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Double helical DNA - Structure and Definition.
This document summarizes the DNA double helix structure proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. They discovered that DNA exists as two intertwined strands that coil around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding inward. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand according to Chargaff's rules - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Watson and Crick received the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their discovery of the DNA double helix structure.
Genlec ppt
The document summarizes key concepts about DNA structure and function. It describes that DNA is composed of nucleotides containing bases that pair in a double helix structure. It was discovered that DNA contains the genetic material and replicates in a semi-conservative manner according to the Watson-Crick model. Mutations in DNA can result in changes to genes that are inherited.
DNA and It's Structure
DNA has a double helical structure with two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other. Watson and Crick proposed this double helical model in 1953 based on Chargaff's rules that the amount of adenine equals thymine and guanine equals cytosine. The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups while the bases pair with each other between the chains through hydrogen bonds - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Structure Of Dna
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that functions to store genetic information. It consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other to form a double helix structure. The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases and forms the rungs of the DNA ladder.
Dna structure rohit bharti
DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes
DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases:
ADENINE – THYMINE
CYTOSINE - GUANINE
DNA was made of 2 long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called the “Complementary Rule”
DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix.
A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides.
Each nucleotide consists of:
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
The average human has 75 trillion cells.
The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times.
DNA has a diameter of only 0.000000002 m.
Dna
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is located in the nucleus of every cell and contains the genetic instructions that determine an organism's traits. It is composed of four chemical bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - that pair up in a double helix structure. DNA replicates itself and directs protein synthesis, playing a key role in passing genetic information from parents to offspring and allowing organisms to grow and develop.
Nucleic acids and chromosomes
This document provides information about nucleic acids. It describes that nucleic acids are made up of phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and nitrogenous organic bases. It explains the structure of DNA, including the phosphate groups linking the nucleotides in the backbone and the nitrogenous bases (purines and pyrimidines) linking to the pentose sugar. The document discusses Chargaff's rules of base pairing, Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA with antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs, and the various forces that stabilize the nucleic acid structures.
132
DNA is made up of two antiparallel chains of nucleotides that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up between the two strands in a complementary fashion, with adenine always pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. This precise sequence of bases varies between individuals and carries genetic information.
Recommended
Double helical DNA - Structure and Definition.
This document summarizes the DNA double helix structure proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. They discovered that DNA exists as two intertwined strands that coil around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding inward. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand according to Chargaff's rules - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Watson and Crick received the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their discovery of the DNA double helix structure.
Genlec ppt
The document summarizes key concepts about DNA structure and function. It describes that DNA is composed of nucleotides containing bases that pair in a double helix structure. It was discovered that DNA contains the genetic material and replicates in a semi-conservative manner according to the Watson-Crick model. Mutations in DNA can result in changes to genes that are inherited.
DNA and It's Structure
DNA has a double helical structure with two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other. Watson and Crick proposed this double helical model in 1953 based on Chargaff's rules that the amount of adenine equals thymine and guanine equals cytosine. The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups while the bases pair with each other between the chains through hydrogen bonds - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Structure Of Dna
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that functions to store genetic information. It consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other to form a double helix structure. The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases and forms the rungs of the DNA ladder.
Dna structure rohit bharti
DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes
DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases:
ADENINE – THYMINE
CYTOSINE - GUANINE
DNA was made of 2 long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called the “Complementary Rule”
DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix.
A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides.
Each nucleotide consists of:
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
The average human has 75 trillion cells.
The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times.
DNA has a diameter of only 0.000000002 m.
Dna
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is located in the nucleus of every cell and contains the genetic instructions that determine an organism's traits. It is composed of four chemical bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - that pair up in a double helix structure. DNA replicates itself and directs protein synthesis, playing a key role in passing genetic information from parents to offspring and allowing organisms to grow and develop.
