4G technology in wireless communications and it's standards.
Prepared by : Ola Mashaqi ,, Suhad Malayshe
(A telecomm. Engineering Students)
Annajah National University
While 6G is as yet 10 years away, organizations that keep themselves up to date with what this next networking architecture has to bring to the table will have a decisive advantage over their competitors.
While 5G commercialization is still in its initial stage, it's never too soon to begin planning for 6G on the grounds that it regularly takes around 10 years from the beginning of exploration to commercialization of new generation of communications technology.
Most tech insiders trust 6G would need to hit two or three benchmarks first beginning with a hyper-quick information rate that beats 5G, with download paces of at any rate 1,000Gbps (multiple times the speed of 5G) and record-breaking all-time low latency, or “air latency” of under 100 μs, start to finish (E2E) inertness under 1 ms, and amazingly low delay jitter in order of microseconds.
Technology doesn't rest.
Despite the fact that the 5G Technology is still in the beginning of its arrangement, the tech world is now bantering around thoughts on what the next generation – 6G – might resemble.
This isn't startling on the grounds that the technology that goes into 5G's replacement will set aside some effort to create.
Tonex offers 6G Introduction, IMT-2030, a one-day course covering the planning inspiration and basic technology of 6G engineering, just like the new 6G terminology. Members are familiar with the comparison between 5G and 6G, and understand how 6G achieves its goals by understanding the functions of 6G.
Introduction to 6G Course by Tonex
IMT-2030 is an introduction to 6G, a one-day overview of 6G technology consistent with ITU-T IMT-2030. Learn about 6G wireless systems, use cases, applications, trends, technologies and protocols.
6G or IMT-2030 is the future of mobile networks promised by ITU-T network 2030. Tonex now offers training courses to help develop the next generation of 6G skills.
Who Should Attend
This one-day training course covers the design motivation and basic technology of 6G architecture, as well as new 6G vocabulary. You will also understand the difference between 5G and 6G, and understand how 6G will achieve its goals by observing how 6G works.
An advanced 6G technical overview for anyone involved in 6G product development, product management, analysis, planning, design and engineering.
Learning Objectives
Describe the 6G vision and business case Explain the key technologies and basic components of 6G networks
Draw end-to-end 6G network architecture, including new radio types, core networks and applications
Gradually complete the evolution from 5G to 6G
Course outline
Overview of 6G Wireless Networks
6G Vision, Architecture, and Key Technologies
Hologram Type Communications
Learn More
Introduction to 6G, Prepare Now Training
https://www.tonex.com/introduction-to-6g-prepare-now-training/
While 6G is as yet 10 years away, organizations that keep themselves up to date with what this next networking architecture has to bring to the table will have a decisive advantage over their competitors.
While 5G commercialization is still in its initial stage, it's never too soon to begin planning for 6G on the grounds that it regularly takes around 10 years from the beginning of exploration to commercialization of new generation of communications technology.
Most tech insiders trust 6G would need to hit two or three benchmarks first beginning with a hyper-quick information rate that beats 5G, with download paces of at any rate 1,000Gbps (multiple times the speed of 5G) and record-breaking all-time low latency, or “air latency” of under 100 μs, start to finish (E2E) inertness under 1 ms, and amazingly low delay jitter in order of microseconds.
Technology doesn't rest.
Despite the fact that the 5G Technology is still in the beginning of its arrangement, the tech world is now bantering around thoughts on what the next generation – 6G – might resemble.
This isn't startling on the grounds that the technology that goes into 5G's replacement will set aside some effort to create.
Tonex offers 6G Introduction, IMT-2030, a one-day course covering the planning inspiration and basic technology of 6G engineering, just like the new 6G terminology. Members are familiar with the comparison between 5G and 6G, and understand how 6G achieves its goals by understanding the functions of 6G.
Introduction to 6G Course by Tonex
IMT-2030 is an introduction to 6G, a one-day overview of 6G technology consistent with ITU-T IMT-2030. Learn about 6G wireless systems, use cases, applications, trends, technologies and protocols.
6G or IMT-2030 is the future of mobile networks promised by ITU-T network 2030. Tonex now offers training courses to help develop the next generation of 6G skills.
Who Should Attend
This one-day training course covers the design motivation and basic technology of 6G architecture, as well as new 6G vocabulary. You will also understand the difference between 5G and 6G, and understand how 6G will achieve its goals by observing how 6G works.
