Diversity of fishes
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The document summarizes the diversity of fishes, including their defining characteristics and classification. It describes the three main classes of fishes: jawless Agnatha such as hagfish and lampreys, cartilaginous Chondrichthyes including sharks and rays, and bony Osteichthyes such as ray-finned fish. Key traits discussed include types of skeleton, presence of jaws, fins, and scales. Examples are provided of distinguishing features for different groups like sharks, rays, and bony fish.
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This document provides an overview of the orders within the class Mammalia, including Insectivores, Artiodactyls, Rodents, Cetaceans, Lagomorphs, Carnivores, Primates, Xenarthrans, Perissodactyls, Proboscideans, Sirenians, and Chiropterans. It describes key characteristics of each order and provides examples of families and species within each order. Multiple references are cited at the end from sources published between 2000-2011.
Aves project (cassie lynn wheeler)
The document discusses the class Aves (birds). It describes key characteristics of birds such as feathers, beaks without teeth, laying hard-shelled eggs, and having a lightweight skeleton. It then focuses on raptors, specifically bald eagles. Bald eagles have a wingspan of 5-6.5 feet and prey primarily on fish. They are found near water and build large nests. The document provides information on bald eagle characteristics, behaviors, habitats, and conservation status.
Warm up games
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Fish
There are over 30,000 species of fish that are classified into 3 main classes: jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and boney fish. Boney fish make up 95% of all fish species and have skeletons made of bone. They reproduce through spawning, where the female releases eggs and the male releases sperm. Fish regulate their buoyancy through a swim bladder that adjusts gas or oil content to rise or sink in water.
Alkalinity
This document provides a procedure for determining the alkalinity of water samples. Alkalinity is measured through acid-base titration and is important as it indicates a water sample's ability to resist changes in pH. The procedure involves titrating the sample with sulfuric acid using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The titrations are used to determine the phenolphthalein alkalinity and total alkalinity in mg/L of calcium carbonate. For the given water sample, the phenolphthalein alkalinity was found to be 0 while the total alkalinity was determined to be 65 mg/L, within the recommended limit of less than 200 mg/L.
Agnathan (By: J.Q)
Agnathans are jawless fishes that first appeared in the Cambrian period and include modern hagfish and lampreys. Hagfish are eel-like scavengers that use tooth-like structures on their tongues to feed, and release slime from glands as a defense mechanism. Lampreys have a circular mouth and include both parasitic species that feed by attaching to live prey, as well as non-parasitic freshwater varieties. Early agnathan groups included the soft-bodied Conodonts, armored Ostracoderms that had the first vertebrate bone and sensory systems, and Pteraspidomorpha from the Ordovician with primitive bone structures and paired nasal
Class aves (birds)
Birds are characterized by feathers, wings adapted for flight from hollow bones, a toothless beak, and a syrinx sound box in the neck. They lay hard-shelled eggs and have lungs, warm blood, and are classified as either flying or flightless running birds. Examples include crows, sparrows, pigeons, parrots, eagles as flying birds and kiwis, ostriches, penguins, hens, and peacocks as running birds.
Alkalinity in Water
There are three sources of alkalinity in water samples: hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity. The alkalinity method involves titrating a water sample from its original pH down to pH 8.3 to determine hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity. The sample is then titrated down to pH 4.5 to determine total alkalinity. Calculations are performed based on the volumes of acid added and normality to quantify each alkalinity type in units of mg/L as CaCO3. The source and amount of each alkalinity present depends on the initial pH and volume of acid needed to reach pH 8.3 versus the total volume to pH 4.
Class Aves
Birds are characterized by feathers, wings, a beak or bill, laying eggs, a lightweight skeleton, and molting. Feathers are made of keratin and have several functions, including flight, insulation, incubation, courtship, and waterproofing. There are two main types of feathers - pennaceous feathers which form the wings and tails and provide lift, and plumulaceous feathers which are wispy and insulative. Birds have strong flight muscles and either monogamous or polygamous reproductive behaviors, where they build nests and care for altricial or precocial offspring after laying clutches of eggs.