Nucleic acids and chromosomes
This document provides information about nucleic acids. It describes that nucleic acids are made up of phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and nitrogenous organic bases. It explains the structure of DNA, including the phosphate groups linking the nucleotides in the backbone and the nitrogenous bases (purines and pyrimidines) linking to the pentose sugar. The document discusses Chargaff's rules of base pairing, Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA with antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs, and the various forces that stabilize the nucleic acid structures.
132
DNA is made up of two antiparallel chains of nucleotides that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up between the two strands in a complementary fashion, with adenine always pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. This precise sequence of bases varies between individuals and carries genetic information.
Dna replication
DNA consists of two strands coiled in a double helix structure. Each strand is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. The bases on one strand pair with those on the other via hydrogen bonds. DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix and using it as a template to produce two new strands - one continuously and one discontinuously in short segments that are later joined. This ensures each new cell has an exact copy of the DNA for continued cell division and growth.
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
Dna Power Point
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes key experiments such as Griffith's discovery of transformation and Avery's discovery that DNA carries genetic information. The structure of DNA was determined by Watson and Crick who modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA is made of nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA replication results in two identical DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new complementary strand built by DNA polymerase.
Powerpoint presentation in DNA of living organisms
DNA is contained within the nucleus of cells. It is composed of nucleotides, which each contain a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond together in pairs - adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine. Millions of these paired nucleotides bond together to form the signature double helix structure of DNA, with the bases on the inside and the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside. This double helix structure allows DNA to be tightly packed inside cells.
Dna and rna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, polymerase laying down new nucleotides according to base pairing rules, and proofreading to fix mistakes which can cause mutations. RNA is single-stranded and transcribes information from DNA through transcription, with mRNA carrying messages to sites of protein production according to codon-anticodon base pairing.
Unit i bio organic chemistry
Synthesis of Pyrimidines and purines.
Structure and role of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA Genetic code.
Biosynthesis of cholesterol, phenanthrene alkaloids and bile acids.
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4.1 DNA Structure
The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base molecules. The bases on each strand are complementary, with A pairing with T and G pairing with C. DNA replication involves the unwinding of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand. This results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one newly synthesized strand, in a semi-conservative process that precisely copies the DNA.
DNA Structure PowerPoint
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
Dna structure notes
This document discusses the structure and function of DNA. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases. The nitrogen bases, adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, always pair up in the same way - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. These base pairs form the sides of the DNA double helix structure, with the sugar and phosphate groups forming the backbone of the helix. The document then briefly describes how DNA replicates through unwinding of the helix by helicase enzymes and addition of matching nucleotides by polymerase.
Chapter 20 Molecular Genetics Lesson 1 - Structure of DNA
This document provides an overview of molecular genetics content including:
(1) The structure of DNA and how it is organized in cells, with DNA made up of nucleotides containing bases, sugar, and phosphate that form two parallel strands twisted into a double helix.
(2) How genes and DNA are related, with each gene made up of a sequence of nucleotides that can vary, leading to different genes, and DNA containing the genetic information for cellular functions.
(3) The rules of complementary base pairing between nucleotides, with adenine binding thymine and cytosine binding guanine.
Molecular genetics unit 3
The document discusses molecular genetics and mutations. It describes the central dogma of biology where DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. It explains the structure of DNA and RNA, and the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis. The process of transcription and translation are defined. Mutations can be caused by environmental factors and result in changes to DNA sequence. Point mutations and frameshift mutations are described, and the potential effects of mutations on proteins and diseases are discussed.
section 4, chapter 4
DNA contains the genetic instructions for making proteins. It exists as a double-stranded helix structure, with the two strands running in opposite directions. DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand. This semi-conservative method of replication occurs during S-phase and is catalyzed by the DNA polymerase enzyme.
Kerrreplicationmodel
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication, causing the two strands to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed strands to copy the DNA sequence. DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides to form the backbone. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each have one original and one new strand, duplicating the genetic information.
