Hurricanes
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Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters between 15 and 200 latitude from the equator when low pressure systems allow warm, humid air to rise and condense. They have a circular structure with counterclockwise spinning winds in the Northern Hemisphere that can be hundreds of miles wide. Hurricanes strengthen over warm ocean waters but weaken when making landfall or interacting with strong upper level winds or cooler waters. They can cause extensive wind damage, flooding from heavy rains, and storm surges that become especially destructive during high tides.
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Comment plier un fichier dossiers [pour faire un "lapbook"]
Learn how to fold a file folder to create the base for an interactive lapbook: comment plier un fichier dossiers pour faire un lapbook.
You may or may not add the inner page, depending on amount of foldable pieces you'll be using to make the lapbook.
Summary of topic 1.3
This document discusses key concepts in environmental systems and societies, including:
1. Ecosystems can range from small self-contained communities to the entire biosphere of the planet. Biomes are large open ecosystems that span stable climates.
2. The laws of thermodynamics state that energy is conserved but tends towards disorder, so systems seek equilibrium. There are several types of equilibrium including static, steady state, stable, and unstable.
3. Feedback mechanisms can be positive or negative, with negative feedback restoring equilibrium and positive feedback driving a system to a new state. Examples of feedback in maintaining human body temperature are provided.
Hurricanes powerpoint
Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters near the equator when low pressure systems cause warm, moist air to rise and rotate due to the Coriolis effect. They have a circular shape with strong winds and heavy rain that spiral inward towards the eye of the storm. Hurricanes strengthen over warm ocean waters but can weaken when winds disrupt the storm's structure, it moves over cooler waters, or makes landfall where the warm moisture source is cut off. They pose powerful threats through high winds, heavy rainfall that causes flooding, and storm surges that raise sea water levels greatly during coastal impact.
Cyclones Tropical and Mid-latitude .pptx
This presentation encompasses what cyclones (tropical and midlatitude) are and how they form even where they occur. Even though almost all types of cyclones are highlighted in the slide the main focus is on Tropical and Mid-latitude cyclones. This is very helpful when one is searching for specifically the two types of cyclones.
cyclone
Cyclones are rapidly rotating storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans. They are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic/Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and tropical cyclones in the South Pacific/Indian Ocean. Cyclones form through the rising of warm, moist air which causes an area of low pressure and draws in surrounding higher pressure air, fueling the storm system through heat release. They can cause extensive damage upon making landfall through strong winds, storm surge, heavy rain, and tornadoes.
Earth-Science-Week-2-Part-2.2.pptx
The document discusses different types of winds and weather phenomena such as hurricanes. It defines wind as the horizontal movement of air from high to low pressure caused by uneven heating of the Earth. Local winds such as sea breezes and mountain breezes are caused by differences in temperature between land and sea or valleys and mountains. Global winds form large circulation patterns worldwide. Hurricanes are large tropical storms that develop over warm ocean waters and contain heavy rain, strong winds and storm surges that can cause catastrophic damage when they make landfall.
Tropical cyclone 2015
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, regularly threaten many South Pacific countries. These powerful storms form over warm ocean waters between December and May as the Intertropical Convergence Zone moves southward with the sun. Warm, moist air rises and causes low air pressure, drawing in surrounding winds that begin to rotate due to the Coriolis effect. Further evaporation and the release of latent heat strengthen the storm into a tropical cyclone. Cyclones can produce devastating winds over 155 mph, large storm surges over 6 meters, and heavy rainfall that cause extensive damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and loss of human life. Countries like Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu are especially at risk
WEATHER-DISTURBANCES-Group-2 (1).pptx
Asian countries experience weather disturbances like tropical cyclones, intense low pressure areas, and tropical waves more often than other parts of the world due to prevailing wind patterns. The Philippines in particular sees three main wind systems - the northeast monsoon, southwest monsoon, and trade winds - that can drive these disturbances. Major weather events for the Philippines include tropical cyclones that form from converging trade winds in the Intertropical Convergence Zone and range from tropical depressions to super typhoons depending on wind speeds.
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Comment plier un fichier dossiers [pour faire un "lapbook"]
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You may or may not add the inner page, depending on amount of foldable pieces you'll be using to make the lapbook.