An advanced 6G technical overview for anyone involved in 6G product development, product management, analysis, planning, design and engineering.
Learning Objectives
Describe the 6G vision and business case Explain the key technologies and basic components of 6G networks
Draw end-to-end 6G network architecture, including new radio types, core networks and applications
Gradually complete the evolution from 5G to 6G
Course outline
Overview of 6G Wireless Networks
6G Vision, Architecture, and Key Technologies
Hologram Type Communications
Learn More
Introduction to 6G, Prepare Now Training
https://www.tonex.com/introduction-to-6g-prepare-now-training/
5G Technology - History of Wireless TechnologyArslanShabbir8
I created this presentation with different places. I Hope you like my work. Please rate my work if you like this. I will be very thankful to you for this. Arslan Shabbir,.
Get a better understanding of 5G in this "Introduction to 5G"presentation by Doug Hohulin, Nokia 4G/5G Mobile Technology, whose focus is the strategy and business development of AV, UAS, Smart City, IoT and 5G technologies. This was part of Doug's presentation at the 2017 Gigabit City Summit (GCS17)
An introductory training on 5G for newbies available on Udemy - http://bit.ly/udemy5G
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
it gives info about the 4g technology as well as the previous technologies with disadvantages and what are the reasons new technologies are developed. best viewed with animation in office 10 or above
5G Technology - History of Wireless TechnologyArslanShabbir8
I created this presentation with different places. I Hope you like my work. Please rate my work if you like this. I will be very thankful to you for this. Arslan Shabbir,.
Get a better understanding of 5G in this "Introduction to 5G"presentation by Doug Hohulin, Nokia 4G/5G Mobile Technology, whose focus is the strategy and business development of AV, UAS, Smart City, IoT and 5G technologies. This was part of Doug's presentation at the 2017 Gigabit City Summit (GCS17)
An introductory training on 5G for newbies available on Udemy - http://bit.ly/udemy5G
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
it gives info about the 4g technology as well as the previous technologies with disadvantages and what are the reasons new technologies are developed. best viewed with animation in office 10 or above
Treatment for diabetes with herbs and herbal supplementsroycv
Herbs and Herbal Supplement which are powerful enough to cure diabetes and its complications. Diabetic herbs which are prevalent since the prehistoric age and mentioned in the ayruvedic texts is effective in treating the ailment. These herbs are still used by many herbalists and ayurvedic physicians as their prime ingredient in their herbal supplements.
Unlike treatment using modern medicines like the pills prescribed by doctors this type of treatment is free of any side effects moreover it will helps in treating the associated ailments that the person with diabetic mellitus has to suffer.
The herbs and the herbal supplement, diamellitone is capable to generating natural insulin in the body there by curing the ailment within a couple of months.
Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid System: Seminar TopicKaran Prajapati
Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal hybrid system helps in optimizing the efficiency of solar pv panel by extracting the heat from the surface of PV module. So, we get electrical and thermal efficiency as product. Normally, water or air is used as working fluid. The seminar topic i.e. this presentation have literature reviews on four main research papers and respective major findings from them. I would recommend the viewers to download the presentation because there is resolution problem while viewing on this website.
The detailed report of this presentation can be seen at :- https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1435.3443
Hot Typography SMPS Pacific Regional ConferenceDavid Lecours
While most of us were not formally trained as graphic designers, we are increasingly asked to design professional proposals, ads, flyers, and presentations. This Society for Marketing Professional Services, Pacific Regional Conference session is for those who want to raise the heat on their graphic design skills. The molten core of great graphic design is typography. Type must look great in print and on screens. David Lecours is a professional graphic designer who taught Typography at UCLA. He share how to choose the right fonts, setting type to better create persuasive proposals, and slide design for sizzling presentation interviews.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements. The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is the upgre path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported.
LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series, for LTE Advanced. The requirements were originally set forth by the ITU-R organization in the IMT Advanced specification. However, due to marketing pressures and the significant advancements that WiMAX, Evolved High Speed Packet Access and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU later decided that LTE together with the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced.[4] To differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them as "True 4G".