Dna replication model
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication site, where helicase enzymes cause the double helix to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed, complementary bases on each single strand. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides to form new polynucleotide chains. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each contain one original and one new strand, and the double helix reforms.
Structure of DNA for medical school
The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
The wonderful world of dna
DNA contains the instructions for building and maintaining living things. It is a double-stranded molecule made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) that bond together in base pairs across the DNA strands. DNA replicates through a process where it unzips and uses its base pair sequence as a template to make new DNA strands.
Structure of DNA
The document provides an overview of DNA structure. It discusses that DNA is composed of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases. The bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, form pairs through hydrogen bonding between complementary bases. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. Nucleotides are formed from a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and one of the four bases. DNA takes the form of a double helix with the backbones made of alternating sugars and phosphates, and the bases forming rungs between the strands via hydrogen bonding of complementary base pairs. The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, with the 5' end having
Dna
This document provides an overview of genetics, DNA, and heredity. It defines key terms like DNA, genes, traits, and mutations. It describes the structure and shape of DNA, including the double helix structure and nitrogenous base pairs. The document explains how DNA is replicated and how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring through sexual and asexual reproduction. It also discusses how DNA directs protein production and how mutations can occur and affect organisms.
DNA Structure
The document summarizes the structure and composition of DNA. It discusses how DNA is made up of nucleotides that consist of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. The nucleotides link together via covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and deoxyribose of the next to form polynucleotide chains. It also describes how the two strands of DNA are held together in the famous double helix structure by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA stores the genetic code through its sequence of these bonded nucleotides.
Dna
DNA contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It exists as a double helix composed of nucleotides with a phosphate-sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. DNA undergoes replication to make copies for new cells, and is transcribed and translated to make proteins for cell functions. It can also undergo recombination during cell division to increase genetic variation.
Dna replication
DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). DNA replicates via DNA polymerase which uses DNA as a template to produce new DNA strands. During transcription, RNA polymerase uses one DNA strand as a template to produce messenger RNA (mRNA), and during translation the mRNA directs the assembly of proteins from amino acids on ribosomes based on its codon sequence. Key enzymes and processes involved in DNA replication, transcription, and translation help copy genetic information and synthesize proteins.
Types of DNA
DNA is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organism. DNA are nucleic acids;. The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleo bases (cytosine[C], guanine[G], adenine[A] or thymine[T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotide :- nitrogenous base,sugar,phosphate
Nucleoside :- :- nitrogenous base,sugar
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Dna replication
DNA consists of two strands coiled in a double helix structure. Each strand is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. The bases on one strand pair with those on the other via hydrogen bonds. DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix and using it as a template to produce two new strands - one continuously and one discontinuously in short segments that are later joined. This ensures each new cell has an exact copy of the DNA for continued cell division and growth.
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
Dna Power Point
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes key experiments such as Griffith's discovery of transformation and Avery's discovery that DNA carries genetic information. The structure of DNA was determined by Watson and Crick who modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA is made of nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA replication results in two identical DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new complementary strand built by DNA polymerase.
Powerpoint presentation in DNA of living organisms
DNA is contained within the nucleus of cells. It is composed of nucleotides, which each contain a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond together in pairs - adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine. Millions of these paired nucleotides bond together to form the signature double helix structure of DNA, with the bases on the inside and the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside. This double helix structure allows DNA to be tightly packed inside cells.
Dna and rna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA replication involves unwinding the helix, polymerase laying down new nucleotides according to base pairing rules, and proofreading to fix mistakes which can cause mutations. RNA is single-stranded and transcribes information from DNA through transcription, with mRNA carrying messages to sites of protein production according to codon-anticodon base pairing.
Unit i bio organic chemistry
Synthesis of Pyrimidines and purines.
Structure and role of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA Genetic code.
Biosynthesis of cholesterol, phenanthrene alkaloids and bile acids.
�
4.1 DNA Structure
The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base molecules. The bases on each strand are complementary, with A pairing with T and G pairing with C. DNA replication involves the unwinding of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand. This results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one newly synthesized strand, in a semi-conservative process that precisely copies the DNA.
