3. GUIDE QUESTIONS
Q1. What are the components of the DNA and RNA
molecule?
Fill in the comparison table below.
Basis of Comparison DNA RNA
1. Number of Strands 2 1
2. Location in the cell nucleus cytoplasm
3. Type of sugar deoxyribose ribose
4. Nitrogenous base pair A,T,C,G A,U,C,G
ANSWER: Sugar
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Base
4. GUIDE QUESTIONS
Q2. What is the structural difference between DNA and
RNA?
DNA and RNA are different in the following:
a. DNA is double stranded while RNA is single-
stranded.
b. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while that in RNA is
ribose.
c. The nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine
(G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C). In RNA are adenine,
guanine, cytosine and uracil.
11. -are divided into two groups:
Pyrimidines (are single ring bases.)
Nitrogenous Bases:
C
C
C
C
N
N
O
N
12. -are divided into two groups:
Pyrimidines (made of one 6 member ring)
Thymine
Cytosine
Nitrogenous Bases:
C
C
C
C
N
N
O
N
cytosine
C
C
C
C
N
N
O
O
thymine
C
13. -are divided into two groups:
Purines (made of a 6 member ring, fused
to a 5 member ring; double ring bases)
Nitrogenous Bases:
C
C
C
C
N
N
N
N
N
C
14. -are divided into two groups:
Purines (made of a 6 member ring, fused
to a 5 member ring; double ring bases)
Adenine
Guanine
Nitrogenous Bases:
C
C
C
C
N
N
N
Adenine N
N
C
C
C
C
C
N
N
O
N
Guanine N
N
C
15. • Adenine and Thymine always join
together because they form two H
bonds with each other
A T
• Cytosine and Guanine always join
together because they form three H
bonds with each other
C G
18. -is a very long polymer that is double helix with about 10
nucleotide pairs per helical turn
19. James D. Watson and Francis Crick,
co-originators of the double-helix
model.
20. • The backbone of
the molecule is
alternating
phosphates and
deoxyribose
sugar
• The teeth are
nitrogenous
bases.
phosphate
deoxyribose
bases
21. • One strand of
DNA is a polymer
of nucleotides.
• One strand of
DNA has many
millions of
nucleotides.
nucleotide
22. 22
• Remember, DNA
has two strands
that fit
together
something like a
zipper.
• The teeth are
the nitrogenous
bases but why
do they stick
together?
23. C
C
C
C
N
N
O
N
C
C
C
C
N
N
O
N
N
N
C
• The bases attract each
other because of
hydrogen bonds.
• Hydrogen bonds are weak
but there are millions
and millions of them in a
single molecule of DNA.
• The bonds between
cytosine and guanine are
shown here with dotted
lines
24. DNA by the Numbers
• Each cell has about 2
m of DNA.
• The average human has
75 trillion cells.
• The average human has
enough DNA to go from
the earth to the sun
more than 400 times.
• DNA has a diameter of
only 0.000000002 m.
The earth is 150 billion m
or 93 million miles from
the sun.
25. What does
DNA do?
DNA stores an organism's genetic
information and controls the production of
proteins and is thus responsible for the
biochemistry of an organism.
29. --- is the process of producing two identical
replicas from one original DNA molecule that
occurs in all living organisms.
--- is the basis for biological inheritance.
30. --- is a semi conservative
means that each
daughter DNA consists
of half parental DNA and
half of new DNA
32. •DNA double helix unwinds
Helicase is the enzyme that splits the two
strands. The structure that is created is known
as "Replication Fork".
33. •DNA now single-stranded
Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins (SSB) for
work to bind individuals strands in a DNA
double stranded helix and aid the helicases in
opening it up into single strands. They are
particularly useful in stabilizing the unwound
single-stranded formation.
34. •New DNA strand forms using complementary base
pairing (A-T, C-G)
35. Example of DNA Replication
5’ TAC CGG AAT GCA ATG CAT ATG 3’ OLD
3’ ATG GCC TTA CGT TAC GTA TAC 5’ OLD
5’ TAC CGG AAT GCA ATG CAT ATG 3’ OLD
3’ ATG GCC TTA CGT TAC GTA TAC 5’ NEW
5’ TAC CGG AAT GCA ATG CAT ATG 3’ NEW
3’ ATG GCC TTA CGT TAC GTA TAC 5’ OLD
36. •Used to prepare DNA for cell division
•Whole genome copied/replicated
37.
38. The following is the base sequence on one
strand of a DNA molecule. If replicated, write the
complimentary strands.
1. A A T G C C A G T G G T
2. C C T G A C T A A T C G
3. G G A C T G A T T C G G
4. T G G C C T A T A T C C
5. G T C A C T G C C G G A
42. (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)
- can both store information and catalyze
chemical reactions.
- is used in protein synthesis
43. (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)
1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
-brings information from the
DNA in the nucleus to the
cytoplasm(cytosol).
2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-holds tightly to the mRNA and
use its information to
assemble amino acids.
44. (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)
3. transfer RNA (tRNA)
-attaches the correct amino
acid to the protein chain that is
being synthesized in the
ribosome
45. -is the process by which genetic information from
DNA is transferred into RNA. DNA sequence is
enzymatically copied by messenger RNA (mRNA)
to produce a complementary nucleotide transfer
RNA (tRNA) strand.
-synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template
46. -only one strand of DNA, the antisense strand or
template strand, is used to make mRNA
– is the non transcribed
strand
-mRNA is complementary to the antisense strand
47. Protein Synthesis Transcription
Transcription process
•RNA polymerase attaches to DNA at
a special sequence that serves as a
“start signal”.
•The DNA strands are separated and one
strand serves as a template.
•The RNA bases attach to the
complementary DNA template, thus
synthesizing mRNA.
48. Protein Synthesis: Transcription
•The RNA polymerase recognizes a
termination site on the DNA molecule and
releases the new mRNA molecule.
(mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to
the ribosome in the cytoplasm.)
52. -process of converting information in mRNA into a
sequence of amino acids (polypeptide chain) in a
protein
-mRNA is in ribosome
-Each combination of 3 nucleotides on mRNA is
called a codon or three-letter code word.
-Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that
is to be placed in the polypeptide chain (protein).
56. AUG (methionine) serves as the “initiator”
codon, which starts the synthesis of a protein
UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons, which
signify the end of a polypeptide chain (protein).
57.
58. Ribosomes
• 2 subunits, separate in cytoplasm until
they join to begin translation
• Large
• Small
• Contain 3 binding sites
• E
• P
• A
65. Determine the protein formed by the following old DNA strand:
CCCATGGAGCGAGAGTTACCGGGTTAGAGGCAC
new strand:
mRNA:
tRNA:
Protein (Amino Acids):
66. Determine the protein formed by the following old DNA strand:
AGCATGTGCTACTAGCCGGTGAGC
new strand:
mRNA:
tRNA:
PROTEIN (Amino Acids):
67. Determine the protein formed by the following NEW DNA strand:
TGCCGCCAGTCGCTCGGG
a. normal
b. If in the process of transcription, all of the purine,
GUANINE is changed to cytosine
c. If during transcription, all thymine bases are deleted or
not read by the mRNA.
d. If all cytosine will be substituted by adenine.
Editor's Notes
We all know that elephants only give birth to little elephants, giraffes to giraffes, dogs to dogs and so on for every type of living creature. But why is this so?The answer lies in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.
DNA is the molecule of heredity that passes from parents to offspring. It contains the instructions for building RNA and proteins, which make up the structure of the body and carry out most of its functions.
Nucleotides are formed by the condensation of a pentose sugar, phosphate and one of the 4 bases
Nucleotides are formed by the condensation of a pentose sugar, phosphate and one of the 4 bases
Nucleotides are formed by the condensation of a pentose sugar, phosphate and one of the 4 bases
Nucleotides are formed by the condensation of a pentose sugar, phosphate and one of the 4 bases
Nucleotides are formed by the condensation of a pentose sugar, phosphate and one of the 4 bases
Nucleotides are formed by the condensation of a pentose sugar, phosphate and one of the 4 bases
like a twisted ladder or zipper.
Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction to understand the physical structure of the DNA molecule.
The structure of double helix was first described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
like a twisted ladder or zipper.
like a twisted ladder or zipper.
like a twisted ladder or zipper.
like a twisted ladder or zipper.
like a twisted ladder or zipper.
DNA is the molecule of heredity that passes from parents to offspring. It contains the instructions for building RNA and proteins, which make up the structure of the body and carry out most of its functions.
The central dogma of molecular biology ex plains that DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins.
DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/instructor/animations/dna_replication/index.html for animation
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/instructor/animations/dna_replication/index.html for animation
The splitting happens in places of the chains which are rich in A-T. That is because there are only two bonds between Adenine and Thymine (there are three hydrogen bonds between Cytosine and Guanine).
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/instructor/animations/dna_replication/index.html for animation
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/instructor/animations/dna_replication/index.html for animation
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/instructor/animations/dna_replication/index.html for animation
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/instructor/animations/dna_replication/index.html for animation
Animation to show replication: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html
We all know that elephants only give birth to little elephants, giraffes to giraffes, dogs to dogs and so on for every type of living creature. But why is this so?The answer lies in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.
We all know that elephants only give birth to little elephants, giraffes to giraffes, dogs to dogs and so on for every type of living creature. But why is this so?The answer lies in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.
We all know that elephants only give birth to little elephants, giraffes to giraffes, dogs to dogs and so on for every type of living creature. But why is this so?The answer lies in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.
can both store information (like DNA) and catalyze chemical reactions (like proteins).
carries the amino acids to mRNA
is the process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA. This is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes where protein synthesis is carried out.
Animation to show replication: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html
http://novella.mhhe.com/sites/0070070017/student_view0/biology_1/chapter_17/mrna_synthesis__transcription___quiz_2_.html to show animation
http://www.wiley.com/college/test/0471787159/biology_basics/animations/fromGeneToProtein.swf
Animation to show replication: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html
Animation to show replication: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html
carries the amino acids to mRNA
RNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the 5’→3’ direction
carries the amino acids to mRNA
carries the amino acids to mRNA
carries the amino acids to mRNA
rRNA =
mRNA
for protein attach NH2 and ends with COOH