The new 5G unified air interface is being designed to not only vastly enhance mobile broadband performance and efficiency, but also scale to connect the massive Internet of Things and enable new types of services such as mission critical control that require ultra-low latency and new levels of reliability and security. The new design will unify diverse spectrum types and bands, scale from macro deployments to local hotspots and efficiently multiplex the envisioned 5G services across an extreme variation of requirements.
For more information on 5G technologies, use cases and timelines, please visit us at www.qualcomm.com/5G.
What is 5G NR all about? Check out this presentation to see all the key design components of this new unifying air interface for the next decade and beyond.
A short introductory presentation/video explaining Bandwidth Parts in 5G and why are they needed.
There are two main reasons:
1. Cheaper devices may not want to support the large bandwidth in 5G, that can go up to 400 MHz for FR2 and 100 MHz for FR1
2. A device does not need to monitor the whole of bandwidth for power consumption reduction reasons, here BWP can help too
This presentation provides an introduction to Mobile Cellular Macrocells & Small Cells. It looks at Macrocell components and different terminology associated with it. It also looks at Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS). Then it looks at the need for small cells, different definitions and types of small cells. It also looks at some interesting examples of small cells, especially on drones and helikites. Finally it looks at the difference between boosters, repeaters, relays and small cells.
CR technology is based on the fact that the licensed systems (also named primary systems PS) are not always using their spectrum bands; CR brings new radio types—cognitive radios—that should firstly, identify the existing spectrum holes, and secondly, utilize them according to an access.
What is 5G NR all about? Check out this presentation to see all the key design components of this new unifying air interface for the next decade and beyond.
A short introductory presentation/video explaining Bandwidth Parts in 5G and why are they needed.
There are two main reasons:
1. Cheaper devices may not want to support the large bandwidth in 5G, that can go up to 400 MHz for FR2 and 100 MHz for FR1
2. A device does not need to monitor the whole of bandwidth for power consumption reduction reasons, here BWP can help too
This presentation provides an introduction to Mobile Cellular Macrocells & Small Cells. It looks at Macrocell components and different terminology associated with it. It also looks at Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS). Then it looks at the need for small cells, different definitions and types of small cells. It also looks at some interesting examples of small cells, especially on drones and helikites. Finally it looks at the difference between boosters, repeaters, relays and small cells.
CR technology is based on the fact that the licensed systems (also named primary systems PS) are not always using their spectrum bands; CR brings new radio types—cognitive radios—that should firstly, identify the existing spectrum holes, and secondly, utilize them according to an access.
5G Network Architecture, Design and Optimisation3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, TSO, BT at The IET '5G - State of Play' conference on 24th January 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Possible media for communication
Introduction to Communication Media
Introduction to Microwave communication
Manufacturers of Microwave
Why Microwave?
Characteristics of microwave
Types of Microwave communication
Types of Microwave Links
Requirements for the microwave communication
What is LOS?
Wave Propagation in the atmosphere
Multi path Propagation
LOS Purpose & requirements
Limitations of Line of Sight Systems
Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links
K- factor
Variations of the ray curvature as a function of k
Fresnel zone
Obstacles & Loses
Knife Edge Obstacles
Smooth Spherical Earth Obstacles
Path Loss
Other losses
Why vertical polarization favorable at high freq
Antenna type & Gain
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY, FADE MARGIN AND SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
Fading Margin
Reliability
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
A presentation / video looking at 5G spectrum auctions and allocations and how different types of spectrum is required for providing a perfect 5G coverage
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
I have described VoLTE IMS Architecture in simplified way . Are you also finding 3GPP Specs complicated & Complex for VoLTE IMS . It covers Role played by individual Networks Elements as mentioned below :-
# VoLTE SIP Handset : SIP Support , UAC , UAS , User Agent , SIP-UA
# Underlying LTE Network : MME , SGW , PGW , PCRF , HSS , Dedicated Bearer , QCI , Default Bearer
# IMS Core : SIP Servers , P-CSCF , I-CSCF , S-CSCF , TAS , MMTEL , BGw , MRF , ATCF , ATGW , IBCF , MGCF , IM-MGW , TrGW
# Voice Core or PSTN Network for Break-in or Break-out Calls
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Begin your evolution with Ericsson’s new small cell solutions.
There is need for the multi-operator dots, multi-dot enclosure, and strand -mounted bracket. The complicated arrangements are made easier with Ericsson small cell solutions.
5G Network Architecture, Design and Optimisation3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, TSO, BT at The IET '5G - State of Play' conference on 24th January 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Possible media for communication
Introduction to Communication Media
Introduction to Microwave communication
Manufacturers of Microwave
Why Microwave?
Characteristics of microwave
Types of Microwave communication
Types of Microwave Links
Requirements for the microwave communication
What is LOS?
Wave Propagation in the atmosphere
Multi path Propagation
LOS Purpose & requirements
Limitations of Line of Sight Systems
Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links
K- factor
Variations of the ray curvature as a function of k
Fresnel zone
Obstacles & Loses
Knife Edge Obstacles
Smooth Spherical Earth Obstacles
Path Loss
Other losses
Why vertical polarization favorable at high freq
Antenna type & Gain
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY, FADE MARGIN AND SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
Fading Margin
Reliability
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
A presentation / video looking at 5G spectrum auctions and allocations and how different types of spectrum is required for providing a perfect 5G coverage
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
I have described VoLTE IMS Architecture in simplified way . Are you also finding 3GPP Specs complicated & Complex for VoLTE IMS . It covers Role played by individual Networks Elements as mentioned below :-
# VoLTE SIP Handset : SIP Support , UAC , UAS , User Agent , SIP-UA
# Underlying LTE Network : MME , SGW , PGW , PCRF , HSS , Dedicated Bearer , QCI , Default Bearer
# IMS Core : SIP Servers , P-CSCF , I-CSCF , S-CSCF , TAS , MMTEL , BGw , MRF , ATCF , ATGW , IBCF , MGCF , IM-MGW , TrGW
# Voice Core or PSTN Network for Break-in or Break-out Calls
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Begin your evolution with Ericsson’s new small cell solutions.
There is need for the multi-operator dots, multi-dot enclosure, and strand -mounted bracket. The complicated arrangements are made easier with Ericsson small cell solutions.