DNA Structure PowerPoint
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
Dna structure notes
This document discusses the structure and function of DNA. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases. The nitrogen bases, adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, always pair up in the same way - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. These base pairs form the sides of the DNA double helix structure, with the sugar and phosphate groups forming the backbone of the helix. The document then briefly describes how DNA replicates through unwinding of the helix by helicase enzymes and addition of matching nucleotides by polymerase.
Chapter 20 Molecular Genetics Lesson 1 - Structure of DNA
This document provides an overview of molecular genetics content including:
(1) The structure of DNA and how it is organized in cells, with DNA made up of nucleotides containing bases, sugar, and phosphate that form two parallel strands twisted into a double helix.
(2) How genes and DNA are related, with each gene made up of a sequence of nucleotides that can vary, leading to different genes, and DNA containing the genetic information for cellular functions.
(3) The rules of complementary base pairing between nucleotides, with adenine binding thymine and cytosine binding guanine.
Molecular genetics unit 3
The document discusses molecular genetics and mutations. It describes the central dogma of biology where DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. It explains the structure of DNA and RNA, and the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis. The process of transcription and translation are defined. Mutations can be caused by environmental factors and result in changes to DNA sequence. Point mutations and frameshift mutations are described, and the potential effects of mutations on proteins and diseases are discussed.
section 4, chapter 4
DNA contains the genetic instructions for making proteins. It exists as a double-stranded helix structure, with the two strands running in opposite directions. DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand. This semi-conservative method of replication occurs during S-phase and is catalyzed by the DNA polymerase enzyme.
Kerrreplicationmodel
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication, causing the two strands to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed strands to copy the DNA sequence. DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides to form the backbone. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each have one original and one new strand, duplicating the genetic information.
Dna replication model
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication site, where helicase enzymes cause the double helix to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed, complementary bases on each single strand. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides to form new polynucleotide chains. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each contain one original and one new strand, and the double helix reforms.
Structure of DNA for medical school
The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
The wonderful world of dna
DNA contains the instructions for building and maintaining living things. It is a double-stranded molecule made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) that bond together in base pairs across the DNA strands. DNA replicates through a process where it unzips and uses its base pair sequence as a template to make new DNA strands.
Structure of DNA
The document provides an overview of DNA structure. It discusses that DNA is composed of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases. The bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, form pairs through hydrogen bonding between complementary bases. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. Nucleotides are formed from a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and one of the four bases. DNA takes the form of a double helix with the backbones made of alternating sugars and phosphates, and the bases forming rungs between the strands via hydrogen bonding of complementary base pairs. The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, with the 5' end having
Dna
This document provides an overview of genetics, DNA, and heredity. It defines key terms like DNA, genes, traits, and mutations. It describes the structure and shape of DNA, including the double helix structure and nitrogenous base pairs. The document explains how DNA is replicated and how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring through sexual and asexual reproduction. It also discusses how DNA directs protein production and how mutations can occur and affect organisms.
DNA Structure
The document summarizes the structure and composition of DNA. It discusses how DNA is made up of nucleotides that consist of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. The nucleotides link together via covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and deoxyribose of the next to form polynucleotide chains. It also describes how the two strands of DNA are held together in the famous double helix structure by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA stores the genetic code through its sequence of these bonded nucleotides.
Dna
DNA contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It exists as a double helix composed of nucleotides with a phosphate-sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. DNA undergoes replication to make copies for new cells, and is transcribed and translated to make proteins for cell functions. It can also undergo recombination during cell division to increase genetic variation.
