This document provides an introduction to key concepts in biological oceanography, including evolution, causes of evolution, and evidence of evolution. It defines evolution as change over time that occurs between species through processes like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, and non-random mating. The document also discusses concepts like overproduction, competition, genetic variation, adaptation, natural selection, speciation, classification, and the criteria used to place organisms into kingdoms.

1. Introduction to Biological
Oceanography

2. Diversity
Definition: The degree of variation of life on earth
Q: how did diversity of life on earth happen?
A: Evolution!

3. Evolution
• Definition: Change over time
• Occurs to species, NOT to individuals
• 6 Points:
– Overproduction
– Competition
– Genetic variation
– Adaptation
– Natural selection
– Speciation

4. Causes of Evolution
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Non-random mating

5. Evidence of Evolution
1) Analogous structures
2) Embryology
3) Vestigial Organs
4) Fossils
5) Biochemical

6. Overproduction
• Too many individuals
• Too many offspring
• Too many gametes

7. Competition
• For food
• For mates
• For territory

8. Genetic Variation
• Genes
• Traits
• Individuals

9. Adaptation
• A trait with a current functional role in helping
an animal better survive in its environment
• Three types:
– Behavioral
– Physiological
– Structural

10. Natural Selection
• Organisms better adapted to their
environment get to reproduce and pass their
genes on to their offspring

11. Species
A species is a group of animals capable of producing
offspring with one another AND the offspring ALSO
must be capable of reproducing too
Mules aren’t
a speciesthey can’t
have babies!

12. Speciation can happen through
geographic isolation

13. Classification
• Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
• “King Phillip Came Over For Great Scallops”
• We name organisms using their most specific
classifications: Genus and Species
• We use a Dichotomous Key to help identify
organisms
• The proper way to write a scientific name is to write
the Genus name with a capital, the Species name in
lower case, and italicize or underline them both
– Morone saxatilis or Morone saxatilis
– Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

14. How are organisms placed into
Kingdoms?
• Cell type & complexity
• Ability to make food
• Number of cells in their body