AT&T View on LTE to 5G Network Migration Eiko Seidel
3GPP currently investigates possible 5G architecture options and how to migrate from LTE to 5G. The first stip will be to use Dual Connectivity with 5G while LTE is the Primary Cell. This will allow for very early deployments. Further steps are still to be defined and highly depend on the relation of EPC and Next Generation Core.
Overview 5G Architecture Options from Deutsche TelekomEiko Seidel
At 3GPP RAN#72 5G Architecture discussion took place. This document lists all options that are under discussion.
Source: RP-161266 at RAN#72 Deutsche Telekom
Shared/unlicensed spectrum is important for 5G and is valuable for wide range of deployments from extreme bandwidth by aggregating spectrum, enhanced local broadband to Internet of Things verticals. 5G New Radio (NR) will natively support all different spectrum types and is designed to take advantage of new sharing paradigms. We are pioneering 5G shared spectrum today by building on LTE-U/LAA, LWA, CBRS/LSA and MulteFire.
Presented by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect - Chief Architect’s Office, TSO, BT at IET "Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality" seminar on 25th Jan 2017
Shared with permission
Billions of connected devices and things. Billions of people. 5G will provide connectivity for all of these things and people as well as businesses and industry, bringing benefit to society. Operating machinery in hazardous environments from a remote control will be enabled through near-zero latency communication links that enable real-time video. Billions of video-enabled devices will be able to share bandwidth-hungry content. These are just a few applications that illustrate what 5G will be designed for.
3GPP Standards for the Internet-of-ThingsEiko Seidel
Presenation by 3GPP RAN3 Chairman - Philippe Reininger - at the IoT Business & Technologies Congress (November 30, in Singapore). Main topics are eMTC, NB-IOT and EC-GSM-IoT as completed in 3GPP Release 13 and enhanced in Release 14
Read other blog posts by the author, Zahid Ghadialy, here: https://communities.cisco.com/people/ZahidGhadialy/content
For more discussions and topics around SP Mobility, please visit our Mobility Community: http://cisco.com/go/mobilitycommunity
MulteFire is a new LTE-based air-interface that is being developed to operate solely in unlicensed spectrum, enabling it to offer the best of both worlds: LTE-like performance with Wi-Fi-like deployment simplicity.
MulteFire will broaden the LTE ecosystem with new deployment scenarios, such as enhanced broadband services and neutral hosts benefiting operators to augment wireless services. MulteFire applies to any unlicensed or shared spectrum when over-the-air contention is needed (listen before talk), such as the global 5 GHz band or the new 3.5 GHz band in the USA. The combination of neutral spectrum with high performing LTE and self-organizing networks will enable neutral host small-cells in more locations.
Ericsson Technology Review: Evolving LTE to fit the 5G future Ericsson
Operators have no reason to be concerned about the future of LTE in a 5G world – its upcoming releases (Rel-14 and Rel-15) are intended to deliver on the most important 5G requirements. They will include enhancements to user data rates and system capacity with FD-MIMO, improved support for unlicensed operations, and latency reduction in both control and user planes. LTE will also be modified to address new use cases such as massive machine type communication, critical communications and intelligent transport systems. Both LTE Rel-14 (scheduled for completion in March 2017) and the strong ambitions for LTE Rel-15 indicate that a smooth transition from LTE to 5G through 5G plug-ins is the best course of action.
We are now introducing the industry’s first 5G NR-capable radio, called Ericsson AIR 6468. It features 64 transmit and 64 receive antennas enabling it to support our 5G plug-ins for both Massive MIMO and Multi-User MIMO. The high-performance beamforming, required for Massive MIMO, is enabled through the use of a split Cloud RAN architecture, which brings the required intelligence and scalability to this new radio. And, the AIR 6268 is designed for compatibility with the 5G NR standard while also supporting 4G/LTE.
5G will be much more than just a new generation with faster peak rates. We are building a unified, more capable 5G platform to connect new industries, enable new services and empower new user experiences. This presentation details the key components for designing the unified, more capable 5G platform featuring an OFDM-based unified air interface. Learn about the key technology enablers for the 5G platform, and see how we are pioneering many of these technologies today with LTE Advanced and Wi-Fi.
For more information on 5G technologies, use cases and timelines, please visit us at www.qualcomm.com/5G.
4G technology in wireless communications and it's standards.
Prepared by : Ola Mashaqi ,, Suhad Malayshe
(A telecomm. Engineering Students)
Annajah National University
I use this presentation for opening 4G Mobile Technology seminar sessions. Usually it will be continued with 1 other presentation on LTE, 1 on WiMAX II, and 1 on applications.
5G will connect virtually everything around us to transform a wide range of industries — manufacturing, automotive, logistics, and many more, and we are on track to make 5G NR — the global 5G standard — a commercial reality by 2019. However, this first phase of 5G mainly focuses on enhanced mobile broadband services, which will contribute to part of the total projected $12T 5G economy. 5G NR will continue to evolve in Release 16 and beyond to further expand 5G’s reach to new devices, services, and ecosystem players.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
UK Spectrum Policy Forum - Professor Rahim Tafazolli, University of Surrey: 5...techUK
Professor Rahim Tafazolli, Head of the Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey
5G Innovation Centre: the UK opportunities
- See more at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
All Rights Reserved
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
Roles and Requirements for xHaul Segments in 5G Transport NetworksRoderick Dottin
OTN aggregation as a bearer technology within xHaul (Fronthaul, Midhaul, Backhaul) segments in support of overlaying 5G network capabilities onto a brownfield transport network
Long Term Evolution. 3GPP Release 8, 2009.
2. Initially developed as 3.9G (Pre-4G) cellular technology
Now sold as 4G.
3. Many different bands: 700/1500/1700/2100/2600 MHz
4. Flexible Bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
5. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Both paired and unpaired spectrum
6. 4x4 MIMO, Multi-user collaborative MIMO
7. Beamforming in the downlink
Similar to Designing the 5G Unified Air Interface (20)
Generative AI models, such as ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion, can create new and original content like text, images, video, audio, or other data from simple prompts, as well as handle complex dialogs and reason about problems with or without images. These models are disrupting traditional technologies, from search and content creation to automation and problem solving, and are fundamentally shaping the future user interface to computing devices. Generative AI can apply broadly across industries, providing significant enhancements for utility, productivity, and entertainment. As generative AI adoption grows at record-setting speeds and computing demands increase, on-device and hybrid processing are more important than ever. Just like traditional computing evolved from mainframes to today’s mix of cloud and edge devices, AI processing will be distributed between them for AI to scale and reach its full potential.