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Powerpoint presentation in DNA of living organisms
Powerpoint presentation in DNA of living organisms
Chapter 20 Molecular Genetics Lesson 1 - Structure of DNA
Chapter 20 Molecular Genetics Lesson 1 - Structure of DNA
Similar to DNA
Dna replication
DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). DNA replicates via DNA polymerase which uses DNA as a template to produce new DNA strands. During transcription, RNA polymerase uses one DNA strand as a template to produce messenger RNA (mRNA), and during translation the mRNA directs the assembly of proteins from amino acids on ribosomes based on its codon sequence. Key enzymes and processes involved in DNA replication, transcription, and translation help copy genetic information and synthesize proteins.
Types of DNA
DNA is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organism. DNA are nucleic acids;. The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleo bases (cytosine[C], guanine[G], adenine[A] or thymine[T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotide :- nitrogenous base,sugar,phosphate
Nucleoside :- :- nitrogenous base,sugar
Chapter 11 DNA Biology
The document provides an overview of DNA structure and function, including:
- DNA is a double-helix structure with bases pairing between strands.
- DNA replication is semiconservative and involves unwinding of the strands followed by synthesis of new strands using the old strands as templates.
- Gene expression involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm using transfer RNA and ribosomes.
- Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including chromatin structure, transcription factors, RNA processing, and mRNA translation controls.
Biology lecture 4
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. Some key points include:
- DNA was identified as the genetic material through experiments by Griffith, Hershey and Chase.
- The structure of DNA was discovered in the 1950s by Watson and Crick using data from Rosalind Franklin. They identified DNA's double helix structure.
- DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose) and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). The bases bond together in a complementary, antiparallel fashion between strands.
genes
Genes are units of molecular information that correspond to discrete segments of DNA. The sequence of bases (A, C, G, T) in a gene segment determines its information. Experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material. DNA consists of bases, phosphoric acid, and the sugar deoxyribose. X-ray crystallography by Wilkins, Franklin, and Chargaff's base ratio analysis helped Watson and Crick develop their double helix model of DNA structure in 1953. Their model showed DNA as two antiparallel strands with bases pairing between strands via hydrogen bonds.
Structure of dna
DNA is made up of nucleotides that each contain a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. There are four nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The order of these bases determines DNA's genetic code. DNA has a double helix structure with two antiparallel strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. DNA replication is semi-conservative and relies on this base pairing to produce two new DNA strands from the existing strands.
Structure of DNA
DNA is made up of nucleotides that each contain a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. There are four nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The order of these bases determines DNA's genetic code. DNA has a double helix structure with two antiparallel strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. DNA replication is semi-conservative and relies on this base pairing to produce two new DNA strands from the existing strands.
Nucleic acids 1
The document discusses the composition and structure of nucleic acids. It defines nucleic acids as polymers of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids that differ in their sugar component - DNA contains deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose. The bases found in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and in RNA, uracil replaces thymine. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information through the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
DNA is the hereditary material found by scientists like Griffith and Chase. It has a double helix structure with nitrogen bases pairing up (A=T and C=G) proposed by Watson and Crick based on research by Chargaff, Franklin, and Wilkins. DNA replicates through unwinding and each strand pairing with new bases.
RNA is single stranded and has uracil instead of thymine. There are three types: mRNA carries protein synthesis instructions from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, and rRNA is part of the ribosome.
Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA, then translation as the ribosome synthesizes proteins using the mRNA and tRNAs. Mut
Biology lecture 5
The document discusses protein synthesis which involves two main phases - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves the DNA being used as a template to produce mRNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm where translation occurs, involving ribosomes and tRNA to link amino acids together using the mRNA as a template to produce a protein.
Nulceic acid structure
This document discusses the structure of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA can take on different conformations and its structure varies with sequence, contrary to the original Watson-Crick model which assumed a single structure. The key consequences of the Watson-Crick model are that DNA is double-stranded with complementary bases, allowing for redundancy and easier replication. The document also discusses different forms DNA can take on (A, B, Z forms), G-quadruplex structures, DNA supercoiling, the structure of transfer RNA including its acceptor stem, CCA tail, and anticodon arm, and common modifications to bases in tRNA.