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Diversity Of Fishes
1. The document summarizes the diversity of fishes, which are classified into three main classes - Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes.
2. Agnatha are the most primitive fish and include jawless lampreys and hagfish. Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fish like sharks, rays and skates.
3. Osteichthyes, or bony fish, are the largest and most diverse class, with adaptations for swimming like streamlined bodies and fins, as well as scales, lateral lines and buoyancy organs.
Vertebrata
This document summarizes the key characteristics of vertebrates. It discusses that vertebrates have an internal skeleton and true vertebral column, allowing for different muscle attachment points. They are bilaterally symmetrical and have features like a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and paired gill pouches. Vertebrates are grouped into five classes - Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Each class possesses distinct skeletal structures and anatomical features that define their phylum and allow for different habitats and behaviors.
15. Phylum Chordata Notes
This document summarizes the phylum Chordata and types of fish. It describes the three subphyla of Chordata: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Vertebrata contains seven classes of organisms including Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), and Osteichthyes (bony fish). Key characteristics of fish are described such as their notochord, nerve cord, pharynx, gills, and circulatory, digestive, respiratory and nervous systems. Evolutionary adaptations that enabled fish to transition to land are also outlined.
Class osteichthyans
The document describes several key characteristics of milkfish:
- They are ray-finned fish with gill slits covered by an operculum and may possess an air sac.
- Their scales and skeletons have evolved over time from large ganoid scales to thinner, more flexible scales in modern teleosts.
- Modern teleosts have movable jaws/palates and pelvic fins farther forward compared to earlier fish.
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This document provides information about vertebrates and their classification. It discusses the five main classes of vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. For each class, it describes key distinguishing characteristics and provides examples of orders, families, and species within each class to illustrate vertebrate diversity. The document also contains diagrams and images to enhance understanding of vertebrate anatomy and biology.
Vertebrates Powerpoint
This document provides information about vertebrate animals, beginning with their taxonomic classification and then describing key characteristics of major vertebrate groups including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It outlines defining anatomical features for each group as well as examples of orders, classes, and important vocabulary terms.
Vertebratespowerpoint
This document provides information about vertebrate animals, beginning with their taxonomic classification and then describing key characteristics of major vertebrate groups including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It outlines defining anatomical features for each group as well as examples of orders, classes, and important vocabulary terms.
Animal kingdom Part ii
This document discusses several species of amphibians including the cane toad, golden toad, bullfrog, and leopard frog. It provides details on their physical characteristics, habitat, diet, and conservation status. The cane toad is an invasive species in Australia that has flourished without natural predators. The golden toad was one of the first casualties of global amphibian declines due to factors like habitat loss, pollution, diseases and climate change. Bullfrogs are large predatory frogs found across North America that will eat a variety of prey. Northern leopard frogs are named for their spotted backs and eat insects, worms and smaller animals.
16. Class Osteichthyes Notes
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the bony fish class Osteichthyes. Bony fish have a skeleton made of bone, scales, and an operculum covering their gills. They possess fins, swim bladders, and their mouths and jaws allow for better movement than sharks to aid feeding. Their internal anatomy includes two-chambered hearts, gills for gas exchange, lateral lines for sensing vibrations, and various sensory organs like eyes and ears. Bony fish exhibit diverse behaviors such as forming territories, schools, and undertaking migrations.
Fish 15 1
Fish have several key characteristics that define them as chordates, including a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits. There are three main classes of fish: jawless fish like lampreys, cartilaginous fish such as skates, and boney fish including rainbow trout. Boney fish make up over 95% of fish species and have skeletons made of bone. Ectotherms are animals whose body temperature changes with the environment, while endotherms regulate an internal constant temperature.
Chapter 30 Power Point[1]
The document summarizes information about chordates, fish, and amphibians. It defines chordates as animals that have a hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches and tail extending beyond the anus. It describes the evolution of jaws and fins in fish and lists the three groups of fish. It defines amphibians as living in water and land and describes their evolution, forms and functions, and the three groups of amphibians.
