be objective & state facts.
Don’t insert personal opinions.
• Sign & date your note.
• If you make error, bracket
erroneous portion & draw
single line through it & label it
“error” include the date &
initials.
• Use data that supports your
recommendations.
• Avoid using abbreviations.
• If there’s more than one entry
on a page, don’t leave blank
lines between entries.
• Word all recommendations so
that the prescriber doesn’t feel
that their judgments are
coming under attack or are
exposed legally.
• When making
recommendation, use statement
that describe sp. action with
check boxes, which allow the
provider to accept/reject
recommendation in a clear
manner.
• Avoid using judgmental words
(unreasonable, stubborn, lazy,
inappropriate, wrong).
Don’t assume that the next health-care provider is familiar with the pt.
When documenting a note in PMR/EMR there are several rules or
good practices to guide your writing:

49. “I find the pt to be
distraught &
feeling a bit
overwhelmed.”
“I found the pt
screaming at the top
of her voice &
threatening to jump
out of the window.”

50. “Patient does not
use herbals.”
“Patient denies use
of herbals.”

51. Abbreviations

53. What Patient Document Include:
• Routine activities (drug review,
patient counseling)
• Unusual/out of the ordinary
events
• Therap. notation & drug
recommendations that may
affect future decisions
• Extraordinary measures taken
on behalf of the pt (extra time
spent training a patient)
• Routine matters that can be
quickly documented
• Procedures that may need to be
replicated (compounding)
• Medication notes necessary for
other health-care providers or
caregivers
• Potential/foreseeable
problems that may need a sp.
alert (major drug interactions,
pt history may show potential
for abuse monitor refills)
• Whenever the pharmacist
questions a Rx or feels it
necessary to contact the
prescriber (question/concern,
date, time, response, & name
of person that responded).
• Pt counselling on a potential
interaction, allergy, or
dangerous side effects
• Situations in which
professional judgment
suggests that future proof of
facts be known or reasons for
judgement may be required

54. S O A P
Subjective Objective Assessment Plan
T I T R S
Title Introduction Text Recommendation Signature
F A R M
Finding Assessment Recommendation Management
The SOAP note is an interventionist approach
TITRS is an assessment approach
FARM focuses on monitoring

55. Role of the Pharmacist in the
Multidisciplinary Team
• Once you have developed a plan, you will want to discuss
your plan with the preceptor & then other members of the
multidisciplinary team.
• After the team has decided on a plan of action, the next
step is to bring the pt into the decision-making process, if
possible.
• Pt involvement in the health-care decision-making process
allows the pt to have some control over their health &
treatment which could potentially impact their satisfaction
with the quality of care & improve adherence with
treatment recommendations.

56. Role of the Pharmacist in the
Multidisciplinary Team
• It also provides an opportunity to identify potential
barriers.
• The amount of time that you have to develop &
implement a plan will vary dep. on the practice setting.
For example, if working in a hospital setting the goal may
be to treat the acute problem until a pt is stabilized & can
return home safely. In an ambulatory setting, pts with
chronic disease states can be managed on a long-term
basis when conditions are not life threatening.

57. Cognitive
impairment
Poor provider-pt
relationship
Cost
Social stigma
Lack of 1ry care provider
Asymptomatic
disease/illness
Lack of belief
in #
Side effects
Belief that natural
is better & safer
Compliance
Complexity of #
Lack of knowledge
regarding illness
Media influence
Psychological problems
Health literacy
Product Ad
Language
Support system
Barriers to patient
Care
Management

58. Patient Education
• Pt counselling & education are a large component of pt-
centered care.
• The WHO projects that only 50% of pts typically take
their medications as prescribed on a world-wide basis.
• Non-compliance or lack of adherence has an estimated
cost of $177 billion annually in direct & indirect costs.
• The annual cost to the US health-care system is
approximately $100 billion, drug-related hospitalizations
account for an estimated $47 billion of that.

59. Patient Education
• Medication non-compliance is not only costly but it can
lead to unnecessary disease progression, disease
complications, reduced functional abilities, lower QoL,
& premature death.
• Lack of adherence increases the risk of developing
resistance to needed therapies, more intense relapses, &
withdrawal & rebound effects.
• There is a growing body of evidence that indicates
compliance leads to improved outcomes & reduced
costs.

