This power point presentation will be helpful for pharmacy students to learn about good drug dispensing practices. you will learn about drug dispensing, various requirements for good drug dispensing, steps to be followed during drug dispensing, importance of drug dispensing to promote rational use of medicine.
Medication Error are the most preventable events and Clinical Pharmacists can play a vital role in preventing them. in this presentation i have tried to provide maximum information regarding medication error in minimum slides.
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
Medication Error are the most preventable events and Clinical Pharmacists can play a vital role in preventing them. in this presentation i have tried to provide maximum information regarding medication error in minimum slides.
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
Medication Safety is vital aspect to prevent Medication error, the PPT deals with the Safety of the client and the Medical Personnel related to Medication error
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
Medication Safety is vital aspect to prevent Medication error, the PPT deals with the Safety of the client and the Medical Personnel related to Medication error
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
b) Clinical Pharmacy
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pharmacy
Functions and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Drug therapy monitoring
Medication chart review, clinical review., pharmacist intervention
Ward round participation, Medication history and Pharmaceutical care.
Dosing pattern and drug therapy based on Pharmacokinetic & disease pattern
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. The dispenser
3. Qualities of good drug dispenser
4. Dispensing environment
5. Dispensing process
3. 6. Dispensing errors
7. Strategies to minimize dispensing errors
8. Investigating drug dispensing practices
9. Conclusion
4. INTRODUCTION
Dispensing refers to
“process of preparing medicines and distributing them to users
with provision of an appropriate information, counselling and
follow-up”
5. • All the resources involved in patient care prior to dispensing
may be wasted if dispensing does not result in the delivery of
medicines in an effective form.
• Dispensing is one of the vital elements of the rational use of
medicines.
6. • Good dispensing practice ensures that the right medicines at
desired quantity are delivered to the right patient with the
right dose, strength, frequency, dosage form together with
clear instructions with appropriate packaging and
counselling.
• Staff dispensing medicines should be trained and equipped
with the technical knowledge and skills necessary to dispense
medicines and communicate patient effectively.
7. THE DISPENSER
• Dispenser is any person who is licensed or authorized by the
professional body to dispense medicines or medical supplies.
• Since the dispenser is often the last person to see the patient
before the medicine is used, it is important that the dispensing
process be efficient, as it affects medicine use.
8. • In India, pharmacy should be managed under the overall
supervision of pharmacist
• Pharmacist working in the pharmacy should:
1. Hold at least Diploma in pharmacy and preferably a
degree in pharmacy.
2. Be registered as a pharmacist with the pharmacy council
of state in which he is practicing.
3. Have undergone adequate practical training in a
community pharmacy.
9. 4. Undergone in house training as per the organization’s staff
training policy.
5. Have a communication skills and capabilities to give
adequate and proper advise to the patients on appropriate use
of medicines, illness etc. to achieve optimal patient
compliance
10. QUALITIES OF GOOD DRUG DISPENSER
• Good knowledge about medicines.
• Good calculation and arithmetic skills
• Skills in assessing the quality of prescriptions
• Attitudes and skills required to communicate effectively with
patients
• Knowledge about relation with other health care professionals
11. • Respect to pharmacy law and professions code of ethics
• Good knowledge on medicine supply management
• Knowledge on quality assurance of services
• Good clinical knowledge
13. Staff:
Staff members involved in dispensing must maintain good
personal hygiene. and should wear a neat apron. All
pharmacists should wear a badge displaying their name and the
word “pharmacist”.
14. Physical surrounding:
The physical surrounding must be kept clean and dust free.
Dispensary should be designed so that access to dispensary
area should restricted to only authorized persons
15. Equipments and materials:
Pharmacy should have all the equipments required to perform
dispensing process. All the equipments should be kept clean
and should check for cleanliness prior to each use.
Pharmacy should have:
• A dispensing bench or dispensing counter
• Tablets or capsule counter
• A refrigerator equipped with a maximum/minimum
thermometer
16. • Range of dispensing container for pharmaceutical products
• Adequate shelves or lockable cabinets
• Reference material
• Patient information leaflets
• Some basic instruments like sphygmomanometer, glucometer,
stethoscope, weight and height scale
17. DRUG DISPENSING PROCESS
RECEIVE AND VALIDATE THE PRESCRIPTION
UNDERSTAND AND INTERPRET THE PRESCRIPTION
SELECT AND LABEL MEDICINE FOR ISSUE
18. MAKE A FINAL CHECK
RECORD THE ACTION TAKEN
ISSUE MEDICINES TO THE PATIENT WITH
CLEAR INSTRUCTION AND ADVICE
19. Receive and validate the prescription
Pharmacist should ensure that prescription should have
following information:
• Patient information: name, age and ID of patient
• Rx symbol in the upper left corner
• Name, strength, dose form, frequency, route of
administration and duration of treatment.
20. • Any additional instructions for the pharmacist regarding
preparation and supply of medicine.
• Refill instructions (in case of long term therapy)
• Name and signature of prescriber
21. Understand and interpret the prescription
• Correctly interpret any abbreviations used by the prescriber
• Confirm dose, frequency and duration of each medicine
• Confirm that the doses prescribed are in the normal range for the
patient
• Correctly perform any calculations of dose and quantity to be
issued
• Identify any common drug-drug interactions and contraindications.