In this presentation you’ll learn about:
- Why on-device AI is key
- Full-stack AI optimizations to make on-device AI possible and efficient
- Advanced techniques like quantization, distillation, and speculative decoding
- How generative AI models can be run on device and examples of some running now
- Qualcomm Technologies’ role in scaling on-device generative AI
As generative AI adoption grows at record-setting speeds and computing demands increase, hybrid processing is more important than ever. But just like traditional computing evolved from mainframes and thin clients to today’s mix of cloud and edge devices, AI processing must be distributed between the cloud and devices for AI to scale and reach its full potential. In this talk you’ll learn:
• Why on-device AI is key
• Which generative AI models can run on device
• Why the future of AI is hybrid
• Qualcomm Technologies’ role in making hybrid AI a reality
Qualcomm Webinar: Solving Unsolvable Combinatorial Problems with AIQualcomm Research
How do you find the best solution when faced with many choices? Combinatorial optimization is a field of mathematics that seeks to find the most optimal solutions for complex problems involving multiple variables. There are numerous business verticals that can benefit from combinatorial optimization, whether transport, supply chain, or the mobile industry.
More recently, we’ve seen gains from AI for combinatorial optimization, leading to scalability of the method, as well as significant reductions in cost. This method replaces the manual tuning of traditional heuristic approaches with an AI agent that provides a fast metric estimation.
In this presentation you will find out:
Why AI is crucial in combinatorial optimization
How it can be applied to two use cases: improving chip design and hardware-specific compilers
The state-of-the-art results achieved by Qualcomm AI Research
- There is a rich roadmap of 5G technologies coming in the second half of the 5G decade with the 5G Advanced evolution
- 6G will be the future innovation platform for 2030 and beyond building on the 5G Advanced foundation
- 6G will be more than just a new radio design, expanding the role of AI, sensing and others in the connected intelligent edge
- Qualcomm is leading cutting-edge wireless research across six key technology vectors on the path to 6G
3D perception is crucial for understanding the real world. It offers many benefits and new capabilities over 2D across diverse applications, from XR and autonomous driving to IOT, camera, and mobile. 3D perception with machine learning is creating the new state of the art (SOTA) in areas, such as depth estimation, object detection, and neural scene representation. Making these SOTA neural networks feasible for real-world deployment on mobile devices constrained by power, thermal, and performance has been a challenge. Qualcomm AI Research has developed not only novel AI techniques for 3D perception but also full-stack AI optimizations to enable real-world deployments and energy-efficient solutions. This presentation explores the latest research that is enabling efficient 3D perception while maintaining neural network model accuracy. You’ll learn about:
- The advantages of 3D perception over 2D and the need for 3D perception across applications
- Advancements in 3D perception research by Qualcomm AI Research
- Our future 3D perception research directions
5G is going mainstream across the globe, and this is an exciting time to harness the low latency and high capacity of 5G to enable the metaverse. A distributed-compute architecture across device and cloud can enable rich extended reality (XR) user experiences. Virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) are ready for deployment in private networks, while augmented reality (AR) for wide area networks can be enabled in the near term with Wi-Fi powered AR glasses paired with a 5G-enabled phone. Device APIs enabling application adaptation is critical for good user experience. 5G standards are evolving to support the deployment of AR glasses at a large scale and setting the stage for 6G-era with the merging of the physical, digital, and virtual worlds. Techniques like perception-enhanced wireless offer significant potential to improve user experience. Qualcomm Technologies is enabling the XR industry with platforms, developer SDKs, and reference designs.
Check out this webinar to learn:
• How 5G and distributed-compute architectures enable the metaverse
• The latest results from our boundless XR 5G/6G testbed, including device APIs and perception-enhanced wireless
• 5G standards evolution for enhancing XR applications and the road to 6G
• How Qualcomm Technologies is enabling the industry with platforms, SDKs, and reference designs
AI model efficiency is crucial for making AI ubiquitous, leading to smarter devices and enhanced lives. Besides the performance benefit, quantized neural networks also increase power efficiency for two reasons: reduced memory access costs and increased compute efficiency.
The quantization work done by the Qualcomm AI Research team is crucial in implementing machine learning algorithms on low-power edge devices. In network quantization, we focus on both pushing the state-of-the-art (SOTA) in compression and making quantized inference as easy to access as possible. For example, our SOTA work on oscillations in quantization-aware training that push the boundaries of what is possible with INT4 quantization. Furthermore, for ease of deployment, the integer formats such as INT16 and INT8 give comparable performance to floating point, i.e., FP16 and FP8, but have significantly better performance-per-watt performance. Researchers and developers can make use of this quantization research to successfully optimize and deploy their models across devices with open-sourced tools like AI Model Efficiency Toolkit (AIMET).
Presenters: Tijmen Blankevoort and Chirag Patel
Bringing AI research to wireless communication and sensingQualcomm Research
AI for wireless is already here, with applications in areas such as mobility management, sensing and localization, smart signaling and interference management. Recently, Qualcomm Technologies has prototyped the AI-enabled air interface and launched the Qualcomm 5G AI Suite. These developments are possible thanks to expertise in both wireless and machine learning from over a decade of foundational research in these complementing fields.
Our approach brings together the modeling flexibility and computational efficiency of machine learning and the out-of-domain generalization and interpretability of wireless domain expertise.
In this webinar, Qualcomm AI Research presents an overview of state-of-the-art research at the intersection of the two fields and offers a glimpse into the future of the wireless industry.
Qualcomm AI Research is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Speakers:
Arash Behboodi, Machine Learning Research Scientist (Senior Staff Engineer/Manager), Qualcomm AI Research Daniel Dijkman, Machine Learning Research Scientist (Principal Engineer), Qualcomm AI Research
How will sidelink bring a new level of 5G versatility.pdfQualcomm Research
Today, the 5G system mainly operates on a network-to-device communication model, exemplified by enhanced mobile broadband use cases where all data transmissions are between the network (i.e., base station) and devices (e.g., smartphone). However, to fully deliver on the original 5G vision of supporting diverse devices, services, and deployment scenarios, we need to expand the 5G topology further to reach new levels of performance and efficiency.