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The document discusses various types of fish, including their anatomy, reproduction, movement, and other characteristics. It provides details on several specific fish such as the great white shark, clownfish, electric eel, and mentions fish have a two-chambered heart and extract oxygen from water through their gills. The document also includes some fun facts about the abilities and behaviors of different fish.
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The document discusses key anatomical terms used to describe directionality in the body. It then summarizes the evolution of chordates, highlighting four defining characteristics and advantages conferred by these traits. Various hypotheses on vertebrate evolution are presented, along with an overview of major chordate subgroups and their defining features.
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This document outlines the key characteristics of the five classes of vertebrates: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It describes their body plans, locomotion methods, sensory systems, reproduction, circulation, respiration, and other defining traits. Examples of common species are provided for each class.
Diversity Of Fish And Amphibians
The document discusses the diversity of chordates and vertebrates. It covers the four key characteristics of vertebrates, including having a notochord, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a tail that extends beyond the anus. It then describes the major groups of fish, including sharks, rays, bony fish, lobe-finned fish, and lungfish. Finally, it discusses the three orders of amphibians: frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and caecilians.
Animals
This document provides an overview of the major animal groups, including their defining characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It discusses that animals are multicellular eukaryotes that digest food internally and reproduce sexually. The colonial flagellate hypothesis proposes that animals evolved from colonial choanoflagellates. Key animal groups covered include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates, vertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Each group is defined by traits such as body plan, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, and level of organization.
17. Class Chondrichthyes Notes
Class Chondrichthyes includes cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays, and skates. They have skeletons made of cartilage and possess movable jaws and teeth. Their skin is rough and sandpaper-like, made of scales with the same composition as teeth. Sharks have been largely unchanged for over 100 million years. The largest predatory fish ever was the ancient megalodon shark, which was twice the size of a great white shark.
Phylum Chordata
- Chordates evolved from invertebrates and display traits like bilateral symmetry, segmentation, and a gut tube. Chordates are distinguished by having a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, and myotomes (blocks of muscle) at some stage of their life.
- Vertebrates are chordates that have evolved additional traits like a skull, vertebral column, and endoskeleton. They have undergone further diversification into groups like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals which have specialized for various environments.
Vertebrates
This document describes the key characteristics of the major groups of vertebrates including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It outlines traits such as having backbones, lungs, amniotic eggs, feathers, fur and mammary glands. The document also provides examples of types of fish (jawless, cartilaginous, bony), amphibians (frogs, salamanders), reptiles (snakes, lizards, crocodiles), birds (chickens, ducks) and mammals (rodents, primates, ungulates).
Chordate classes
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the major vertebrate classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. It describes their distinguishing features such as respiration, circulation, fertilization, eggs/young, metabolism, skin/covering, and other defining traits. The classes generally increase in complexity from jawless fish to mammals, with mammals exhibiting the most advanced adaptations including fur/hair, mammary glands, and internal gestation/live birth.
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Hurricanes
Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters between 15 and 200 latitude from the equator when low pressure systems allow warm, humid air to rise and condense. They have a circular structure with counterclockwise spinning winds in the Northern Hemisphere that can be hundreds of miles wide. Hurricanes strengthen over warm ocean waters but weaken when making landfall or interacting with strong upper level winds or cooler waters. They can cause extensive wind damage, flooding from heavy rains, and storm surges that become especially destructive during high tides.
History of Ocean Adventures
This document provides a brief history of notable figures and expeditions that advanced ocean exploration from the 1500s to present day. It describes Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's leadership of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the 1500s. In the 1700s, Benjamin Franklin mapped the Gulf Stream current. Charles Darwin in the early 1800s described how coral reefs form and introduced the theory of natural selection. The multi-year Challenger Expedition in the late 1800s conducted the first truly oceanographic research cruise. More recent pioneers include Jacques Cousteau who developed modern SCUBA gear and Sylvia Earle who is a renowned marine biologist and conservationist.