Summary of topic 1.3
This document discusses key concepts in environmental systems and societies, including:
1. Ecosystems can range from small self-contained communities to the entire biosphere of the planet. Biomes are large open ecosystems that span stable climates.
2. The laws of thermodynamics state that energy is conserved but tends towards disorder, so systems seek equilibrium. There are several types of equilibrium including static, steady state, stable, and unstable.
3. Feedback mechanisms can be positive or negative, with negative feedback restoring equilibrium and positive feedback driving a system to a new state. Examples of feedback in maintaining human body temperature are provided.
Hurricanes powerpoint
Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters near the equator when low pressure systems cause warm, moist air to rise and rotate due to the Coriolis effect. They have a circular shape with strong winds and heavy rain that spiral inward towards the eye of the storm. Hurricanes strengthen over warm ocean waters but can weaken when winds disrupt the storm's structure, it moves over cooler waters, or makes landfall where the warm moisture source is cut off. They pose powerful threats through high winds, heavy rainfall that causes flooding, and storm surges that raise sea water levels greatly during coastal impact.
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cyclone
Cyclones are rapidly rotating storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans. They are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic/Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and tropical cyclones in the South Pacific/Indian Ocean. Cyclones form through the rising of warm, moist air which causes an area of low pressure and draws in surrounding higher pressure air, fueling the storm system through heat release. They can cause extensive damage upon making landfall through strong winds, storm surge, heavy rain, and tornadoes.
Earth-Science-Week-2-Part-2.2.pptx
The document discusses different types of winds and weather phenomena such as hurricanes. It defines wind as the horizontal movement of air from high to low pressure caused by uneven heating of the Earth. Local winds such as sea breezes and mountain breezes are caused by differences in temperature between land and sea or valleys and mountains. Global winds form large circulation patterns worldwide. Hurricanes are large tropical storms that develop over warm ocean waters and contain heavy rain, strong winds and storm surges that can cause catastrophic damage when they make landfall.
Tropical cyclone 2015
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, regularly threaten many South Pacific countries. These powerful storms form over warm ocean waters between December and May as the Intertropical Convergence Zone moves southward with the sun. Warm, moist air rises and causes low air pressure, drawing in surrounding winds that begin to rotate due to the Coriolis effect. Further evaporation and the release of latent heat strengthen the storm into a tropical cyclone. Cyclones can produce devastating winds over 155 mph, large storm surges over 6 meters, and heavy rainfall that cause extensive damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and loss of human life. Countries like Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu are especially at risk
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Asian countries experience weather disturbances like tropical cyclones, intense low pressure areas, and tropical waves more often than other parts of the world due to prevailing wind patterns. The Philippines in particular sees three main wind systems - the northeast monsoon, southwest monsoon, and trade winds - that can drive these disturbances. Major weather events for the Philippines include tropical cyclones that form from converging trade winds in the Intertropical Convergence Zone and range from tropical depressions to super typhoons depending on wind speeds.
Tropical Cyclones Grade 5 Science St. Therese.pptx
Ms. Monderin is a science teacher. The document discusses tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons. It describes how tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters and require warm temperatures and atmospheric disturbances. The document outlines the progression from tropical depression to tropical storm to tropical cyclone based on wind speeds. It explains the structure and behavior of tropical cyclones, including rainbands, the eye, and storm surge. The deadliest tropical cyclone on record was the Bhola cyclone of 1970 in Bangladesh and India that caused massive flooding and loss of life.
Exogenous disasters cyclones
Hazards which originate above the surface of the earth (in the atmosphere) are called exogenous hazards.
Severe weather
Thunderstorms occur when warm, humid air rises rapidly into the atmosphere. As the air cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. Negative electric charges build up in the clouds, which are discharged as lightning. The intense heat of lightning causes air to expand rapidly, producing thunder sounds. Tornadoes form from a violently rotating column of air that extends from thunderclouds to the ground. Hurricanes are large, rotating tropical storm systems with sustained wind speeds of at least 119 km/hr that can be very destructive.
weather cells and systems, jet streams, climate change
The document discusses the global atmospheric circulation system consisting of three cells - Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells - driven by uneven solar heating. It describes features of each cell like direction of winds and formation of high/low pressure zones. Jet streams occurring at cell boundaries are discussed along with weather systems like air masses, frontal systems, mid-latitude cyclones, and extreme events. The implications of climate change like rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, sea ice loss, sea level rise, and ocean acidification are summarized.
weather cells and systems jet streams climate change and implications
The document discusses the global atmospheric circulation system consisting of three cells - Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells - driven by uneven solar heating. It describes features of each cell like direction of winds and formation of high/low pressure zones. Jet streams occurring at cell boundaries are discussed along with weather systems like air masses, frontal systems, mid-latitude cyclones, and extreme events. The implications of climate change like rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, sea ice loss, sea level rise, and ocean acidification are summarized.