That is why sidelink communication was introduced in 3GPP standards, designed to facilitate direct communication between devices, independent of connectivity via the cellular infrastructure. Beyond automotive communication, it also benefits many other 5G use cases such as IoT, mobile broadband, and public safety.
5G is designed to serve an unprecedented range of capabilities with a single global standard. With enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive IoT (mIoT), and mission-critical IoT, the three pillars of 5G represent extremes in performance and associated complexity. For IoT services, NB-IoT and eMTC devices prioritize low power consumption and the lowest complexity for wide-area deployments (LPWA), while enhanced ultra-reliable, low-latency communication (eURLLC), along with time-sensitive networking (TSN), delivers the most stringent use case requirements. But there exists an opportunity to more efficiently address a broad range of mid-tier applications with capabilities ranging between these extremes.
In 5G NR Release 17, 3GPP introduced a new tier of reduced capability (RedCap) devices, also known as NR-Light. It is a new device platform that bridges the capability and complexity gap between the extremes in 5G today with an optimized design for mid-tier use cases. With the recent standards completion, NR-Light is set to efficiently expand the 5G universe to connect new frontiers.
Download this presentation to learn:
• What NR-Light is and why it can herald the next wave of 5G expansion
• How NR-Light is accelerating the growth of the connected intelligent edge
• Why NR-Light is a suitable 5G migration path for mid-tier LTE devices
Realizing mission-critical industrial automation with 5GQualcomm Research
Manufacturers seeking better operational efficiencies, with reduced downtime and higher yield, are at the leading edge of the Industry 4.0 transformation. With mobile system components and reliable wireless connectivity between them, flexible manufacturing systems can be reconfigured quickly for new tasks, to troubleshoot issues, or in response to shifts in supply and demand.
There is a long history of R&D collaboration between Bosch Rexroth and Qualcomm Technologies for the effective application of these 5G capabilities to industrial automation use cases. At the Robert Bosch Elektronik GmbH factory in Salzgitter, Germany, this collaboration has reached new heights.
Download this deck to learn how:
• Qualcomm Technologies and Bosch Rexroth are collaborating to accelerate the Industry 4.0 transformation
• 5G technologies deliver key capabilities for mission-critical industrial automation
• Distributed control solutions can work effectively across 5G TSN networks
• A single 5G technology platform solves connectivity and positioning needs for flexible manufacturing
3GPP Release 17: Completing the first phase of 5G evolutionQualcomm Research
This presentation summarizes 5G NR Release 17 projects that was completed in March 2022. It further enhances 5G foundation and expands into new devices, use cases, verticals.
AI firsts: Leading from research to proof-of-conceptQualcomm Research
AI has made tremendous progress over the past decade, with many advancements coming from fundamental research from many decades ago. Accelerating the pipeline from research to commercialization has been daunting since scaling technologies in the real world faces many challenges beyond the theoretical work done in the lab. Qualcomm AI Research has taken on the task of not only generating novel AI research but also being first to demonstrate proof-of-concepts on commercial devices, enabling technology to scale in the real world. This presentation covers:
The challenges of deploying cutting-edge research on real-world mobile devices
How Qualcomm AI Research is solving system and feasibility challenges with full-stack optimizations to quickly move from research to commercialization
Examples where Qualcomm AI Research has had industrial or academic firsts
Setting off the 5G Advanced evolution with 3GPP Release 18Qualcomm Research
In December 2021, 3GPP has reached a consensus on the scope of 5G NR Release 18. This is a significant milestone marking the beginning of 5G Advanced — the second wave of wireless innovations that will fulfill the 5G vision. Release 18 will build on the solid foundation set by Releases 15, 16, and 17, and it sets the longer-term evolution direction of 5G and beyond. This release will encompass a wide range of new and enhancement projects, ranging from improved MIMO and application of AI/ML-enabled air interface to extended reality optimizations and broader IoT support.
Cellular networks have facilitated positioning in addition to voice or data communications from the beginning, since 2G, and we’ve since grown to rely on positioning technology to make our lives safer, simpler, more productive, and even fun. Cellular positioning complements other technologies to operate indoors and outdoors, including dense urban environments where tall buildings interfere with satellite positioning. It works whether we’re standing still, walking, or in a moving vehicle. With 5G, cellular positioning breaks new ground to bring robust precise positioning indoors and outdoors, to meet even the most demanding Industry 4.0 needs.
As we look to the future, the Connected Intelligent Edge will bring a new dimension of positional insight to a broad range of devices, improving wireless use cases still under development. We’re already charting the course to 5G Advanced and beyond by working on the evolution of cellular positioning technology to include RF sensing for situational awareness.
Download the deck to learn more.
The need for intelligent, personalized experiences powered by AI is ever-growing. Our devices are producing more and more data that could help improve our AI experiences. How do we learn and efficiently process all this data from edge devices while maintaining privacy? On-device learning rather than cloud training can address these challenges. In this presentation, we’ll discuss:
- Why on-device learning is crucial for providing intelligent, personalized experiences without sacrificing privacy
- Our latest research in on-device learning, including few-shot learning, continuous learning, and federated learning
- How we are solving system and feasibility challenges to move from research to commercialization
This presentation outlines the synergistic nature of 5G and AI -- two disruptive areas of innovations that can change the world. It illustrates the benefits of adopting AI for the advancements of 5G, as well as showcases the latest progress made by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Data compression has increased by leaps and bounds over the years due to technical innovation, enabling the proliferation of streamed digital multimedia and voice over IP. For example, a regular cadence of technical advancement in video codecs has led to massive reduction in file size – in fact, up to a 1000x reduction in file size when comparing a raw video file to a VVC encoded file. However, with the rise of machine learning techniques and diverse data types to compress, AI may be a compelling tool for next-generation compression, offering a variety of benefits over traditional techniques. In this presentation we discuss:
- Why the demand for improved data compression is growing
- Why AI is a compelling tool for compression in general
- Qualcomm AI Research’s latest AI voice and video codec research
- Our future AI codec research work and challenges
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
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Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Designing the 5G Unified Air Interface
1. The 5G Unified Air Interface
Scalabletoanextremevariationofrequirements
November, 2015
Qualcomm Technologies Inc.