Evolution from 1G to 4G, First Generation (1G), Second generation (2G), Third generation (3G), Comparison Between 3G and 4G, Features of 4G, General 4G services and Application, Future Development, Advantages, Disadvantages, Evolution of mobile communication in Bangladesh
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
2. Contents
What is the 4G
4G Architecture
Features & Advantages of 4G
Applications of 4G
3G Vs. 4G
Technologies used in 4G
4G standards(LTE .. WiMAX)
4G Disadvantages
3. What is the 4G ?
It is 4th generation wireless technology.
It will provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice,
data and multimedia can be given to user on “any time ,
anywhere” basis.
It includes several types of broadband wireless
communication system access including cellular
telephone system.
It will provide seamless mobility and internet access at a
rate of 100 Mbps.
4. What is the 4G ?
The aim is to achieve ultra broad band speed to be
counted in gigabits per seconds
ITU designed the 4G in 2002 with the official name 3g
long term evolution or 3.9 G
4G is adoption of packet switching instead of circuit
switching in voice and video calls
With packet switching resources are only used when
there is information to be sent across 4G uses spiral
multiplexing
5. 4G Architecture
• WLAN, WMAN, WWAN, and cellular wireless networks will be
integrated over IP based networks in the coming 4G system
6. Features & Advantages of 4G
• Support for multimedia services like teleconferencing and
wireless internet.
• Wider bandwidths and higher bit rates.
• Entirely packet-switched network.
• Global mobility and service portability.
• Support for previous wireless technologies.
• High internet speed.
• Tight network security.
• Better response time. 10 times better than 3G
• Less time to build 4G because it uses the same tower and
fiber cable as 3G- they only have to upgrade the tower with
4G
• Provide high flexibility as compared to already existing
technologies .
7. Applications of 4G
public safety.
Sensors in public vehicle.
Cameras in traffic light .
Traffic control during disasters.
Multimedia – video services
9. 4G data rate facts
Transmission at 20Mbps to 100Mbps, suitable for
high resolution movies and television
2000 times faster than mobile data rates
10 times faster than top transmission rates
planned in final build out 3G broadband mobile
10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services
10. Technologies used in 4G
o OFDM
o LTE(Long-Term Evolution), A-LTE(Advance)
o Smart Antennas and Multiple-input and multiple-
output (MIMO)
o IPv6 (Internet protocol version 6)
o VoIP (Voice Over IP)
o Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB)
o Millimeter Wireless
o QOS(quality of service)
o SDR(Software Defined Ratio)
11. OFDM
• Transmission technique
based on FDM
• In FDM
– Multiple signals are sent
out at the same time, but
on different frequencies
• In OFDMA
– A single transmitter
transmits on many
different orthogonal
(independent) frequencies
(typically dozens to
thousands)
– Frequencies closely
spaced
– Each only has room for
narrowband signal
12. OFDM
• It captures entire energy because of capability to absorb high no. of
OFDM signal subcarriers. In OFDM, as long as guard interval is long
enough, And Multipath self-interference does not affect OFDM, only a
few tones are affected or lost in OFDM while compared to CDMA in 3G.
Implementation of equalization, interference cancellation, and adaptive
antenna array algorithms is simpler in OFDM.
• The access schemes different between the uplink and downlink, OFDMA
used in the downlink; while SC-FDMA(Single Carrier - Frequency Division
Multiple Access) is used in the uplink.
13. OFDM
Advantage of OFDM
• High spectrum efficiency
• Resistance against
multipath interference
• Ease of filtering out noise
• Combining OFDM
technique with other
techniques (possible to
achieve more advantages
e.g. MC-CDMA)
Disadvantage of OFDM
• Suffers from time-variations in
the channel : severely degrades
performance
• Circuitry must be very linear
14. IPV6
• In the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in
order to support a large number of wireless-enabled
devices.
• By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6
removes the need for Network Address Translation
(NAT).
• IPv6 also enables a number of applications with
better multicast, security, and route optimization
capabilities.
• Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the
handoff Mobile latency and the number of lost
packets.
15. MIMO
• To improve the communication
performance between sender and
receiver, the multiple antennas are
used at both transmitter and
receiver end. The signal transmitted
by m antennas and signal received
by n antennas and the processing
of the received signal may produce
significant performance
improvement such as range, quality
of received signal and spectrum
efficiency.