Hurricane
Hurricanes are large tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters. They develop from tropical disturbances and become stronger as they draw heat from the warm ocean air. Hurricanes have sustained wind speeds over 74 mph and can unleash massive amounts of rain. They contain an eye at the center surrounded by the strongest winds and rains. When making landfall, hurricanes cause devastating storm surges, high winds, floods and tornadoes that result in the majority of hurricane deaths. Accurate forecasts are needed to warn people to evacuate from these dangerous storms.
Tropical cyclone by Martin
Tropical cyclones develop over warm tropical oceans and are low pressure storm systems characterized by strong winds and heavy rainfall. They form when moist air rises rapidly over warm ocean waters, condenses to form thunderstorms, and the Coriolis effect causes the storms to rotate. Tropical cyclones are categorized based on their wind speeds and can cause extensive damage through high winds, storm surges, and flooding. A notable example is the devastating 1970 Bhola cyclone in Bangladesh, which had wind speeds up to 115 mph and a 33 foot storm surge, resulting in 300,000 to 500,000 fatalities.
global_and_local_winds_ppt .presentation
Winds are caused by differences in air pressure due to the uneven heating of the atmosphere. Warm air rises and cool air moves in to replace it, creating high and low pressure areas and winds that blow from high to low pressure. The Coriolis effect causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to curve right and winds in the Southern Hemisphere to curve left. Global wind patterns include the doldrums at the equator, trade winds between 30 degrees latitude, prevailing westerlies from 30 to 60 degrees, and polar easterlies near the poles.
Cyclones and hurricanes
Cyclones refer to rotating weather systems that form around areas of low pressure and are known by different names worldwide, including hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, and willy-willies. Hurricanes are violent tropical storms that form over warm tropical oceans between July and October, with wind speeds over 120 km/hr. They have an eye at the center surrounded by heavy rain and clouds, with very low pressure and strong winds that rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Undersea earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and other disturbances can displace large amounts of water and generate destructive tsunamis that travel very quickly across oceans before reaching shorelines.
Cyclone
about the formation and causes and impacts of the cyclone formation in the earth. and cyclone formed in the INDIA region whole about the briefly explained about cyclone
Hurricanes & Typhoons
Hurricanes begin over warm ocean waters as clusters of thunderstorms that develop rotating winds due to the Coriolis effect. As the storm strengthens, winds of up to 125 mph circulate around the eye wall with heavy rain and strong winds extending outward. When hurricanes make landfall, they can cause devastating damage through strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges that produce severe coastal flooding. Some of the worst hurricane disasters have destroyed thousands of homes and killed hundreds of people. Global warming may be increasing hurricane activity by creating more regions with warm ocean temperatures suitable for hurricane formation.
CYCLONE NEW PPT TODAY.pptx
Cyclones are spinning storms that form over warm tropical oceans and rotate around areas of low pressure. There are three main types of cyclones: tropical cyclones, polar cyclones, and mesocyclones. Tropical cyclones include hurricanes and typhoons. Cyclones form due to the rising of warm, moist air over ocean surfaces which causes low pressure areas. As surrounding high pressure air moves in, it picks up heat and moisture and the spinning storm system intensifies. Several factors influence cyclone formation and intensity. India experiences many destructive cyclones each year along its eastern and western coasts.
Hurricanes
Hurricanes form over warm tropical oceans and are categorized based on their wind speeds using the Saffir-Simpson scale. The most damaging aspects of hurricanes are storm surge, which is a dome of water swept ashore near landfall, wind damage, and inland flooding from heavy rains. Modern warning systems using satellites, aircraft, buoys and radar help detect and track hurricanes, providing critical lead time for coastal evacuations before hurricane watches are issued for threatened areas within 36 hours or hurricane warnings within 24 hours of expected strong winds.
