DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA typing or genetic profiling, is a technique developed by Alec Jeffreys in 1984 to identify unique patterns in an individual's DNA, particularly in variable regions called minisatellites. This method has applications in criminal investigations, paternity testing, species relation studies, organ donation matches, and personalized medicine. The process involves several steps: DNA extraction, PCR amplification, enzyme treatment, gel electrophoresis, and probing for analysis.

1. DNA FINGER PRINTING
 DEFINITION:
The term DNA Finger printing is also known as DNA Typing, Genetic Profiling
or Genotyping, it is a process in which the DNA characteristics of a person is determined
by isolating and identifying variable elements in the base-pair sequence of DNA.
By developing this method in 1984 the British geneticist Alec Jeffery found that
some sequence area unit extremely variable Deoxyribonucleic acid called as minisatellites.
These minisatellites do not have contribution in functioning of DNA and are repeated in
the genes. Geneticist found that in every person there is a unique pattern of these
minisatellites except the identical twins.
 Examples:
1. DNA Fingerprinting is a laboratory technique which is used to develop link
biological evidence and suspected criminal in investigation.
2. The technique is also used in the paternity, where the comparison of DNA
markers can show whether the child have inherited the markers from parents or
not.
3. This technique is also used in story of plants and animal to determine how closely
these species are related to one another.
4. DNA Fingerprinting have several uses in genetic medicine by identifying good
matches in organ and marrow donation.
5. For developing personalised medicine and treatment for cancer patients, and also
ensue the correct labelling of tissue samples of a patient.

2.  DNA FINERPRINTING STEPS:
1. Extraction of DNA.
2. PCR amplification.
3. Treatment with restriction Enzyme
4. Gel electrophoresis
5. Transfer onto Western blot
6. Treatment with radioactive probe
7. X-ray film exposure

3.  FACTS:
1. Each person is made up of cells.
2. Each cell has unique DNA to that individual except identical twins.
3. Each cell is 99.5% same to any other person on the earth.
4. Only .5% difference exists.
5. This small difference is analysed to differentiate between the peoples.
6. Some people called chimeras have different DNA in different cells.
7. Only one sample of persons DNA is required unless they are chimeras.
8. In 1980’s in Britain first time DNA Fingerprinting is used was used in immigration
case.