DNA Structure
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The document summarizes the structure and composition of DNA. It discusses how DNA is made up of nucleotides that consist of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. The nucleotides link together via covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and deoxyribose of the next to form polynucleotide chains. It also describes how the two strands of DNA are held together in the famous double helix structure by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA stores the genetic code through its sequence of these bonded nucleotides.
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The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
DNA Structure & Function
DNA is composed of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The two types of pentose sugars are deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. There are two types of nitrogenous bases - purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and in RNA, uracil). Watson and Crick proposed that DNA exists as a double helix with the bases pairing together between the two anti-parallel strands - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. The structure allows DNA to self-replicate and transmit genetic information to daughter cells during cell division.
DNA
DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms. It is a double-stranded molecule shaped like a twisted ladder, with four nucleotide bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. DNA provides the instructions for making proteins and is found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoids of prokaryotic cells. It was first discovered and identified by Swiss biologist Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
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Double Helix structure of DNA
DNA has a double helix structure with two anti-parallel strands that wrap around a common axis. Each strand consists of a sequence of nucleotides containing a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate. The bases on each strand form complementary base pairs with the other strand through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine. This double helix structure allows DNA to carry genetic information that is used for growth, development, functioning and reproduction of organisms.
DNA Structure PowerPoint
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
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The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
DNA Structure & Function
DNA is composed of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The two types of pentose sugars are deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. There are two types of nitrogenous bases - purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and in RNA, uracil). Watson and Crick proposed that DNA exists as a double helix with the bases pairing together between the two anti-parallel strands - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. The structure allows DNA to self-replicate and transmit genetic information to daughter cells during cell division.
DNA
DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms. It is a double-stranded molecule shaped like a twisted ladder, with four nucleotide bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. DNA provides the instructions for making proteins and is found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoids of prokaryotic cells. It was first discovered and identified by Swiss biologist Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
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DNA has a double helix structure with two anti-parallel strands that wrap around a common axis. Each strand consists of a sequence of nucleotides containing a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate. The bases on each strand form complementary base pairs with the other strand through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine. This double helix structure allows DNA to carry genetic information that is used for growth, development, functioning and reproduction of organisms.
DNA Structure PowerPoint
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
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The document summarizes the Watson and Crick DNA model. It describes the key components of DNA's double helix structure, including that it consists of two antiparallel strands coiled around a common axis. The strands are composed of deoxyribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework, while the bases project inward and pair up to form the double helix shape.
DNA structure
DNA controls all chemical processes and determines the structure of cells in living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—bind together in specific base pairs to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. The unique sequence of bases in a gene determines the specific protein produced. DNA is packaged into chromosomes, which contain DNA coiled around histone proteins and condensed into a compact structure.
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Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for life. It exists in the cell nucleus, associated with proteins, and a small amount is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA has three main components - deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond with each other through hydrogen bonding - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the two antiparallel strands coiling around each other and connected by these hydrogen bonds between bases.
Dna structure and function
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) that bond together in a double helix structure. DNA is found primarily in the cell nucleus where it is organized into structures called chromosomes that contain an organism's complete set of genes.
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Genetic code is a dictionary that corresponds with sequence of nucleotides and sequence of amino acids.
Genetic code is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material(DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.
Term given By ″ Goerge Gamow ʺ
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists in cells as a double helix structure, with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases on the two strands bond together in specific patterns, with adenine bonding only to thymine and cytosine bonding only to guanine. This allows the DNA strands to reliably replicate and pass genetic information from parents to offspring. While DNA provides the code, RNA is involved in expressing this code by assisting in protein production.
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The document provides a history of discoveries related to DNA structure and function. Some key points summarized:
1) In the 1800s, nucleic acids were discovered but their role was unknown. In the 1950s, experiments showed that DNA was the transforming principle that carried genetic information.
2) In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA, with base pairing of A-T and G-C. This explained prior findings on base ratios by Chargaff.
3) DNA contains the genetic code as a sequence of nucleotide bases that provides instructions for protein synthesis and cell function. Its double helix structure allows for replication and transmission of genetic material from parent to daughter cells.
Dna structure notes
This document provides information on the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA is made up of genes located on chromosomes, which are made of DNA and proteins. The structure of DNA is a double helix with nitrogen bases sticking out from the sides and pairing with each other through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine. The sides of the ladder-like structure are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
DNA structure - double helix structure
In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix DNA model based on X-ray diffraction studies of DNA photographs by Wilkins and Franklin. DNA has two polynucleotide strands that wind together to form a long, slender helical molecule. The strands run in opposite directions and are intertwined in a clockwise direction. The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs and the negative charge of the phosphate groups.
