2. Historical background
DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984
by Alec. J. Jeffrey at the University of
Leicester
He was studying the gene of myoglobin.
This is a picture of Alec. J. Jeffrey
3. What is DNA Fingerprinting?
The chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the
same.
The only difference between people (or any
animal) is the order of the base pairs.
The information contained in DNA is determined
primarily by the sequence of letters along the
zipper.
Structure of DNA
4. The different sequence
segments that vary
in size and
composition and
have no apparent
function are called
minisatellites
The different sequences is the same as the word "POST"
has a different meaning from "STOP" or "POTS," even
though they use the same letters. i
5. Using these sequences, every person could be
identified solely by the sequence of their base
pairs
there are so many millions of base pairs, the task
would be very time-consuming
Instead, scientists are able to use a shorter
method, because of repeating patterns in
DNA.
These patterns do not, however, give an individual
"fingerprint,"
they are able to determine whether two DNA
samples are from the same person, related people,
or non-related people.
6. DNA Fingerprinting using
VNTR's
On some human chromosomes, a short sequence
of DNA has been repeated a number of times.
the repeat number may vary from one to thirty
repeats
these repeat regions are usually bounded by
specific restriction enzyme sites
cut out the segment of the chromosome
containing this variable number of tandem
repeats (VNTR's )
identify the VNTR's for the DNA sequence of the
repeat.
7. Making DNA Fingerprints
DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory
procedure that requires six steps:
1: Isolation of DNA.
2: Cutting, sizing, and sorting.
Special enzymes called restriction enzymes
are used to cut the DNA at specific places
8. 3: Transfer of DNA to nylon.
The distribution of DNA pieces
is transferred to a nylon sheet
by placing the sheet on the gel
and soaking them overnight.
4-5: Probing.
Adding radioactive or colored probes to the
nylon sheet produces a pattern called the
DNA fingerprint.
9. 4-6: DNA fingerprint.
The final DNA fingerprint is built by using
several probes (5-10 or more)
simultaneously.
10. Practical Applications of DNA
Fingerprinting
1.Paternity and Maternity
person inherits his or her VNTRs from his
or her parents
Parent-child VNTR pattern analysis has
been used to solve standard father-identification
cases Can someone tell me who is my father?
11. 2. Criminal Identification and
Forensics
DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or
other genetic evidence left at the scene of a crime
can be compared
FBI and police labs around
the U.S. have begun to use
DNA fingerprints to link suspects
to biological evidence –
blood or semen stains, hair,
or items of clothing
12. 3. Personal Identification
The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort of
genetic bar code to identify individuals has been
discussed
4.Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders
diagnose inherited disorders in both prenatal and
newborn babies
These disorders may include cystic fibrosis,
hemophilia, Huntington's disease, familial
Alzheimer's, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and
many others.
13. 5.Developing Cures for
Inherited Disorders
By studying the DNA fingerprints of relatives
who have a history of some particular disorder
identify DNA patterns associated with the disease
6.identification of Chinese medicine
The Hong Kong Baptist University was able to
use DNA fingerprinting to identify the Chinese
medicine—Lingzhi in 2000
14. Considerations when evaluating
DNA evidence
In the early days of the use of
genetic fingerprinting as criminal
evidence, given a match that had a
1 in 5 million probability of occurring
by chance the lawyer would argue
that this meant that in a country
of say 60 million people there were 12 people
who would also match the profile.
15. 2. Problems with Determining
Probability
A. Population Genetics
VNTRs, because they are results of genetic
inheritance
it will vary depending on an individual's
genetic background
16. B. Technical Difficulties
Errors in the hybridization and probing process
must also be figured into the probability
Until recently, the standards for determining
DNA fingerprinting matches, and for laboratory
security and accuracy which would minimize
error
17. When evaluating a DNA match, the
following questions should be asked:
-Could it be an accidental random match?
-If not, could the DNA sample have been
planted?
-If not, did the accused leave the DNA sample
at the exact time of the crime?
-If yes, does that mean that the accused is
guilty of the crime?
18.
A Kid’s set of apparatus
for DNA fingerprinting,
What does it mean?
END