TM
2. 5G to meet significantly expanding connectivity needs
2
Edgeless
For uniform experiences with
new ways of connecting
Unified
Across all spectrum types/bands,
services and deployments
Scalable
To an extreme variation of
requirements
Empowering
new user experiences
new industries and devices
new services
Building on the transformation started in 4G LTE
3. 5G will enhance existing and expand to new use cases
3
Massive Internet of Things
Efficient, low cost communications with deep coverage
Enhanced Mobile Broadband
Faster, more uniform user experiences
Mission-Critical Control
Ultra-low latency and high reliability
Smart homes/
buildings/cities
Autonomous vehicles,
object tracking
Remote control & process
automation, e.g. aviation, robotics
Critical infrastructure protection
& control, e.g. Smart Grid
Extreme mobile broadband,
e.g. UHD virtual reality
Demanding indoor/outdoor
conditions, e.g. venues
New form factors,
e.g. wearables and sensors
4. Scalable across an extreme variation of requirements
4
Massive Internet
of Things
Mission-critical
control
Enhanced
mobile broadband
Deep coverage
To reach challenging locations
Ultra-low energy
10+ years of battery life
Ultra-low complexity
10s of bits per second
Ultra-high density
1 million nodes per Km2
Extreme capacity
10 Tbps per Km2
Extreme data rates
Multi-Gigabits per second
Deep awareness
Discovery and optimization
Extreme user mobility
Or no mobility at all
Ultra-low latency
As low as 1 millisecond
Ultra-high reliability
<1 out of 100 million packets lost
Strong security
e.g. Health /government/ financial trusted
Based on target requirements for the envisioned 5G use cases
5. A new 5G unified air interface is the foundation
5
FDD, TDD, half duplex
Licensed, shared licensed,
and unlicensed spectrum
Spectrum bands below 1 GHz,
1 GHz to 6 GHz, & above 6 GHz
(incl. mmWave)
Device-to-device, mesh,
relay network topologies
From wideband multi-Gbps to
narrowband 10s of bits per second
Efficient multiplexing of mission-critical
and nominal traffic
From high user mobility
to no mobility at all
From wide area macro to
indoor / outdoor hotspots
Diverse spectrum Diverse services and devices
Diverse deployments
Unified air interface
6. Designing the 5G Unified Air Interface
A new PHY & MAC design that is scalable to an extreme variation of requirements
6
Optimized OFDM-based
waveforms
With scalable numerology and TTI,
plus optimized multiple access
for different use cases
A common, flexible
framework
To efficiently multiplex services
and features—designed for
forward compatibility
Advanced wireless
technologies
Such as massive MIMO, robust
mmWave and a flexible
self-contained TDD design
8. Helps achieve better
frequency localization
Transmitted Waveform
after windowing
IFFT outputCP
Time
Data transmitted via closely-spaced, narrowband subcarriers –
IFFT operation ensures subcarriers do not interfere
Bandwidth
Helps maintain orthogonality
despite multipath fading
CP
Time
IFFT/FFT is the foundation to OFDM
Quick refresh on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
8
Simplified OFDM
waveform synthesis
for a transmitter
Data
Serial to
Parallel
IFFT
Cyclic
Prefix (CP)
Insertion
Windowing
/Filtering
0s
0s
To RFCoding &
Modulation
OFDM-based waveforms highly utilized in e.g. LTE and Wi-Fi systems today
9. OFDM family well suited to meet 5G requirements
Wide bandwidth, high capacity, low latency, low complexity per bit
9
Scalable
To wide bandwidths with
scalable symbol duration and
subcarrier spacing
Low Complexity
Does not require complex
receivers even when scaling
to wide bandwidths
Efficient for MIMO
Elegant framework for MIMO
spatial multiplexing that scales
to wider bandwidths
MIMO
Scalable sub-carrier spacing
Scalable bandwidth
Higher spectral efficiency
10. The OFDM family allows for enhancements
To address different use cases—a key focus for 5G
10
Support for asynchronous, grant-
free multiple access such as
Resource Spread Multiple Access
Additional OFDM windowing/filtering
reduces both inter-symbol1 and
inter-channel2 interference
Add DFT spreading to achieve a
single-carrier OFDM signal with
smaller power variations
Frequency localization
To reduce in-band and
out-of-band emissions
Uplink energy efficiency
Due to power variations on
a per OFDM subcarrier basis
Asynchronous uplink
To support sporadic uplink
transmissions of small data bursts
Such as for massive IoT
zzz
zzz
zzz
Especially in macro deployments
1 Among users within allocated band; 2 among neighboring operators, e.g. low Adjacent-Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR)
11. Numerous OFDM-based waveforms considered for 5G
11
UFMC2
Customized filtering over a block
of contiguous OFDM subcarriers2
FBMC / GFDM3
Customized subcarrier pulse shaping
achieved through oversampling4
Zero-tail SC-OFDM
DFT spreading with dynamic zero-pad instead
of fixed CP for higher spectral efficiency
1 Time domain windowing heavily used in commercial LTE systems, but not specified in 3GPP standard; 2 Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier; 3 Filter Bank Multi-Carrier and Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing
IFFT/FFT
All waveforms based
on OFDM Synthesis
CP-OFDM with windowing1
Time domain windowing to soften edges of
symbols—used in 4G LTE downlink today
SC-OFDM with windowing1
DFT spreading with cyclic prefix (CP)
insertion—used in 4G LTE uplink today
Multi-carrier OFDM waveforms
OFDM variants with windowing/filtering
enhancements for better frequency localization
Single-carrier OFDM waveforms
Single-carrier OFDM variants that use DFT
spreading to reduce power variations in uplink
12. CP-OFDM & SC-OFDM with windowing most optimal
Alternative proposals add complexity—radio design, multiplexing—with marginal benefits
121 Due to non-linearity in practical receiver implementations; Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
UFMC
GFDM
FBMC
• Best frequency localization
(marginalized in practical systems1)
• Requires complex modulation
• Integration with MIMO non-trivial
• Better frequency localization than CP-OFDM
(equivalent to CP-OFDM with windowing)
• High Tx and Rx (2x FFT size) complexity
• No CP – interference from multipath fading
• Better frequency localization than CP-OFDM
(equivalent to CP-OFDM with windowing)
• Complicated receiver to handle interference
• Requires large guardband to multiplex services
Pros Cons
Download Qualcomm Research whitepaper for detailed analysis:
www.qualcomm.com/documents/5g-waveform-multiple-access-techniques
Zero-tail
SC-OFDM
• Marginal spectral efficiency gains
• Better OOB suppression with synchronization
• Requires extra signaling that adds complexity
• Non-trivial to multiplex with OFDM
Multi-carrier
alternatives
Single-carrier
alternatives