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The document discusses a student's seminar topic on the structure of DNA. It thanks college administrators and teachers for guidance. The summary outlines DNA's key components - phosphoric acid, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases. DNA exists as a double helix with two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other. Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases on the chains hold the structure together.
Dna
The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides that form two strands twisted into a double helix ladder shape. The nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases that bond together the strands in specific base pairings of A-T and C-G. DNA stores genetic information through the sequence of these base pairs and can make copies of itself through a process called replication where the strands separate and new complementary strands are assembled.
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DNA has a double helical structure that is twisted into a spiral staircase shape. It consists of two strands that are anti-parallel to each other and wrapped around a central axis. Rosalind Franklin discovered the two forms of DNA structure through X-ray diffraction images in 1951. That same year, James Watson and Francis Crick used Franklin's data as well as the "model building" approach to determine that DNA has a double helix structure with the bases pairing in the interior and the phosphate backbones on the exterior. Their discovery, along with the contributions of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, won them the 1962 Nobel Prize. DNA provides instructions for building and maintaining all living organisms through its primary, secondary, and
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The document presents information on DNA and RNA structure. It discusses that Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to help visualize DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick originated the double-helix model of DNA. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases including adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The order of these bases determines genetic code. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and is typically single-stranded.
Dna the thread of life watson crick model characteristics 2
DNA is a double-stranded helix that contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model for DNA based on X-ray diffraction images. Their model showed that DNA is a right-handed double helix with the bases pairing in the middle (A pairs with T and G pairs with C) and the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside. This discovery explained how DNA replicates and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next.
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DNA is made of three molecules: sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. These molecules bond together to form nucleotides, which link up in two chains that spiral into the iconic DNA double helix structure. DNA contains the genetic code and is found coiled tightly in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. It can make copies of itself through a process called DNA replication that uses the base-pairing rules to produce two identical DNA molecules from one original.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA carries the genetic instructions for living organisms. In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with nucleotides on each strand connected through hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs (A-T, C-G). DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division, using each original strand as a template to produce two new double helices. Genes within DNA code for proteins through transcription and translation.
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The document provides an overview of molecular biology and discusses several key topics:
1) It discusses how cells organize and package DNA within the nucleus and replicate it during cell division.
2) Genome organization, including introns, exons, satellites and repetitive DNA is covered. Chromatin structure and packaging is also discussed.
3) DNA interacts with proteins through specific and non-specific binding. DNA is organized into chromatin through interactions with histone proteins in eukaryotes and other proteins in prokaryotes.
DNA Grade 12
Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
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DNA controls all chemical processes and determines the structure of cells in living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—bind together in specific base pairs to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. The unique sequence of bases in a gene determines the specific protein produced. DNA is packaged into chromosomes, which contain DNA coiled around histone proteins and condensed into a compact structure.
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DNA contains the genetic instructions for life. It exists in the cell nucleus, associated with proteins, and a small amount is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA has three main components - deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond with each other through hydrogen bonding - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the two antiparallel strands coiling around each other and connected by these hydrogen bonds between bases.
Dna structure and function
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) that bond together in a double helix structure. DNA is found primarily in the cell nucleus where it is organized into structures called chromosomes that contain an organism's complete set of genes.
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Genetic code is a dictionary that corresponds with sequence of nucleotides and sequence of amino acids.
Genetic code is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material(DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.
Term given By ″ Goerge Gamow ʺ
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists in cells as a double helix structure, with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases on the two strands bond together in specific patterns, with adenine bonding only to thymine and cytosine bonding only to guanine. This allows the DNA strands to reliably replicate and pass genetic information from parents to offspring. While DNA provides the code, RNA is involved in expressing this code by assisting in protein production.
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The document provides a history of discoveries related to DNA structure and function. Some key points summarized:
1) In the 1800s, nucleic acids were discovered but their role was unknown. In the 1950s, experiments showed that DNA was the transforming principle that carried genetic information.
2) In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA, with base pairing of A-T and G-C. This explained prior findings on base ratios by Chargaff.
3) DNA contains the genetic code as a sequence of nucleotide bases that provides instructions for protein synthesis and cell function. Its double helix structure allows for replication and transmission of genetic material from parent to daughter cells.
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This document provides information on the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA is made up of genes located on chromosomes, which are made of DNA and proteins. The structure of DNA is a double helix with nitrogen bases sticking out from the sides and pairing with each other through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine. The sides of the ladder-like structure are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
DNA structure - double helix structure
In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix DNA model based on X-ray diffraction studies of DNA photographs by Wilkins and Franklin. DNA has two polynucleotide strands that wind together to form a long, slender helical molecule. The strands run in opposite directions and are intertwined in a clockwise direction. The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs and the negative charge of the phosphate groups.
