Operators have no reason to be concerned about the future of LTE in a 5G world – its upcoming releases (Rel-14 and Rel-15) are intended to deliver on the most important 5G requirements. They will include enhancements to user data rates and system capacity with FD-MIMO, improved support for unlicensed operations, and latency reduction in both control and user planes. LTE will also be modified to address new use cases such as massive machine type communication, critical communications and intelligent transport systems. Both LTE Rel-14 (scheduled for completion in March 2017) and the strong ambitions for LTE Rel-15 indicate that a smooth transition from LTE to 5G through 5G plug-ins is the best course of action.
We are now introducing the industry’s first 5G NR-capable radio, called Ericsson AIR 6468. It features 64 transmit and 64 receive antennas enabling it to support our 5G plug-ins for both Massive MIMO and Multi-User MIMO. The high-performance beamforming, required for Massive MIMO, is enabled through the use of a split Cloud RAN architecture, which brings the required intelligence and scalability to this new radio. And, the AIR 6268 is designed for compatibility with the 5G NR standard while also supporting 4G/LTE.
Mobile Trends And Transformation - Arun BansalEricsson
Mobile Trends And Transformation presentation from MWC 2015 media group briefing
Arun Bansal SVP and Head of Business Unit Radio, Ericsson
Mobile World Congress in Barcelona 2015
Ericsson Technology Review: Microwave backhaul evolution – reaching beyond 10...Ericsson
No matter how efficiently we use it, existing spectrum will not be sufficient to meet future requirements on network performance. Both radio access and backhaul will need more spectrum in the mid to long term. In light of this, work has started on the use of frequencies beyond 100GHz, enabled largely by advances in high-frequency semiconductor technology. When the large-scale deployment of beyond 100GHz solutions occurs – in the period 2025 to 2030 – our research suggests that the W and D bands will be able to support capacities in the 5 to 100Gbps range, over distances up to a few kilometers.
Ericsson Technology Review: Bolstering the last mile with Multipath TCPEricsson
Access aggregation is a viable option for service providers to boost bandwidth across the last mile in areas where it is too costly to increase the capacity of legacy access. Multipath TCP is ideal for access aggregation in the last mile as it is able to boost bandwidth significantly while simultaneously increasing reliability and ensuring seamless connectivity. Multipath TCP proxies are carrier-grade and optimized for high traffic throughput. They allow service providers to use Multipath TCP for access aggregation without the need for end devices and internet servers to be aware of it, and make it possible to implement traffic-steering policies for the use of available access networks in the most cost-effective and efficient way.
Introducing our 5G Platform for the first movers in 5G, the first completely end-to-end solution that combines core and radio solutions in 5G to enable new opportunities and use cases
We are now introducing the industry’s first 5G NR-capable radio, called Ericsson AIR 6468. It features 64 transmit and 64 receive antennas enabling it to support our 5G plug-ins for both Massive MIMO and Multi-User MIMO. The high-performance beamforming, required for Massive MIMO, is enabled through the use of a split Cloud RAN architecture, which brings the required intelligence and scalability to this new radio. And, the AIR 6268 is designed for compatibility with the 5G NR standard while also supporting 4G/LTE.
Mobile Trends And Transformation - Arun BansalEricsson
Mobile Trends And Transformation presentation from MWC 2015 media group briefing
Arun Bansal SVP and Head of Business Unit Radio, Ericsson
Mobile World Congress in Barcelona 2015
Ericsson Technology Review: Microwave backhaul evolution – reaching beyond 10...Ericsson
No matter how efficiently we use it, existing spectrum will not be sufficient to meet future requirements on network performance. Both radio access and backhaul will need more spectrum in the mid to long term. In light of this, work has started on the use of frequencies beyond 100GHz, enabled largely by advances in high-frequency semiconductor technology. When the large-scale deployment of beyond 100GHz solutions occurs – in the period 2025 to 2030 – our research suggests that the W and D bands will be able to support capacities in the 5 to 100Gbps range, over distances up to a few kilometers.
Ericsson Technology Review: Bolstering the last mile with Multipath TCPEricsson
Access aggregation is a viable option for service providers to boost bandwidth across the last mile in areas where it is too costly to increase the capacity of legacy access. Multipath TCP is ideal for access aggregation in the last mile as it is able to boost bandwidth significantly while simultaneously increasing reliability and ensuring seamless connectivity. Multipath TCP proxies are carrier-grade and optimized for high traffic throughput. They allow service providers to use Multipath TCP for access aggregation without the need for end devices and internet servers to be aware of it, and make it possible to implement traffic-steering policies for the use of available access networks in the most cost-effective and efficient way.