13. Non-orthogonal, Distributed Scheduling
Different multiple access schemes for different use cases
13
OFDMA & SC-FDMA for mobile broadband and beyond
Utilizes CP-OFDM and SC-OFDM waveforms respectively
OFDMA well suited for spectrally efficient large data transmissions
SC-FDMA well suited for efficient UL transmissions in macro deployments
Orthogonal, Centralized Scheduling
Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) for target use cases
Enables asynchronous, non-orthogonal, contention-based access well suited for e.g. IoT UL
Spreads bits through low rate coding1 across resource elements in time or frequency
Signals may occupy same resources—separate with different e.g. scrambling codes
1 As opposed to legacy Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) schemes which attempted to orthogonalize users with e.g. Walsh codes
Frequency
Time
Time
Frequency
14. Optimized 5G waveforms and multiple access
With heavy reliance on the OFDM family
14
5G Downlink
A single waveform for flexible service multiplexing
5G Uplink
Optimized waveforms for different use cases
CP-OFDM1 + OFDMA
Also recommended for D2D & basestation-to-basestation
communications to maximize transmit/receiver design reuse
SC-OFDM1 + SC-FDMA
To maximize device energy efficiency
Macro
coverage
CP-OFDM1 + OFDMA
To maximize spectral efficiency
Small
cells
Low energy single-carrier2 + RSMA
For energy efficient small data bursts
Massive
IoT
Mission-
critical
CP-OFDM/SC-OFDM1 + RSMA3
For low latency, grant-less small data bursts
1 With time domain windowing as common in LTE systems today; 2 Such as SC-FDE and GMSK; 3 May also use OFDMA/SC-FDMA for applications that may be scheduled
Download Qualcomm Research whitepaper for detailed analysis:
www.qualcomm.com/documents/5g-waveform-multiple-access-techniques
16. Unified 5G design across spectrum types and bands
16
Licensed Spectrum
Cleared spectrum
EXCLUSIVE USE
Unlicensed Spectrum
Multiple technologies
SHARED USE
Shared Licensed Spectrum
Complementary licensing
SHARED EXCLUSIVE USE
Below 1 GHz: longer range for massive Internet of Things
1 GHz to 6 GHz: wider bandwidths for enhanced mobile broadband and mission critical
Above 6 GHz, e.g. mmWave: extreme bandwidths, shorter range for extreme mobile broadband
17. Scalable numerologies to meet diverse deployments
From narrowband to wideband, licensed & unlicensed, TDD & FDD
17
Sub-carrier spacing = N
(extended cyclic prefix)
Outdoor and
macro coverage
FDD/TDD <3 GHz
e.g. 1, 5, 10 & 20 MHz
Indoor
wideband
TDD e.g. 5 GHz
(Unlicensed) e.g. 160MHz
Sub-carrier spacing = 8N
mmWave
TDD e.g. 28 GHz
Sub-carrier spacing = 2N
(normal cyclic prefix)
Outdoor and
small cell
TDD > 3 GHz
e.g. 80 MHz
e.g. 500MHz
Sub-carrier spacing = 16N
Example usage models and channel bandwidths
18. Blank subcarriers
Scalable TTI WAN
Blank subframes
D2D
Multicast
A flexible framework with forward compatibility
Designed to efficiently multiplex envisioned & unforeseen 5G services on the same frequency
18
Integrated framework
That can support diverse deployment
scenarios and network topologies
Scalable transmission time interval (TTI)
For diverse latency requirements—capable of
latencies an order of magnitude lower than LTE
Mission-critical transmissions
May occur at any time; design such that
other traffic can sustain puncturing1
Forward compatibility
With support for blank subframes and frequency
resources for future services/features
1 Nominal 5G access to be designed such that it is capable to sustain puncturing from mission-critical transmission or bursty interference
19. Scalability to much lower latency
19
Scalable TTI for diverse
latency & QoS requirements
TTI
Longer TTI for higher
spectral efficiency
Shorter TTI for
low latency
1 Compared to LTE’s 8 HARQ interlaces
Order of magnitude lower Round-Trip
Time (RTT) than LTE today
0 1 0 1
ACK0
Data
ACK ACK1 ACK0
FDD
TDD
HARQ RTT
TTI
Self-contained
design reduces RTT
Fewer (variable)
interlaces for HARQ1
Scalable TTI
Example:
TDD
downlink
Guard
Period
ACK
(Rx)
Ctrl
(Tx)
Data
(Tx)
Data and acknowledgement in the same subframe
20. Self-contained TDD subframe design
Faster, more flexible TDD switching & turn around, plus support for new deployment scenarios
20
Unlicensed spectrum
Listen-before-talk headers e.g. clear Channel
Assessment (CCA) and hidden node discovery
Massive MIMO
Leveraging channel reciprocity in UL
transmission for DL beamforming training
D2D, mesh and relay
Headers for e.g. direction of the link for
dynamic distributed scheduling
Self-contained TDD sub-frame: UL/DL scheduling info,
data and acknowledgement in the same sub-frame
GuardPeriod
Add’l
headers
ACK
(Rx)
Ctrl
(Tx)
Data
(Tx)
Adaptive UL/DL configuration
Flexible capacity allocation;
also dynamic on a per-cell basis
Example:
TDD
downlink
21. Designing Forward Compatibility into 5G
Flexibly phase in future features and services
21
Blank resources1
Enable future features/service
to be deployed in the same
frequency in a synchronous and
asynchronous manner
Service multiplexing
E.g. nominal traffic designed
to sustain puncturing from
mission-critical transmissions
or bursty interference
Common frame structure
Enable future features to be deployed
on a different frequency in a tightly
integrated manner, e.g. 5G sub 6 GHz
control for mmWave
5G below 6GHz
5G above 6GHz
1 ‘Blank’ resources may still be utilized , but designed in a way to not limit future feature introductions
WAN
Multicast
Blank
subframes
Blank subcarriers D2D
WAN WAN
Mission-critical
23. Natively incorporate advanced wireless technologies
Key 5G design elements across services
23
Massive Internet of Things
Efficient, low cost communications
Mission-Critical Control
Ultra-low latency and high reliability links
Unified Air
Interface
Enhanced Mobile Broadband
Faster, more uniform user experiences
• Scalable to wider bandwidths
• Designed for all spectrum types
• Massive MIMO
• Robust mmWave design
• Improved network/signaling efficiency
• Native HetNets & multicast support
• Opportunistic carrier/link aggregation
• Low complexity, narrow bandwidth
• Low energy waveform
• Optimized link budget
• Decreased overheads
• Managed multi-hop mesh
• Ultra-low latency bounded delay
• Optimized PHY/pilot/HARQ
• Efficient multiplexing with nominal
• Simultaneous, redundant links
• Grant-free transmissions
24. Enhanced mobile broadband
Ushering in the next era of immersive experiences and hyper-connectivity
24
UHD video streaming
Broadband ‘fiber’ to the home Virtual realityDemanding conditions, e.g. venues
Tactile Internet3D/UHD video telepresence
Extreme throughput
multi-gigabits per second
Ultra-low latency
down to 1ms e2e latency
Uniform experience
with much more capacity
25. For diverse spectrum
bands/types and
deployment models
Tight integration with
sub 6 GHz, e.g.