Impacts of Temperature and Salinity on Marine Animals
Marine animals are either ectothermic or endothermic, with ectothermic animals like fish having body temperatures dependent on their environment while endothermic animals like mammals and birds can regulate their internal temperatures. All marine animals also must regulate salt levels in their bodies through osmoregulation as temperature and salinity of water can impact animals' physiology and survival.
Plankton PowerPoint
Plankton are tiny organisms that drift or float in the waters of seas, lakes, and rivers. They can be either autotrophs, which produce their own food through photosynthesis (phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates), or heterotrophs, which consume other organisms for food (zooplankton like tiny crustaceans). Phytoplankton are the base of the oceanic food web and are found in the photic zone where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Some phytoplankton can bloom rapidly and be dangerous. Plankton play an important role in marine ecosystems.
Introduction to biological oceanography notes
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in biological oceanography, including evolution, causes of evolution, and evidence of evolution. It defines evolution as change over time that occurs between species through processes like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, and non-random mating. The document also discusses concepts like overproduction, competition, genetic variation, adaptation, natural selection, speciation, classification, and the criteria used to place organisms into kingdoms.
Marine flowering plants
This document summarizes three groups of marine flowering plants: seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marsh grasses. Seagrasses grow in coastal waters and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Mangroves are woody trees found in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones that reproduce sexually. Salt marsh grasses are found along coasts and reproduce sexually and asexually. All three play an important role as nursery habitats for young marine organisms.
Marine algae
This document provides information about marine algae. It describes the different parts of an algae's thallus including the holdfast, blade, and stipe. It notes that algae can have air bladders to assist with buoyancy. It states that algae are autotrophs that belong to the kingdom Protista or Plantae. There are three main types of algae - green algae, red algae, and brown algae - which differ in their pigments, habitats, and examples. It compares key differences between algae and land plants such as their access to water, support structures, anchoring mechanisms, and reproductive organs.
Waves notes
This document discusses different types of waves, including their causes, characteristics, and behaviors. It defines key wave terminology like crest, trough, wavelength, and period. Wave size is determined by wind strength, duration, and fetch. Deep water waves travel in orbits while shallow water waves feel the bottom and change shape as they reach shore. Breakers come in spilling, plunging, and surging types. Longshore currents move sand along beaches, while rip currents pull water back out to sea. Tsunamis and rogue waves present unique wave hazards.
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This document summarizes key concepts regarding fisheries management. It defines important terms like fish stocks, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and mechanisms for harvesting fish. It discusses challenges like bycatch, overfishing, and factors contributing to declining fish populations. Strategies for conservation are outlined, such as gear restrictions, catch limits, and protecting essential fish habitat. The document also reviews agencies and laws involved in fisheries management, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Act and its goals of preventing overfishing while achieving sustainable yields.
Light in the ocean
Most life in the oceans depends on sunlight that autotrophs are able to capture through pigments to photosynthesize and produce food. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, allowing autotrophs to live at varying depths where certain wavelengths penetrate deepest. The rate of photosynthesis must exceed the rate of respiration for phytoplankton to survive, setting a compensation depth above which they can thrive. Coastal waters often have higher turbidity than the open ocean due to sediment and inputs that cloud the water and limit sunlight penetration.
Some equipment used by chemical oceanographers
This document describes several pieces of equipment used by chemical oceanographers to sample and measure various water parameters. It discusses Niskin and Nansen bottles, rosettes, thermometers, hydrometers, refractometers, CTDs, Secchi disks, DO meters, SONAR, and side scan SONAR, and provides brief explanations of how each tool is used.