60. The goals of patient counselling
• Establish a relationship
with the pt & to develop
trust.
• Demonstrate concern &
care for the patient.
• Help the pt manage &
adapt to their illness.
• Help the pat manage &
adapt to their
medication(s).
• Identify & minimize
factors that contribute to
non-compliance.
• Empower the pt to be an
active participant in their
health care.

61. Some Facts
• 3 out of 4 consumers globally report not always taking
their prescription medicine as directed.
• 31% had not filled a Rx they were given.
• 29% stopped taking a medication before the supply ran
out.
• 24% took less than the recommended dosage.
• From 12-20% pts take other people’s medicines.
• Adherence among pts in developed countries with
chronic conditions averages 50%.
• 1/3 of pts fully comply with recommended treatment, 1/3
sometimes comply, & 1/3 never comply.
• Even the potential for serious harm (loss of vision, organ
rejections, even death) may not be enough to motivate
patients to comply.

62. Reasons for non-compliance
• Can’t afford the
medication
• Confused about the
prescribed dose
• Intolerable side effects
• Lack of response to
medication
• Inconvenient dosing
schedule
• Inconvenient dosage form
Many of these factors can be identified & minimized by pt
counselling & communication. When counselling pt on their
medications there is a lot of information that needs to be
communicated in an organized & concise fashion & with limited
time available. The information provided will vary dep. on the
institutional setting as well.

63. Any Questions???

64. Patient Counselling

65. When Counselling Patient
 Use appropriate language throughout the session.
 Maintain control of the session.
 Organize information in an appropriate manner.
 Provide follow-up care.
 Respond to patient with appropriate empathy,
listening, and attention to concerns.
 Maintain good eye contact with the patient.
 Don’t dominate the conversation. Allow the
patient to engage in an active discussion.

66. When Counselling Patient
 Ask pt if it’s convenient time to discuss their
medications.
 Explain the importance of discussing their medications.
 Verify what medications they are taking, known disease
states, drug allergies, and so on.
 Ask what they know about the medication & their
illness.
 Tell pt the name (brand & generic) of medication,
dosage, frequency, & route of administration.
 Explain how long it will take for the medication to show
an effect.
 Emphasize the benefits of the medication.

67. When Counselling Patient
 Describe potential side effects (common and serious).
o Tell patient what signs to look for.
o Recommend ways to minimize side effects or identify if the
side effects will go away.
o If side effects do not go away or become intolerable, tell
patient to notify the prescriber.
o Discuss rare but serious side effects (emphasize rare) and when
to seek immediate medical attention.
 Discuss lifestyle modifications when appropriate (exercise, diet,
smoking cessation).
 Identify drug-drug, drug-food & drug-disease interactions.

68. When Counselling Patient
 Discuss how to store medication.
 Discuss how to handle a missed dose.
 Discuss how to properly dispose of used or
expired medications.
 Ask pt to repeat information back to you to verify
their understanding.
 Ask if pt has additional questions or concerns.
 Provide written instructions in addition to verbal
instructions.

69. Any Questions???

70. Patient Education

71. Patient Education
• Most community & hospital pharmacies have electronic
resources that can print generic pt information sheets
about medications, disease states, & check multiple
medications for drug interactions.
• At some point you may be asked to design & implement
a version of a pt-teaching sheet that allows provision of
sp. information that has been individualized to the
patient.
• For example, if the pt needs to titrate a medication,
write out the sp. titration schedule.

72. Patient Education
• Written information reinforces important
recommendations & serves as a reference for the pt if
they later forget or have other questions.
• Pts find written instructions from their
practitioner/pharmacist more personal than the generic
instructions provided by outpatient & ambulatory
pharmacies.
• Copies of these educational sheets will be placed in the
pt’s medical record. This is an easy & effective way to
document pt teaching & often required by law.

