Powerpoint presentation in DNA of living organisms
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Powerpoint presentation in DNA of living organisms
- 2. Cellular composition DNA is contained in nucleus of cell Phospho-lipids and proteins combined to form cell membrane Lipids are fats
- 3. Base pairs A=T – double hydrogen bond G Nucleotide (3 chemical groups) C – triple hydrogen bond Sugar – deoxyribose contains Phosphate A 5 Carbon atoms group base (A, T, G, C)
- 4. DNA molecule DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long chain of sub-units The sub-units are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group -PO4 and an organic base
- 5. Ribose & deoxyribose Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom Both molecules may be represented by the symbol
- 6. The bases The most common organic bases are Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
- 7. Nucleotides The deoxyribose,the phosphatend one of the bases a Combine to form a nucleotide PO4 adenine deoxyribose
- 8. 7 Joined nucleotides PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 sugar-phosphate + bases backbone A molecule of DNA is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain
- 9. In fact, the DNA usually consists of a double strand of nucleotides The sugar-phosphate chains are on the outside and the strands are held together by chemical bonds between the bases
- 11. Bonding 1 The bases always pair up in the same way Adenine forms a bond with Thymine Adenine Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine Cytosine Guanine
- 14. The paired strands are coiled into a spiral called A DOUBLE HELIX
- 16. Physical Structure (cont’d) Chains are anti-parallel (i.e in opposite directions) Diameter and periodicity are consistent 10 bases/ turn 2.0 nm 3.4 nm/ turn Width consistent because of pyrimidine/purine pairing
- 18. FORMS OF DNA
- 19. Supercoiling
- 20. DNA is Dynamic Like proteins, DNA has 3º structure Why so many deviations from normal conformation? Enhances responsiveness Effects on transcription (gene expression) May also serve in packaging NOTE: most cellular DNA exists as protein containing supercoils
- 21. Denaturation of DNA Denaturation by heating. How observed? A260 For dsDNA, A260=1.0 for 50 µg/ml For ssDNA and RNA A260=1.0 for 38 µg/ml For ss oligos A260=1.0 for 33 µg/ml The T at which ½ the DNA sample is denatured is called the melting temperature (Tm) Hyperchromic shift
- 22. A DIY model of part of a DNA molecule
- 23. Accreditation to the following http://www.present.udel.edu/biotech/rD NA.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisam ples/molecularbiology/plasmidcloning_fla.html http://www.worldofteaching.com