22. Selecting the medicines:
An appropriate system should be established for selecting the
medicines to prevent any medication error.
•Double check should be done to ensure that correct medicine is
selected.
•Check the expiry date of dispensed medicines to ensure that they
remain unexpired for the duration of supply course.
•Choose the oldest stock (first-in/first-out)
23. • Tablets/capsules should not be removed from the
strips/blisters when dispensing
• Medicines which need to be packed should be packed into a
clean, dry container or plastic envelop which will not
compromise the quality of the product after dispensing
24. Labelling of medicine
Label should include following information:
• Patient name
• Generic name, strength and dose form of the medicine
• Frequency and duration
• Quantity of medicine dispensed
• How to take medicine
• Storage conditions
25. Counter checking
It can be done as a self-check but it is valuable to have final
check done by other staff member
The countercheck should include:
• Reading and interpreting the prescription without looking at
medicines dispensed.
• Checking the appropriateness of doses prescribed.
• Checking for drug interaction
26. • Checking the medicines dispensed
• Checking the label
• Finally counter signing the prescription
27. Record the action taken
Following details of the medicines should be recorded:
• Date of dispensing
• Patient details like name, age and sex
• Medicine name
• Strength
• Amount issued
• Dispenser’s name
28. Issue medicine to the patient with clear instruction and
advice
Tell name and indication of medicine Tell how many times and when to refill
Tell route and frequency of each
medicine
Emphasize benefits of the medicine
Tell how long to take medicine Discuss major side effects of medicine
Ask for any allergy Discuss drug-drug, drug-food, drug-disease and
drug-herb interaction
Tailor medicine to daily regimen Discuss precautions and measure to be taken to
improve treatment outcomes.
Ask if patient have any problem in taking
medicine
Discuss storage recommendations
Tell how long it will take for the
medicine to show an effect
Demonstrate and provide adequate information
about special dosage forms
Educate techniques for self monitoring Ask patient to repeat key information to check his
understanding
29. DISPENSING ERRORS
Dispensing error are errors that can occur at any stage of
dispensing process
Dispensing error can be defined as any discrepancy between a
prescription and the medicine that pharmacist deliver to the
patient
30. Types of dispensing errors
Dispensing medicines to the wrong patient
Dispensing the wrong medicine to the patient
Dispensing the wrong drug strength
Dispensing at the wrong time
Dispensing the wrong dosage form
Dispensing an expired medicine
Omission ( failure to dispense )
Dispensing of medicine of inferior quality
Dispensing an incorrectly compounded medicine
Dispensing with the wrong information on label
Dispensing with wrong verbal information to the patients
31. STRATEGIES TO MINIMIZE DISPENSING ERRORS
• Confirm that prescription is complete and correct: check
the prescription for its completeness and correctness
• Name of the drug: One-third of dispensing errors are due to
similar drug names
Amantadine
Amiloride
Amoxicillin
Betamethasone
Bupropion
Indocin
Methadone
Amioderone
Amlodepine
Amphotericin
Beclomethasone
Buspirone
Lincocin
Methylphenidate
32. Abbreviations
Misinterpretation of abbreviations is common cause of
dispensing errors
AD, AS, AU (right ear, left ear, each
ear)
OD, OS, OU (right eye, left eye, each
eye)
qod (every other day) qd (daily), qid (4 times a day)
Trailing Zero (1.0mg) 1.0 mg mistaken as 10 mg
Naked decimal points (.5mg) .5 mg mistaken as 5 mg
Drug name and dose run together
(Inderal40)
Mistaken as Inderal 140 mg
AZT (zidovudine) Mistaken as azathiopurine or
azetreonam
34. INVESTIGATING DRUG DISPENSING PRACTICES
Quality indicators: Good drug dispensing guidelines of WHO
recommended following indicators to investigate drug dispensing
practices:
1. Average dispensing communication time
2. Percentage of prescribed items actually dispensed
3. Percentage of prescribed medication that are adequately
labelled
4. Patient knowledge provided to patient
35. Average dispensing communication time
Purpose:
To measure the average time that personnel dispensing drugs
spend with patient.
Formula:
Total time for dispensing drugs to a series of patients
Total number of encounters
36. Percentage of prescribed medicines actually dispensed
Purpose:
To measure the degree to which health facilities are able to
provide the drugs which are prescribed
Formula:
Number of drugs dispensed
×100
Total number of drugs prescribed
37. Percentage of prescribed medication that are adequately labelled
Purpose:
To measure the degree to which dispenser’s record essential
information on the drug package they dispense
Formula:
Number of drug packages containing at least patient name, drug name
and when the drug should be taken
×100
Total number of drug packages dispensed
38. Percentage of patient knowledge of correct dosage
Purpose:
To measure the effectiveness of the information given to patient
on the dosage schedule of the drugs they received
Formula:
Number of patients who can adequately report the dosage schedule
for all drugs
×100
Total number of patients interviewed
39. CONCLUSION
Dispensing is one of the vital elements of the rational use of
medicines. Safe, clean and organized dispensing environment
provides a basis for good dispensing practices. Dispensing process to
go right or wrong depends on the dispensing personnel. It is therefore
dispensing staff should be competent enough and well equipped with
all the knowledge needed for the dispensing process.