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This document discusses various atmospheric disturbances and natural hazards, including storms. It describes middle latitude cyclones, also known as extra-tropical or mid-latitude cyclones, which develop at polar fronts and travel along them, causing variations in weather. Hurricanes are also discussed, which are large rotating systems that form over warm ocean waters and can be extremely destructive due to high winds, flooding, storm surges and tornadoes. Thunderstorms, which produce lightning and thunder, and tornadoes, the most powerful of weather phenomena, are additionally summarized.
Natural Science: Weather and Storms
Weather and storms are influenced by air masses and fronts. Air masses are large bodies of air that are classified by their source region (polar or tropical) and surface (continental or maritime). Fronts are boundaries between differing air masses. Thunderstorms develop through strong updrafts and produce lightning and thunder. Other storms include hurricanes, which form over warm ocean waters, and tornadoes, which are rotating columns of air. The ozone layer protects the Earth by absorbing UV radiation but is depleted by CFC emissions. El Niño is a phenomenon associated with extreme climate shifts.
Natural Disasters Topic 10 (Cyclones)
Cyclones are rotating storms characterized by inward spiraling winds surrounding a center of low pressure. They form over warm ocean waters when air rises and condenses. Due to the Coriolis effect, cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere rotate clockwise and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Cyclones can have devastating effects through high winds, heavy rain, storm surges, flooding, and tornadoes. They are classified based on wind speed scales like the Saffir-Simpson scale. Regional names like hurricanes and typhoons are used depending on ocean basins.
exogenous hazards
Cyclones are large-scale rotating air masses that form around low-pressure centers. They are characterized by inward spiraling winds and can cause heavy rainfall, strong winds, landfalls, and tornadoes. There are several types of cyclones including tropical cyclones that form over oceans in summer, hurricanes and typhoons being tropical cyclones, and polar cyclones that occur in polar regions in winter. Tropical cyclones are categorized from 1 to 5 based on their intensity and wind speeds.
Cyclone
Cyclones are intense low pressure areas characterized by very strong circulating winds. They develop over warm tropical oceans and are classified as extra-tropical or tropical depending on location. Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall, strong winds over 100 km/h, and storm surges which can flood coastal areas. India's east coast is most vulnerable as the Bay of Bengal sees several cyclones each year. Early warning systems and evacuation plans are needed to minimize loss of life and property when cyclones make landfall. Proper construction and site selection above flood levels can strengthen buildings to withstand cyclone winds and rains.
Winds, stroms & Cyclones
The document discusses different types of storms and winds including cyclones and tornadoes. It provides details on:
- A 1999 cyclone in Orissa, India that killed thousands and left 700,000 homeless after smashing houses and destroying property.
- How cyclones form over tropical seas due to differences in air pressure and temperature from uneven heating of land and water surfaces. Cyclones bring high winds over 150 km/h and heavy rains.
- The structure of cyclones including an eye of low winds surrounded by a high wind region that causes damage. Precautions people should take during storms like cyclones and tornadoes to stay safe.
Global and local winds
Global winds are caused by differences in air pressure from the uneven heating of the Earth. This uneven heating produces pressure belts that drive the three main types of global winds: polar easterlies, westerlies, and trade winds. Local winds such as sea breezes and land breezes are also caused by temperature differences, with sea breezes blowing from ocean to land during the day when land is warmer, and land breezes blowing from land to ocean at night when the water is warmer.
History of Ocean Adventures
This document provides a brief history of notable figures and expeditions that advanced ocean exploration from the 1500s to present day. It describes Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's leadership of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the 1500s. In the 1700s, Benjamin Franklin mapped the Gulf Stream current. Charles Darwin in the early 1800s described how coral reefs form and introduced the theory of natural selection. The multi-year Challenger Expedition in the late 1800s conducted the first truly oceanographic research cruise. More recent pioneers include Jacques Cousteau who developed modern SCUBA gear and Sylvia Earle who is a renowned marine biologist and conservationist.
Impacts of Temperature and Salinity on Marine Animals
Marine animals are either ectothermic or endothermic, with ectothermic animals like fish having body temperatures dependent on their environment while endothermic animals like mammals and birds can regulate their internal temperatures. All marine animals also must regulate salt levels in their bodies through osmoregulation as temperature and salinity of water can impact animals' physiology and survival.