Two main types of : (MIMO)
Transmit Diversity (also
called Altamonte)
Spatial Multiplexing
16. Smart Antennas
• Transmitting & receiving antennas
• Resolve problem of diminishing spectrum availability
• Doesn’t require increase power or additional
frequency
• Fix number of beams that can be selected to follow
devices as it moves about
• Advantages:
– Increased capacity
– Increased range
– Less power use for transmission
– Reductions in handoff rate
– New services
– Increase security
17. Smart Antennas
There are two types of smart antennas-
switched beam antenna:- It has fixed beams of transmission, and switch
from predefined beam to another when the user with the phone moves
throughout the sector.
Adaptive array antenna :- It represents the most advanced smart antenna
approach to data using a variety of new signal It represent the most
advanced smart antenna approach to date using a variety of new signal
processing algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize interference,
and maximize intended signal reception.
18. Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB)
An advanced transmission hardware technology that
can be used in the implementation of a 4G network.
It is typically detected as noise.
It can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which
means that it can use frequencies that are currently in
use by other radio frequency devices .
It uses a frequency of 3.1 to 10.6 Hz.
It uses less power , since it transmits pulse instead of
continuous signal.
Special antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal
20. LTE
• LTE is a standard for wireless data communications
technology and an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standard.
• The main goals of LTE is to
increase the capacity and data rates of wireless data networks.
improve spectrum efficiency.
improve coverage.
reduced latency and packet-optimized system that support
multiple Radio Access.
Low operating cost.
• It can used in 3G and also used LTE-A in 4G
21. LTE Features
• Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s
depending on the user equipment category (with 4x4 antennas using
20 MHz of spectrum). Five different terminal classes have been defined
from a voice centric class up to a high end terminal that supports the peak
data rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
• Improved support for mobility, exemplified by support for terminals
moving at up to 350 km/h (220 mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on
the frequency band.
• OFDMA for the downlink, SC-OFDMA for the uplink to conserve power
• Support for both FDD and TDD communication systems as well as half-
duplex FDD with the same radio access technology
• Support for all Frequency band currently used by IMT systems by ITU-R
• Supports at least 200 active data clients in every 5 MHz cell.
• Packet switch radio interface.
22. LTE Features
• Support for cell sizes from tens of meters radius (Femto and Pico cell)
up to 100 km (62 miles) radius Macro cells. In the lower frequency
bands to be used in rural areas, 5 km (3.1 miles) is the optimal cell
size, 30 km (19 miles) having reasonable performance, and up to
100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance. In city and
urban areas, higher frequency bands (such as 2.6 GHz in EU) are used
to support high speed mobile broadband. In this case, cell sizes may be
1 km (0.62 miles) or even less.
• Support for MBSFN (Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network).
This feature can deliver services such as Mobile TV using the LTE
infrastructure.
• Supply Bandwidths from 1.25-20 MHz
• Subcarriers spacing 15kHz.
• Bit rate up to 100Mbps, and by using MIMO the speed should reach
350Mbps
23. Architecture of LTE
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
Node B eNodeB
RNC functions moved to eNodeB.
• No central radio controller node
• OFDM radio, no soft handover
• Operator demand to simplify
Mobility Management EntityMME(not user plane
functions)
Control plane/user plane split for better
scalability
• MME control plane only
• Typically centralized and pooled
PGW
SGW
PDN GateWay
Serving GateWay
PGW/SGW
• Deployed according to traffic demand
• Only 2 user plane nodes (non-roaming
case)
• Gateway GPRS support node; responsible
for the interworking between the GPRS
network and external packet switched
networks, like the
• Internet
25. WiMAX
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access – should be
capable of around 40 megabits per second with a range of 30 miles.
• It is one of the closest technologies to meet the standards of true 4G
and as it develop should surpass the 100MB/second which is the 4G
standard.
• Mobile WiMAX allows the use of high speed data transfers
and is the main competition for the 4G LTE services provided
by cellular carriers.
• Application of wimax :
o WiMAX Backhaul.
o Nomadic Broadband
o Broadband for Developing Countries
o Private Networks
27. Disadvantages of 4G
• New frequencies means new components in cell
towers.
• Higher data prices for consumers
• Consumer is forced to buy a new device to support
the 4G
• It is impossible to make your current equipment
compatible with the 4G network
• 4G is only currently available in certain cities within
the United States.