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At this time; reading, listening or writing the word DNA doesn’t amaze us, we know that it is deoxyribonucleic acid. But it was not always like this. There was a time when it was a mystery; many of the scientists, researcher and workers spent their whole life in searching out what is DNA.
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The document discusses a student's seminar topic on the structure of DNA. It thanks college administrators and teachers for guidance. The summary outlines DNA's key components - phosphoric acid, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases. DNA exists as a double helix with two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other. Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases on the chains hold the structure together.
Dna
The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides that form two strands twisted into a double helix ladder shape. The nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases that bond together the strands in specific base pairings of A-T and C-G. DNA stores genetic information through the sequence of these base pairs and can make copies of itself through a process called replication where the strands separate and new complementary strands are assembled.
DNA double helix
DNA has a double helical structure that is twisted into a spiral staircase shape. It consists of two strands that are anti-parallel to each other and wrapped around a central axis. Rosalind Franklin discovered the two forms of DNA structure through X-ray diffraction images in 1951. That same year, James Watson and Francis Crick used Franklin's data as well as the "model building" approach to determine that DNA has a double helix structure with the bases pairing in the interior and the phosphate backbones on the exterior. Their discovery, along with the contributions of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, won them the 1962 Nobel Prize. DNA provides instructions for building and maintaining all living organisms through its primary, secondary, and
Structure of DNA & RNA
The document presents information on DNA and RNA structure. It discusses that Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to help visualize DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick originated the double-helix model of DNA. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases including adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The order of these bases determines genetic code. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and is typically single-stranded.
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DNA is a double-stranded helix that contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model for DNA based on X-ray diffraction images. Their model showed that DNA is a right-handed double helix with the bases pairing in the middle (A pairs with T and G pairs with C) and the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside. This discovery explained how DNA replicates and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next.
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bonding patterns of DNA
base stacking different conformations of DNA
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encoding information
mutation/recombination
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Application of DNA
DNA for Grade 12
DNA is made of three molecules: sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. These molecules bond together to form nucleotides, which link up in two chains that spiral into the iconic DNA double helix structure. DNA contains the genetic code and is found coiled tightly in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. It can make copies of itself through a process called DNA replication that uses the base-pairing rules to produce two identical DNA molecules from one original.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA carries the genetic instructions for living organisms. In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with nucleotides on each strand connected through hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs (A-T, C-G). DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division, using each original strand as a template to produce two new double helices. Genes within DNA code for proteins through transcription and translation.
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Determination GC content
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis
Prokaryotic DNA Replication
Transcription
Coding Strand and Template Strand
Steps of RNA synthesize
DNA structure and chromosome organization
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and store the genetic material of organisms. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes in the nucleus.
- DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix. Each strand contains nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine). The bases pair specifically between strands in the helix.
- Before cell division, DNA is replicated through a semiconservative process where each original strand acts as a template for a new partner strand. This results in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
Unit 1 genetics nucleic acids dna
This document provides an overview of genetics and DNA. It discusses the location of DNA in cells, DNA structure including the double helix formation, the discovery of DNA as the genetic material through experiments, the role of DNA in inheritance and protein coding, DNA replication, repair, and cloning techniques like recombinant DNA and PCR. It also describes uses of biotechnology like producing insulin through transgenic bacteria and developing pest-resistant plants.
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PPT Biology G9 quarter1 lesson1 DNA in a Chromosome.pptx
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Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms in infants and young children worldwide. It has a round shape that can be seen under a microscope, which is where it gets its name from. Rotavirus causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines, resulting in severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever, belly pain, and dehydration. There is no cure for rotavirus, and children who have been vaccinated against it may still get infected. Frequent hand washing and disinfecting surfaces can help prevent the spread of rotavirus, but vaccination is recommended to reduce the likelihood and severity of infection.
Heavy metals.pptx
Heavy metals are metallic elements that are toxic or poisonous even in small amounts. Examples include mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and lead. Heavy metals enter soils through natural processes and human activities like industry and agriculture. In soils, heavy metals can harm plant growth and contaminate the food chain. While some heavy metals like zinc and nickel are important in small amounts for plant nutrition, others like mercury and arsenic are highly toxic even in low doses and can persist in soils for a long time.
biofilm.pptx
biofilm formation in food industry
its problems
its control
Biofilm :
The product of microbial developmental process .
Biofilm is a slime layer microorganisms.
Containing a community of bacteria and other organisms.
Organisms involved in biofilm formation :
Both gram + and gram – bacteria can form biofilms .