Nucleic acids.pdf
Nucleic acid-DNA and RNA
Gene-part of DNA
Functions of DNA
RNA-Functions, different types of RNA-Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), Messenger RNAs (mRNAs), Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)-Other RNA-Small nuclear RNA (snRNA), Micro RNA (miRNA), Small interfering RNA (siRNA), Heterogenous RNA (hnRNA).
Nucleic acid-nucleotides-nucleoside
Components of nucleotide-a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base (pyrimidine and purine), (2) a pentose, and (3) a phosphate
Structure of pentose sugar, and 5 major bases (cytosine, thymine, uracil-pyrimidine bases and adenine, guanine-purine bases).
Deoxyribonucleotides and Ribo nucleotides-Molecular structure of deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP), deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), Cytosine monophosphate (CMP) and Uridine monophosphate (UMP), Watson crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing,
Helical structure-Heterocylic N -Glycosides, Syn and Anti Conformers, detailed structure of single strand and double stranded DNA.
DNA Nucleotides and Tautomeric Form-Tautomers of Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
Template strand, non coding strand and coding strand
Hydrogen bonds, phosphodiester linkage, hydrolysis of DNA and RNA.
Different forms of DNA-A, B, and Z forms.
Palindrome sequence, Linear DNA, Cruciform DNA, H DNA (Triplex DNA), Denaturation of DNA, Hyperchromicity, Tm, Renaturation of DNA, Tertiary structure of DNA, Difference of DNA and RNA, RNA structural elements, primary. secondary and tertiary structure of RNA. Detailed structure and functions of tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, miRNA, siRNA, hn RNA, snRNA.
Nucleic acid hybridization, C0t analysis, Buoyant density of DNA, Isopycnic centrifugation.
Dna structure slide share
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
DNA replication, transcription, and translation
The document provides information about DNA, RNA, transcription, and translation. It defines the key components and structures of DNA and RNA, including sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. It explains the differences between DNA and RNA, such as DNA being double-stranded and containing deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose and uracil. The document also describes transcription, which occurs in the nucleus and produces mRNA from DNA, and translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm and uses mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain through the actions of tRNA and the ribosome.
Ch 24 & 25 notes
The document describes the chemical makeup and structure of DNA and RNA. It also explains the processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). RNA also contains nucleotides but with ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil replacing thymine. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix, complementary base pairing between nucleotides, and joining of the new DNA strands. Transcription and translation are required to produce proteins. Transcription copies DNA into mRNA which is then read by ribosomes during translation, where tRNA brings amino acids to be joined into polypeptides based
DNA Replication & Repair.
It is a short and concise slide about DNA replication and Repair. It is prepared keeping in mind for Undergraduates level but PG also might find it handy.
Structure of DNA and RNA, Nucleotides Nucleosides.pptx
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides combine to form either DNA or RNA, with DNA containing the sugars deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. The DNA double helix consists of two antiparallel nucleotide chains linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs, with adenine bonding with thymine and guanine bonding with cytosine. DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next.
DNA structure and function,watson and crick model of DNA helix,classification...
The document summarizes DNA structure and function, including the Watson and Crick model of DNA's double helix structure. Some key points:
- DNA is made up of nucleotides containing sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. The bases pair up between strands as A-T and G-C.
- DNA exists as a double helix with two anti-parallel strands bonded together via hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Each turn of the helix contains around 10 base pairs.
- Watson and Crick's 1953 model established that DNA has a right-handed double helix structure, with the bases pairing up in the interior and the sugar-phosphate backbones on the exterior.
DNA structure
Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953. Their model showed that DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other in a right-handed spiral. The bases of each chain bond with the other chain via hydrogen bonds in a base-pairing pattern where adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. This discovery helped explain how genetic information is stored and copied in organisms.
3. dna
1) The document reviews biological compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2) It describes the structures of proteins including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.
3) Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that are made up of phosphate groups, sugars (ribose or deoxyribose), and nitrogenous bases. DNA and RNA differ in their sugar and base components.