73. Practising as Professional Pharmacist
• Professionalism is not learned from a text or classroom
lecture. It’s learned through mentorship & socialization.
• It’s important to observe the behaviours & attitudes that
are presented by your educators, peers, & colleagues as
these will help you to define your style of
professionalism.
• You will want to seek out & attach yourself to mentors
who are professional & caring health-care providers.
• Finally, it is important to be aware that the classroom
experiences don’t exactly mimic real-life situations.

74. Practising as Professional Pharmacist
• The classroom experience gives you the knowledge to
operate in ideal situations, while the advanced practice
courses give you the real-life experience.
• The goal of the advanced practice course is to enable
you to take the knowledge learned and apply it to the
patient care practice setting.
• Your knowledge, skills, judgment, & values will be
tested, challenged, & reshaped constantly.
• You will make mistakes. As a professional, you will
want to take responsibility for those mistakes & take the
necessary action to correct & prevent them.

75. Practising as Professional Pharmacist
• Professionalism is not about having the right answer all
the time.
• Professionalism is showing respect for self & earning
the respect of others.
• This is done through the attitudes & behaviours that you
display when interacting with other people & will
improve your credibility with other healthcare providers
who will be participants in your education.
• A professional image enhances the confidence others
have in you and you have in yourself.

76. Any Questions or Additions

78. Reference:
1. Clinical Skills for Pharmacists, A Patient-Focused Approach, 3rd Ed, ISBN 978-0-
323-05485-0, by Karen J Tetze, 2012
2. Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, 5th Ed, ISBN – 978-0-7020-4294-2, by Roger
Walker & Cate Whittlesea, 2012
3. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the visual Views, 3rd Ed, ISBN: 978-1-4377-
1926-0, by Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012.
4. Clinical Guidelines : Diagnosis and Treatment Manual, 7th Ed, ISBN: 2-906498-69-
6, By L.Blok (MD) et al.
5. Clinical Pharmacology, 9th Ed, ISBN 0443064814, by P.N. Bennett and M.J. Brown,
2003

79. Study Questions
• Define the following generic terms of pharmacy:
• [Clinical Pharmacy, Oedema, Hypothyroidism, Dosage, Medication, Compliance, Pharmaceutical Care,
Apothecary, Pharmaceutical compounding, Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Antiquity Pharmacy, Middle Ages Pharmacy,
Modern Pharmacy, Retail pharmacy, Alchemy, Remedy, Drug, Medicine, Cure, Care, Trephining, Millennium,
Symptoms, Renaissance, Disease, Illness, Microbes, Civilization, Herbal remedies, Usage, Side effects, Quantities,
Dosages, Storage, Pharmacopeia, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutics, Pathophysiology,
Evolution, Patient counseling, Nutrition, Antibiotics, Chemotherapy, Pain management, Semiotician, Physician,
Pharmacist, Diagnosis, Mutual respect, Honesty/ Authenticity, Open Communication, Cooperation, Collaboration,
Empathy, Sensitivity, Promotion, Competence, Assurance, Confidence, etc]
• Respond to the following questions:
 In line with historical background of originality of pharmacy, How was disease thought of in early civilization
and how was it treated.
 What are some of the contributions to the practice of pharmacy from around the world regions such as Asia,
Greece, Roman Empire, Arabia, Europe.
 Why has there been a trend toward fewer independent pharmacies in some world
pharmaceutical established operations as compared to those of national institutes
 Historically, how has the role of the pharmacist evolved overtime to its present time nature
 Write on the ways the modern-day pharmacist has impacted patients’ health and safety
 State and explain the critical role of clinical pharmacy in a designed health sector
 Describe in details what is considered when demographic data is compiled
 State and explain the essential considerations in patient medication process
 Explain in details the process of Pharmaceutical care and it role and stages in the provision of patient care
 State and explain the critical components of patient counselling during medication process and how it can
effectively be provided.

80. • Group work discussional questions for Journal Club
Meetings:
 State and explain the critical role of clinical pharmacy in a designed health
sector
 Describe in details what is considered when demographic data is compiled
 State and explain the essential considerations in patient medication process
 Explain in details the process of Pharmaceutical care and it role and stages in
the provision of patient care
 State and explain the critical components of patient counselling during
medication process and how it can effectively be provided.