The most common forms are enterococcus faecalis , staphylococcus aureus , staphylococcus epidermidis , streptococcus viridans , e coli , klabsiella pneumonia , pseudomonas aeroginosa .
Fungi candida albicans .
Properties :
Biofilms are complex dynamic structure .
Exposed to an aqueous solution.
Found on solid surfaces .
Habitat :
Found on virtually every non_ shedding surface .
On non _ sterile aqueous or humid environment .
Grows in the most extreme environments . Such as extreme hot,frozen glaciers,rocks ,bottom of most streams or rivers ..
Biofilms formation :
Free floating microorganisms to a surface .
Initial bacteria attach by vander waals forces other bacteria use N _ acylhomoserine lactone to colonize .
Cells of biofilms produce extracellular polysaccharides , proteins , lipids , DNA.
Which factors influence the bacteria to form biofilms .
Hydrophobicity
Environment al stress such as uv radiation , limited nutrients , extreme ph , high pressure , antimicrobial drugs .
Induction to biofilms formation in food industry :
Biofilms imply major challenge s for the food industry because they allow bacteria to bind to a range of surfaces such as rubber , polypropylene , plastic , glass , stainless steel , even food products in just few minutes .
A biofilms are largely responsible for food spoilage and outbreak . They’re also consider responsible for damage to food processing equipment.
Control by different methods .
Problem of biofilm in food industry
Escherichia coli can attach to variety of surfaces including steel , Glass , plastic , rubber and biotic surfaces .
The hydrophobicity of the surface material play an important role in bifilm formation .
For example e.coli 0157.h7 strain shows strong biofilms formation .
E.coli is also well known because of their acid resistance mechanisms . Which the becterium to survive in extreme acid condition as those generated in some food industry process involving acitic commonly us in some canned vegetables .and cause disease like urinary tract infection .
Salmonella enterica :
In the food industry multicellular structure of salmonella is able to grow on stain less steel surface and form biofilm .
Salmonella enterica is capable of attaching to meat and other food matrix easily .
The main source of contamination by this becterium is biofilm formation .
It is present in pre _ cooked chicken if it transfer to human body through contamination it cause septicemia , vomiting abdominal pain . fever .
BACILLUS Cereus :
The initial attachment of B .cereus on food manufacturing. Surfaces causes a preconditioning affect .
It facilitates the fast attachment of other bacterial specie
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsDescribing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
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the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
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Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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DNA Structure
- 1. Submitted by: Mahnoor Shabbir Submitted to: Ma’am Guldasta khan Subject: Microbiology-ΙΙ Department: Microbiology
- 2. Contents: DNA structure Base pairing The molecular structure of DNA DNA molecules are polymers DNA monomers are called nucleotides
- 3. DNA is the molecule that holds the instructions for all living things. DNA achieves this feat of storing, coding and transferring biological information though its unique structure.
- 4. DNA structure DNA is the molecule that holds the instructions for growth and development in every living thing. Its structure is described as a double-stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs.
- 5. The basic units of DNA are nucleotides. These nucleotides consist of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and base.
- 6. • Base pairing: The nucleotides are identical except for the base, which can be an adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine. There are chemical cross-links between the two strands in DNA, formed by pairs of bases held together by hydrogen bonds. They always pair up in a particular way, called complementary base pairing: thymine pairs with adenine (T-A) guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)
- 7. Base pairing
- 8. • These basic units are linked together to form strands by strong bonds between the deoxyribose sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next nucleotide. These strong bonds form a sugar-phosphate backbone. The ends of the DNA strand are called the 5' end (said as "5 prime end") at the phosphate end, and the 3' end at the deoxyribose end. The two strands of DNA are antiparallel which means that one strand runs in a 5’ to 3’ direction and the other runs in a 3’ to 5’ direction. This creates the twisting double helix structure of DNA.
- 10. • All cells store their genetic information in the base sequence of DNA, and it is this base sequence which forms the genetic code. The genotype is determined by the sequence of bases.
- 11. The molecular structure of DNA
- 12. DNA molecules are polymers • Polymers are large molecules that are built up by repeatedly linking together smaller molecules, called monomers. Think of how a freight train is built by linking lots of individual boxcars together, or how this sentence is built by sticking together a specific sequence of individual letters (plus spaces and punctuation). In all three cases, the large structure—a train, a sentence, a DNA molecule—is composed of smaller structures that are linked together in non-random sequences— boxcars, letters, and, in the biological case, DNA monomers.
- 14. • DNA monomers are called nucleotides • Just like a sentence “polymer” is composed of letter “monomers,” A DNA polymer is composed of monomers called nucleotides. A molecule of DNA is a bunch of nucleotide monomers, joined one after another into a very long chain.