carrier aggregation
Lower latency and TDD
dynamic interference
management
Capacity and coverage
enhancements for
higher spectrum bands
Common framework
for different spectrum
types
Control plane
improvements for better
efficiency
Scalable
OFDM
numerology
Massive
MIMO
Flexible
FDD/TDD
subframe
design
Reliable,
high
capacity
mmWave
Fair
sharing of
spectrum
Device-
centric
mobility
Scaling up to enhance mobile broadband
Key 5G Unified Air Interface design elements
25
26. Massive MIMO at 4 GHz allows reuse of existing sites
Leverage higher spectrum band using same sites and same transmit power
26Source: Qualcomm simulations; Macro-cell with 1.7km inter-site distance, 10 users per cell, 46 dBm Tx power at base station,, 20MHz@2GHz and 80MHz@4GHz BW TDD, 2.4x Massive MIMO – detailed simulation data available in the appendix
Cell edge user throughput
2GHz
2x4 MIMO
20MHz
2.7Y
4GHz
2x4 MIMO
80MHz
10.5Y
4GHz
24x4 Massive
MIMO 80MHz
Median user throughput
X
2GHz
2x4 MIMO
20MHz 3.4X
4GHz
2x4 MIMO
80MHz
13.9X
4GHz
24x4 Massive
MIMO 80MHz
Macro site
1.7km inter-site distance
Y
27. Realizing the mmWave opportunity for mobile broadband
27
Smart beamforming &
beam tracking
Increase coverage & provide
seamless connectivity
Solutions
mmWave
sub6Ghz
Tight interworking
with sub 6 GHz
Increase robustness and
faster system acquisition
Phase noise mitigation
in RF components
For low cost, low
power devices
The extreme mobile broadband opportunity The challenge—‘mobilizing’ mmWave
• Large bandwidths, e.g. 100s of MHz
• Multi-Gpbs data rates
• Flex deployments (integrated access/backhaul)
• High capacity with dense spatial reuse
• Robustness due to high path loss and
susceptibility to blockage
• Device cost/power and RF challenges
at mmWave frequencies
28. Making mmWave a reality for mobile
Qualcomm Technologies is setting the path to 5G mmWave
28
60 GHz chipset commercial today
For mobile devices, notebooks and access points
Qualcomm ® VIVE™ 802.11ad technology for the
Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ 810 processor operates in
60 GHz band with a 32-antenna array element
Qualcomm VIVE is a product of Qualcomm Atheros, Inc.; Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Developing 5G mmWave
For extreme mobile broadband both outdoor and indoor
28 GHz outdoor example with ~150m dense urban LOS
and NLOS coverage using directional beamforming1
Manhattan 3D Map
* Results from ray-tracing1
1 Based on Qualcomm Simulations
29. Unlicensed spectrum with
licensed anchor channel
Shared licensed
spectrum solutions
Pure unlicensed
spectrum
Making the best use of all spectrum types
29
LTE-U and LAA
Licensed shared
access (LSA) and
similar
MuLTEfire™
Introduced in 4G LTE Efficiently designed for
all spectrum types from
the beginning
Fair coexistence across all spectrum types
Aggregation across spectrum types and bands
To efficiently grow data capacity
30. Device-centric mobility management in 5G
Control plane improvements to improve energy and overhead efficiency
30
1 Coordinated MultiPoint is an LTE Advanced feature to send and receive data to and from a UE from several access nodes to ensure the optimum performance is achieved even at cell edges;
2 May dynamically revert to broadcast system info when needed, e.g. system info changes
Serving cluster
Edgeless mobility zone
(area of tightly coordinated cells)
Lightweight mobility for device energy savings
• Apply COMP-like1 concepts to the control plane
• Intra-zone mobility transparent to the device
Less broadcast for network energy savings
• Low periodic beacon for initial discovery of device(s)
• On-demand system info (SIB) when devices present2
Periodic
Sync
SIB request
Transmit
SIB
No SIB request
No SIB
transmission
31. Natively incorporate solutions to efficiently grow capacity
Delivering enhanced, uniform user experiences
31
Hyper dense
deployments
Full Self-
Configuration
Truly unplanned
deployments
Context and service
awareness
Massive
MIMO
Coordinated
Spatial Techniques
Advanced
Receivers
Beam
formingIntegrated access
and backhaul
mmWave Best use of all
spectrum types
Multicast
32. Massive Internet of Things
Optimizing to connect anything, anywhere with efficient, low cost communications
32
Power efficient
Multi-year battery life
Low complexity
Low device and network cost
Long range
Deep coverage
Utility meteringSmart homesSmart cities
Remote sensors / Actuators Object trackingWearables / Fitness
33. Connecting the massive Internet of Things
Key 5G Unified Air Interface design elements
33
Narrow bandwidth to
enable low device
complexity & long range
To improve
uplink coverage—
aided by WAN
For asynchronous
grant-free uplink
transmissions
Optimized waveform
to improve efficiency
& reduce complexity
Control plane
improvements for
better efficiency
Narrow
bandwidth
High
efficiency
waveform
and coding
Non-
orthogonal
RSMA
Managed
multi-hop
mesh
Device-
centric
mobility
34. Non-orthogonal RSMA for efficient IoT communications
Characterized by small data bursts in the uplink where signaling overhead is a key issue
34
Grant-free transmission of
small data exchanges
• Eliminates signaling overhead for
assigning dedicated resources
• Allows devices to transmit data
asynchronously
• Capable of supporting full
mobility
Increased battery life Scalability to massive # of things Better link budget
Downlink remains OFDM-based for
coexistence with other services
35. Support for multi-hop mesh with WAN management
Direct access
on licensed
spectrum
1 Greater range and efficiency when using licensed spectrum, e.g. protected reference signals . Network time synchronization improves peer-to-peer efficiency
Problem: uplink coverage Due to low power devices and challenging placements, in e.g. basement
Solution: managed uplink mesh Uplink data relayed via nearby devices—uplink mesh but direct downlink.