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Similar to Hurricanes
Tropical Cyclones Grade 5 Science St. Therese.pptx
Ms. Monderin is a science teacher. The document discusses tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons. It describes how tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters and require warm temperatures and atmospheric disturbances. The document outlines the progression from tropical depression to tropical storm to tropical cyclone based on wind speeds. It explains the structure and behavior of tropical cyclones, including rainbands, the eye, and storm surge. The deadliest tropical cyclone on record was the Bhola cyclone of 1970 in Bangladesh and India that caused massive flooding and loss of life.
Exogenous disasters cyclones
Hazards which originate above the surface of the earth (in the atmosphere) are called exogenous hazards.
Severe weather
Thunderstorms occur when warm, humid air rises rapidly into the atmosphere. As the air cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. Negative electric charges build up in the clouds, which are discharged as lightning. The intense heat of lightning causes air to expand rapidly, producing thunder sounds. Tornadoes form from a violently rotating column of air that extends from thunderclouds to the ground. Hurricanes are large, rotating tropical storm systems with sustained wind speeds of at least 119 km/hr that can be very destructive.
weather cells and systems, jet streams, climate change
The document discusses the global atmospheric circulation system consisting of three cells - Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells - driven by uneven solar heating. It describes features of each cell like direction of winds and formation of high/low pressure zones. Jet streams occurring at cell boundaries are discussed along with weather systems like air masses, frontal systems, mid-latitude cyclones, and extreme events. The implications of climate change like rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, sea ice loss, sea level rise, and ocean acidification are summarized.
weather cells and systems jet streams climate change and implications
The document discusses the global atmospheric circulation system consisting of three cells - Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells - driven by uneven solar heating. It describes features of each cell like direction of winds and formation of high/low pressure zones. Jet streams occurring at cell boundaries are discussed along with weather systems like air masses, frontal systems, mid-latitude cyclones, and extreme events. The implications of climate change like rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, sea ice loss, sea level rise, and ocean acidification are summarized.
Hurricane
Hurricanes are large tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters. They develop from tropical disturbances and become stronger as they draw heat from the warm ocean air. Hurricanes have sustained wind speeds over 74 mph and can unleash massive amounts of rain. They contain an eye at the center surrounded by the strongest winds and rains. When making landfall, hurricanes cause devastating storm surges, high winds, floods and tornadoes that result in the majority of hurricane deaths. Accurate forecasts are needed to warn people to evacuate from these dangerous storms.
Tropical cyclone by Martin
Tropical cyclones develop over warm tropical oceans and are low pressure storm systems characterized by strong winds and heavy rainfall. They form when moist air rises rapidly over warm ocean waters, condenses to form thunderstorms, and the Coriolis effect causes the storms to rotate. Tropical cyclones are categorized based on their wind speeds and can cause extensive damage through high winds, storm surges, and flooding. A notable example is the devastating 1970 Bhola cyclone in Bangladesh, which had wind speeds up to 115 mph and a 33 foot storm surge, resulting in 300,000 to 500,000 fatalities.
global_and_local_winds_ppt .presentation
Winds are caused by differences in air pressure due to the uneven heating of the atmosphere. Warm air rises and cool air moves in to replace it, creating high and low pressure areas and winds that blow from high to low pressure. The Coriolis effect causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to curve right and winds in the Southern Hemisphere to curve left. Global wind patterns include the doldrums at the equator, trade winds between 30 degrees latitude, prevailing westerlies from 30 to 60 degrees, and polar easterlies near the poles.
Cyclones and hurricanes
Cyclones refer to rotating weather systems that form around areas of low pressure and are known by different names worldwide, including hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, and willy-willies. Hurricanes are violent tropical storms that form over warm tropical oceans between July and October, with wind speeds over 120 km/hr. They have an eye at the center surrounded by heavy rain and clouds, with very low pressure and strong winds that rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Undersea earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and other disturbances can displace large amounts of water and generate destructive tsunamis that travel very quickly across oceans before reaching shorelines.