Similar to DNA (20)
Structure of DNA and RNA, Nucleotides Nucleosides.pptx
Structure of DNA and RNA, Nucleotides Nucleosides.pptx
DNA structure and function,watson and crick model of DNA helix,classification...
DNA structure and function,watson and crick model of DNA helix,classification...
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Hormones
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
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Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
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the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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DNA
- 1. The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Prepared by: Bb. Jasmine Nikki M. Versoza
- 3. I am double helix or double stranded
- 6. I HAVE GUANINE, CYTOSINE, ADENINE and uracil AS NITROGEN BASES
- 7. I HAVE GUANINE, CYTOSINE, ADENINE and THYMINE AS NITROGEN BASES
- 8. Double helix, shaped like a twisted ladder, consisting of two strands running in opposite directions (anti-parallel) One runs 5’ to 3’ (right side up) and the other 3’ to 5’ (upside down)
- 10. DNA replication was predicted by James Watson and Francis Crick and proven by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl. Watson and Crick also proposed the double helix structure of DNA.
- 11. A polymer of repeating units of nucleotides These consist of 5-carbon sugar (deoxy-ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base
- 13. The carbon atoms in deoxyribose are numbered 1 to 5. There are four nitrogen bases in DNA: • Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
- 14. Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosines They are paired by hydrogen bonds
- 15. Hydrogen bonds for nitrogen bases A = T G ≡ C
- 17. SAMPLE QUESTION 1: The sequence on a DNA leading strand is 5’A-T-C- G-A-A3’. What is likely the correct sequence of the complementary strand? A. 3’T-A-G-C-T-T5’ C. 3’A-T-C-G-A-A5’ B. 5’T-A-G-C-T-T3’ D. 5’U-A-G-G-A-A3’
- 18. SAMPLE QUESTION 2: The sequence on a DNA complementary strand is 3’A-C-G-T-A-C5’. What is likely the correct sequence of the leading strand? A. 3’T-G-C-A-G-C5’ C. 3’T-G-C-G-T-G5’ B. 5’U-G-C-U-U-G3’ D. 5’T-G-C-A-T-G3’
- 19. A single-stranded helix consisting of repeating nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil (U), which replaces thymine. The 5-carbon sugar in RNA is ribose.
- 20. Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosines and Uracil
- 23. If the strand of DNA triplets to be transcribed is 5’-AAA TAA CCG GAC-3’ Then the strand of mRNA codons that forms is 3’-UUU AUU GGC CUG-5’ The transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon strand complementary to the mRNA strand is AAA UAA CCG GAC
- 24. CODON (n.) A trinucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid
- 25. SAMPLE QUESTION 3: The following DNA strand is used as a template for transcription: 3'GGCACTCATTCAA5’ Which of the following RNA strands will be produced? A. 5’CCGUGAGUAAGUU3’ B. 5’CCGTGAGTAAGTT3’ C. 5’CCGTGUGTUUGTT3’ D. 5’CCGTGAGTAAGTU3’
- 26. SAMPLE QUESTION 3: The following DNA strand is used as a template for transcription: 5’AUG GCG UUU3’ Which of the following RNA strands will be produced? A. 3′ UAC CGC AAA 5′ B. 3′ TAC CGC AAA 5′ C. 3′ UAC CGC UUU 5′ D. 3′ TAC GCG GGG 5′
- 27. SAMPLE QUESTION 3: A sequence of RNA is shown: 5’CAA AAU GCG AUC3’. Using the codon chart, what is the sequence of amino acids that is produced when this RNA is translated? A. Gln – Asn – Ala - Ile B. His – Asn – Ala - Met C. Gln – Asn – Pro - Tyr D. Val – Leu – Arg - Stop
- 28. Practice Exercises About DNA https://www.biologycorner.com/quiz /DNA5_qz.html https://www.ducksters.com/science/ quiz/dna_questions.php
Editor's Notes
- . Three "stop" codons mark the end of a protein.
- a.
- b.
- a.