Composition of seawater
The document summarizes the chemical composition of seawater. It states that seawater is mostly water, but also contains all naturally occurring elements on Earth. The main ions found in seawater are 55% chloride, 31% sodium, 8% sulfate, 4% magnesium, and 1% each of calcium and potassium. These ratios remain relatively constant in oceans around the world according to the law of constant proportions. Exceptions can occur where rivers meet the sea since river water contains more calcium. Salt enters the oceans through weathering that carries eroded rocks and minerals into rivers and seas, and also through underwater volcanic vents. Salt is removed through sea spray, sediment deposits that bind minerals, and biological activity of marine life.
Salinity notes
Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved ions in water, measured in parts per thousand (‰). Average ocean salinity is 35‰ but it varies depending on evaporation, precipitation, and water sources. Salinity is higher in enclosed seas like the Red Sea (40‰) and Mediterranean Sea (38‰) due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation. It is lower in semi-enclosed seas connected to oceans by narrow straits, like the Black Sea (18‰) and Baltic Sea (8‰), which receive more freshwater from rivers. Temperature, pressure, and density can also impact ocean salinity.
Properties of seawater
Water is a polar molecule with slightly positively and negatively charged ends, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. This polarity gives water properties of adhesion, sticking to other substances, and cohesion, sticking to other water molecules. Water has relatively low viscosity and density compared to other liquids, with density highest at 4°C and lower in seawater due to salt content. Its solid form, ice, floats due to having a less dense crystalline structure. Water also has a high specific heat capacity, requiring a lot of energy to change its temperature, which allows oceans to act as a heat buffer for the planet.
12 plate tectonics notes
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how convection currents in the asthenosphere cause tectonic plates to move horizontally at the surface. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new seafloor is created, convergent boundaries where plates move together and seafloor is destroyed forming trenches and volcanic islands, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other forming faults. Examples given are the San Andreas fault and the Ring of Fire around the Pacific plate.
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The document describes different zones of the ocean based on depth.
The Neritic Zone extends from the shoreline to depths of less than 200 meters over the continental shelf. The Oceanic Zone is the area beyond 200 meters depth and further offshore. The Photic Zone, also known as the Euphotic Zone, extends from the surface to a depth of around 200 meters where sunlight is available for photosynthesis. Below the Photic Zone are the Disphotic Zone from 200-1000 meters with low light, and the Aphotic Zone below 1000 meters with no light.
Sea turtles
There are 8 species of sea turtles that visit areas like Long Island, including the Kemp's Ridley turtle, which is the most endangered with only 400-500 individuals remaining today from a population of 42,000 in 1947. Sea turtles have a three-chambered heart, scales, and lay eggs on land that incubate for around 2 months before hatchlings head to the water. They face numerous threats including humans, predators, habitat loss, and getting caught in fishing nets or ingesting plastic waste which has led to all species being endangered or threatened.
Whales
Whales evolved from land mammals and are related to horses and sheep. They have adaptations like blubber for insulation and temperature regulation, blowholes for breathing, and streamlined bodies. Whales communicate using echolocation and songs, have excellent hearing, and can slow their heart rates while diving. There are two main types of whales: toothed whales that hunt for food and baleen whales that filter feed krill. Whaling nearly wiped out many whale species until laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act and International Whaling Commission were passed to regulate and protect whales.
Fish morphology
This document discusses the diversity of body shapes and tail fin morphologies in fish and how these adaptations help fish survive in their environments. It describes the main body shapes as fusiform for fast open water swimmers, compressiform for quick bursts of speed, and depressiform for bottom-dwelling fish. It also outlines different tail fin shapes including homocercal forms that are rounded, truncate, forked, or lunate and the heterocercal tail of sharks, and explains how each tail type relates to the fish's swimming ability, speed, maneuverability and environment.
Meet the arthropoda
This document provides an overview of arthropods, which are segmented invertebrates with jointed appendages and an external skeleton. It describes their anatomy, including a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and open circulatory and nervous systems. Arthropods reproduce through external fertilization and development of planktonic larvae. The phylum includes two subphyla: chelicerates like sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and crustaceans such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. Arthropods are mostly benthic or epifaunal and found worldwide, representing the largest number of species on Earth.
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1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
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CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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