Cyclone
about the formation and causes and impacts of the cyclone formation in the earth. and cyclone formed in the INDIA region whole about the briefly explained about cyclone
Hurricanes & Typhoons
Hurricanes begin over warm ocean waters as clusters of thunderstorms that develop rotating winds due to the Coriolis effect. As the storm strengthens, winds of up to 125 mph circulate around the eye wall with heavy rain and strong winds extending outward. When hurricanes make landfall, they can cause devastating damage through strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges that produce severe coastal flooding. Some of the worst hurricane disasters have destroyed thousands of homes and killed hundreds of people. Global warming may be increasing hurricane activity by creating more regions with warm ocean temperatures suitable for hurricane formation.
CYCLONE NEW PPT TODAY.pptx
Cyclones are spinning storms that form over warm tropical oceans and rotate around areas of low pressure. There are three main types of cyclones: tropical cyclones, polar cyclones, and mesocyclones. Tropical cyclones include hurricanes and typhoons. Cyclones form due to the rising of warm, moist air over ocean surfaces which causes low pressure areas. As surrounding high pressure air moves in, it picks up heat and moisture and the spinning storm system intensifies. Several factors influence cyclone formation and intensity. India experiences many destructive cyclones each year along its eastern and western coasts.
Hurricanes
Hurricanes form over warm tropical oceans and are categorized based on their wind speeds using the Saffir-Simpson scale. The most damaging aspects of hurricanes are storm surge, which is a dome of water swept ashore near landfall, wind damage, and inland flooding from heavy rains. Modern warning systems using satellites, aircraft, buoys and radar help detect and track hurricanes, providing critical lead time for coastal evacuations before hurricane watches are issued for threatened areas within 36 hours or hurricane warnings within 24 hours of expected strong winds.
Atmospheric Disturbances, Storms and Natural Hazards.pptx
This document discusses various atmospheric disturbances and natural hazards, including storms. It describes middle latitude cyclones, also known as extra-tropical or mid-latitude cyclones, which develop at polar fronts and travel along them, causing variations in weather. Hurricanes are also discussed, which are large rotating systems that form over warm ocean waters and can be extremely destructive due to high winds, flooding, storm surges and tornadoes. Thunderstorms, which produce lightning and thunder, and tornadoes, the most powerful of weather phenomena, are additionally summarized.
Natural Science: Weather and Storms
Weather and storms are influenced by air masses and fronts. Air masses are large bodies of air that are classified by their source region (polar or tropical) and surface (continental or maritime). Fronts are boundaries between differing air masses. Thunderstorms develop through strong updrafts and produce lightning and thunder. Other storms include hurricanes, which form over warm ocean waters, and tornadoes, which are rotating columns of air. The ozone layer protects the Earth by absorbing UV radiation but is depleted by CFC emissions. El Niño is a phenomenon associated with extreme climate shifts.
Natural Disasters Topic 10 (Cyclones)
Cyclones are rotating storms characterized by inward spiraling winds surrounding a center of low pressure. They form over warm ocean waters when air rises and condenses. Due to the Coriolis effect, cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere rotate clockwise and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Cyclones can have devastating effects through high winds, heavy rain, storm surges, flooding, and tornadoes. They are classified based on wind speed scales like the Saffir-Simpson scale. Regional names like hurricanes and typhoons are used depending on ocean basins.
exogenous hazards
Cyclones are large-scale rotating air masses that form around low-pressure centers. They are characterized by inward spiraling winds and can cause heavy rainfall, strong winds, landfalls, and tornadoes. There are several types of cyclones including tropical cyclones that form over oceans in summer, hurricanes and typhoons being tropical cyclones, and polar cyclones that occur in polar regions in winter. Tropical cyclones are categorized from 1 to 5 based on their intensity and wind speeds.
Cyclone
Cyclones are intense low pressure areas characterized by very strong circulating winds. They develop over warm tropical oceans and are classified as extra-tropical or tropical depending on location. Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall, strong winds over 100 km/h, and storm surges which can flood coastal areas. India's east coast is most vulnerable as the Bay of Bengal sees several cyclones each year. Early warning systems and evacuation plans are needed to minimize loss of life and property when cyclones make landfall. Proper construction and site selection above flood levels can strengthen buildings to withstand cyclone winds and rains.
Winds, stroms & Cyclones
The document discusses different types of storms and winds including cyclones and tornadoes. It provides details on:
- A 1999 cyclone in Orissa, India that killed thousands and left 700,000 homeless after smashing houses and destroying property.
- How cyclones form over tropical seas due to differences in air pressure and temperature from uneven heating of land and water surfaces. Cyclones bring high winds over 150 km/h and heavy rains.