Mesh on unlicensed or partitioned
with uplink licensed spectrum1
35
36. Mission-critical control
Enabling new services with ultra-reliable, ultra-low latency communication links
36
High reliability
Extremely low loss rate
Ultra-low latency
Down to 1ms e2e latency
High resilience
Multiple links for failure tolerance and mobility
Energy / Smart grid
Aviation MedicalIndustrial automation
RoboticsAutonomous vehicles
37. Delivering mission-critical control services
Key 5G Unified Air Interface design elements
37
Time multiplexing
through puncturing other
service’s TTI
New link adaptation
paradigm for lower link
error rates
Latency-
bounded
link adaptation
Scalable TTI
and lower HARQ
RTT
Enables end-to-end
latency an order of
magnitude lower than LTE
Simultaneous,
redundant
links
Redundancy if primary
link is interrupted
Efficient
multiplexing with
other traffic
38. Efficient mission-critical multiplexing with other services
A more flexible design as compared to dedicated mission-critical resources (e.g. FDM)
38
Design such that other traffic can sustain
puncturing from mission-critical transmission
Mission-critical transmission
may occur at any time and cannot
wait for scheduling
Nominal traffic
(with new FEC & HARQ design)
Time
Frequency
One TTI
1st
transmission
2st
transmission
Opportunity for uplink RSMA non-orthogonal
access using OFDM waveforms
39. New 5G design allows for optimal trade-offs
E.g. leveraging wider bandwidths to offset mission-critical capacity reductions
Lower latency
reduces capacity…
…increased reliability
reduces capacity…
…but, wider bandwidth
can offset reductions
Mission-critical
capacity
Mission-critical
capacity
Mission-critical
capacity
Latency Latency Latency
e.g. 1e-4 BLER1
e.g. 1e-2 BLER
Example:
2X bandwidth for 3x capacity gain2
1 Low BLER Block Error Rate, required to achieve high-reliability with a hard delay bound 2 All data based on Qualcomm simulations with approximate graphs and linear scales. 3x gain when increasing from 10Mhz to 20Mhz for 1e-4 BLER. 39
40. Proposed 5G standardization for 2020 launch
40
R15 5G
work items
5G study items
4G evolution—LTE will evolve in parallel with 5G
R17+
5G evolution
5G
phase 2
R16 5G
work Items
First 5G
launch1
Note: Estimated commercial dates; 1 Forward compatibility with R16 and beyond
3GPP RAN workshop
41. In parallel: driving 4G and 5G to their fullest potential
Expanding and evolving LTE Advanced – setting the path to 5G
41
4G
LTE LTE Advanced LTE Advanced Pro
42. 5G Carrier
Aggregation
Wi-Fi
5G below 6GHz
5G above 6GHz
Simplifying 5G deployments with multi-connectivity
A phased 5G introduction that fully leverages 4G LTE and Wi-Fi investments
5G/4G/ 3G/ Wi-Fi
multimode deviceSmall cell Macro
4G LTE
5G below 6GHz
4G LTE, LTE Unlicensed & Wi-Fi
4G or 5G
below 6GHz 5G Macro
5G
Above 6GHz
4G Macro
Today: 4G LTE below 6 GHz with Dual Connectivity and LTE-Wi-Fi Link Aggregation
Phase 1 (R15): New 5G radio access below 6 GHz using LTE anchor for mobility management
Phase 2 (R16+): New multi-access 5G core network, new 5G radio access above 6 GHz
43. 5G: not just a new
generation, but a
new kind of network
Connecting
new industries and devices
Enabling
new services
Empowering
new user experiences
For more information: www.qualcomm.com/5G
44. 44
An essential innovator and accelerator of mobile and beyondTM
Machine learning
Computer vision
Always-on sensing
Immersive multimedia
Cognitive connectivity
Intuitive security
Heterogeneous computing
Next level of intelligence
Bringing cognitive
technologies to life
Devices and things that perceive,
reason, and act intuitively
Small cells and self organizing technology
LTE in unlicensed spectrum, MuLTEfire™
LTE Advanced carrier aggregation, dual connectivity
Advanced receivers and interference management
Spectrum innovations like LSA
Wi-Fi – 11ac, 11ad, MU-MIMO, OCE, 11ax
3G
More capacity
Working to solve the
1000x data challenge
Innovative small cells and
spectrum solutions
Creating the connectivity
fabric for everything
Intelligently connect everything/everyone,
empower new services, drive convergence
LTE-M (Machine-Type Communications), NB-IOT
LTE Direct device-to-device
LTE Broadcast
LTE – Wi-Fi Convergence
Wi-Fi – 11ah, 11ad, Wi-Fi Aware, Wi-Fi Direct, DSRC
Bluetooth Smart
OneWeb
5GA new connectivity paradigm
45. Questions? - Connect with Us
45
@Qualcomm_tech
http://www.slideshare.net/qualcommwirelessevolution
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www.qualcomm.com/wireless
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www.qualcomm.com/news/onq