- The structure of cyclones including an eye of low winds surrounded by a high wind region that causes damage. Precautions people should take during storms like cyclones and tornadoes to stay safe.
Global and local winds
Global winds are caused by differences in air pressure from the uneven heating of the Earth. This uneven heating produces pressure belts that drive the three main types of global winds: polar easterlies, westerlies, and trade winds. Local winds such as sea breezes and land breezes are also caused by temperature differences, with sea breezes blowing from ocean to land during the day when land is warmer, and land breezes blowing from land to ocean at night when the water is warmer.
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weather cells and systems jet streams climate change and implications
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This document provides a brief history of notable figures and expeditions that advanced ocean exploration from the 1500s to present day. It describes Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's leadership of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the 1500s. In the 1700s, Benjamin Franklin mapped the Gulf Stream current. Charles Darwin in the early 1800s described how coral reefs form and introduced the theory of natural selection. The multi-year Challenger Expedition in the late 1800s conducted the first truly oceanographic research cruise. More recent pioneers include Jacques Cousteau who developed modern SCUBA gear and Sylvia Earle who is a renowned marine biologist and conservationist.
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Some equipment used by chemical oceanographers
This document describes several pieces of equipment used by chemical oceanographers to sample and measure various water parameters. It discusses Niskin and Nansen bottles, rosettes, thermometers, hydrometers, refractometers, CTDs, Secchi disks, DO meters, SONAR, and side scan SONAR, and provides brief explanations of how each tool is used.
Composition of seawater
The document summarizes the chemical composition of seawater. It states that seawater is mostly water, but also contains all naturally occurring elements on Earth. The main ions found in seawater are 55% chloride, 31% sodium, 8% sulfate, 4% magnesium, and 1% each of calcium and potassium. These ratios remain relatively constant in oceans around the world according to the law of constant proportions. Exceptions can occur where rivers meet the sea since river water contains more calcium. Salt enters the oceans through weathering that carries eroded rocks and minerals into rivers and seas, and also through underwater volcanic vents. Salt is removed through sea spray, sediment deposits that bind minerals, and biological activity of marine life.
Salinity notes
Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved ions in water, measured in parts per thousand (‰). Average ocean salinity is 35‰ but it varies depending on evaporation, precipitation, and water sources. Salinity is higher in enclosed seas like the Red Sea (40‰) and Mediterranean Sea (38‰) due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation. It is lower in semi-enclosed seas connected to oceans by narrow straits, like the Black Sea (18‰) and Baltic Sea (8‰), which receive more freshwater from rivers. Temperature, pressure, and density can also impact ocean salinity.
Properties of seawater
Water is a polar molecule with slightly positively and negatively charged ends, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. This polarity gives water properties of adhesion, sticking to other substances, and cohesion, sticking to other water molecules. Water has relatively low viscosity and density compared to other liquids, with density highest at 4°C and lower in seawater due to salt content. Its solid form, ice, floats due to having a less dense crystalline structure. Water also has a high specific heat capacity, requiring a lot of energy to change its temperature, which allows oceans to act as a heat buffer for the planet.
12 plate tectonics notes
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how convection currents in the asthenosphere cause tectonic plates to move horizontally at the surface. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new seafloor is created, convergent boundaries where plates move together and seafloor is destroyed forming trenches and volcanic islands, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other forming faults. Examples given are the San Andreas fault and the Ring of Fire around the Pacific plate.
9 zonation in the ocean
The document describes different zones of the ocean based on depth.
The Neritic Zone extends from the shoreline to depths of less than 200 meters over the continental shelf. The Oceanic Zone is the area beyond 200 meters depth and further offshore. The Photic Zone, also known as the Euphotic Zone, extends from the surface to a depth of around 200 meters where sunlight is available for photosynthesis. Below the Photic Zone are the Disphotic Zone from 200-1000 meters with low light, and the Aphotic Zone below 1000 meters with no light.
Sea turtles
There are 8 species of sea turtles that visit areas like Long Island, including the Kemp's Ridley turtle, which is the most endangered with only 400-500 individuals remaining today from a population of 42,000 in 1947. Sea turtles have a three-chambered heart, scales, and lay eggs on land that incubate for around 2 months before hatchlings head to the water. They face numerous threats including humans, predators, habitat loss, and getting caught in fishing nets or ingesting plastic waste which has led to all species being endangered or threatened.
Whales
Whales evolved from land mammals and are related to horses and sheep. They have adaptations like blubber for insulation and temperature regulation, blowholes for breathing, and streamlined bodies. Whales communicate using echolocation and songs, have excellent hearing, and can slow their heart rates while diving. There are two main types of whales: toothed whales that hunt for food and baleen whales that filter feed krill. Whaling nearly wiped out many whale species until laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act and International Whaling Commission were passed to regulate and protect whales.
Fish morphology
This document discusses the diversity of body shapes and tail fin morphologies in fish and how these adaptations help fish survive in their environments. It describes the main body shapes as fusiform for fast open water swimmers, compressiform for quick bursts of speed, and depressiform for bottom-dwelling fish. It also outlines different tail fin shapes including homocercal forms that are rounded, truncate, forked, or lunate and the heterocercal tail of sharks, and explains how each tail type relates to the fish's swimming ability, speed, maneuverability and environment.
Meet the arthropoda
This document provides an overview of arthropods, which are segmented invertebrates with jointed appendages and an external skeleton. It describes their anatomy, including a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and open circulatory and nervous systems. Arthropods reproduce through external fertilization and development of planktonic larvae. The phylum includes two subphyla: chelicerates like sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and crustaceans such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. Arthropods are mostly benthic or epifaunal and found worldwide, representing the largest number of species on Earth.
Crustaceans
Crustaceans are arthropods in the subphylum Crustacea and include crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, copepods, krill, isopods, and amphipods. They have a jointed exoskeleton and specialized appendages for locomotion, feeding, breathing through gills, and sensing the environment. Crustaceans can be predators, scavengers, or filter feeders. They have separate sexes and males release sperm packets for females to store until fertilizing their eggs, which hatch externally.
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Hurricanes
- 1. Hurricanes
- 2. Other Names • Typhoons (in the Pacific) • Willi willis (in Australia) • Tropical cyclones
- 3. Hurricane Formation • Hurricanes tend to form at 15 - 20⁰ N or S of equator (Not at equator since Coriolis is weak there) • Require warm, humid air • Are low pressure cells (tropical depressions) • Strengthen and speed up as they travel from origin
- 4. Tropical Depressions Coming off Africa
- 5. Hurricane Formation cont. • Low pressure cell moves in • Air warmed up by the warm ocean • Water evaporates • Warm air rises & spirals due to Coriolis • A column of warm air forms & rises
- 6. Hurricane Formation cont. • Pressure is low, allowing warm air to rise • As warm, moist air cools it condenses & rains • Hurricane can keep strengthening as long as it’s over warm water
- 9. Hurricane Structure • Donut shaped clouds with a hole (the eye) in the middle • Can be a few hundred miles in diameter & nine miles high • Eye – can be up to 20 miles wide Calm Warm air rises due to low pressure Cold dry air sinking prevents rain • Warm air exits top & spirals out due to Coriolis
- 10. Hurricane Structure cont. • Northern Hemisphere – spiral counterclockwise • Southern Hemisphere – spiral clockwise • Blown across ocean by Tradewinds, but affected by Coriolis, so move North and South at 3-25 mph -In the Atlantic, they move up from the Caribbean
- 12. Hurricane Strength • Tropical Depression – winds > 38 mph • Tropical Storm – winds between 39 – 73 mph • Hurricane Winds - >74 mph
- 15. The Demise of the Hurricane • If upper level winds are strong they can sheer off the top of the hurricane & cause it to break up • Hurricanes over cool water can’t sustain themselves • Hurricanes over land can’t sustain themselves (but can lead to the development of tornadoes inland) • Atlantic hurricane season is June – December (but they can rarely occur at other times)
- 16. The Power of Hurricanes • They can be extremely damaging • They release HUGE amounts of energy – more than the US needs in an entire year • They release up to 20 billion metric tons of rain – > 1 inch per hour
- 17. Types of Damage Typical of Hurricanes • Wind damage • Flooding from all that rain • Storm surge damage, especially if it hits during high tide and/or spring tide – Ex: Bangladesh (1970) had a 40 foot storm surge – Ex Massapequa (2012) had a 15 foot storm surge • (5 feet above my in-laws basement and into the 1st floor)