Introducing our 5G Platform for the first movers in 5G, the first completely end-to-end solution that combines core and radio solutions in 5G to enable new opportunities and use cases
Reducing RAN infrastructure resources by leveraging 5G RAN Transport Technolo...Michael Gronovius
This presentation describes the 5G transport requirements and discusses how to prepare today's mobile transport network for 5G in the most cost efficient way.
With 5G use cases placing more demanding requirements on the networks, Ericsson is strengthening its end-to-end mobile transport solutions by building on its radio expertise and adding best-in-class transport technologies from Juniper Networks and ECI Telecom.
The Ericsson Microwave outlook is an ongoing report series on the state of the microwave business. In the report, Ericsson predicts several major developments by 2021 and beyond, including the increasing use of E-band fueled by the dominating low spectrum fee approach.
Billions of connected devices and things. Billions of people. 5G will provide connectivity for all of these things and people as well as businesses and industry, bringing benefit to society. Operating machinery in hazardous environments from a remote control will be enabled through near-zero latency communication links that enable real-time video. Billions of video-enabled devices will be able to share bandwidth-hungry content. These are just a few applications that illustrate what 5G will be designed for.
Ericsson Technology Review, issue #2, 2016Ericsson
The latest issue of Ericsson Technology Review covers a wide range of topics including narrowband Internet of Things, the next-generation central office, telco-grade platform as a service, 4G/5G RAN architecture, and cloud robotics enabled by 5G. The feature story – Five trends shaping innovation in ICT – presents what I consider to be the major technology trends that will stimulate innovation in the coming year. Do you agree with me? I’d love to hear from you with any feedback you might have.
If I were to suggest one takeaway from all of the articles included in this issue, I would say it is speed. Device processing is getting faster, data speeds are constantly increasing and radio speeds are approaching those of fiber. More people are becoming subscribers, more things are becoming connected and more applications are running constantly. Developers of new technologies are working hard to enhance responsiveness by reducing latency, a key performance parameter. The capability to determine which functions can be virtualized to maximize ideal placement in the network and ensure low latency is one of the primary driving factors behind the proposed split of radio-access architecture discussed in this issue.
As always, I hope you find our stories relevant and inspiring.
The 5G is the latest technology which would ultimately revolutionize the era of Big Data and Internet of Things
(IoT). The telecom sector will boom and would create a great opportunity for the new businesses.
Airfast 3 RF Power Transistors Advance Cellular Infrastructure for Smart CitiesNXPSemiconductors
At European Microwave Week, NXP announced Airfast third generation LDMOS RF power transistors. Click through and explore how NXP is addressing the explosive growth of mobile traffic with our industry leading RF power transistor performance.
Learn networking? 5G Technology,Learn c language Important topics ( Easy & Logical, & smart way of learning)
Learn more at blog : --
https://solutionbyexpert.blogspot.com/2020/08/become-expert-secret-of-success-ii.html
#coding
#coding development skill program
#java
This presentation gives an insight into 5G wireless technology. Kindly use this presentation for reference purpose only. Please cite me if you use this somewhere. Don't forget to give it a like or comment if you found it interesting.
Ericsson Technology Review: Simplifying the 5G ecosystem by reducing architec...Ericsson
One critical aspect of a successful 5G deployment is the mobile network operator’s ability to support user equipment, radio network, core network and management products that are manufactured by a multitude of device and network equipment vendors. The multiple connectivity options in 3GPP architecture for 5G have created several possible deployment alternatives.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article argues that there is a significant risk of ecosystem fragmentation if too many different connectivity options are deployed. After considering all the options, the authors conclude that a deployment approach based on options 3 and 2 will reduce network upgrade cost and time, simplify interoperability between networks and devices, and enable a faster scaling of the 5G ecosystem.
5G will give consumers higher smartphones speeds and fiber-like wireless connections to the home, and it will unlock exciting new IoT use case from immersive augmented reality to remote haptic-enabled surgery to connected cars and smarter cities. 5G will impact the entire mobile network and associated ecosystem, from devices to radio access to the mobile core and into the cloud. Ericsson 5G Plug-Ins are designed for the radio access network and leverage the technology innovations enabled by the award-winning Ericsson 5G Radio Test Bed and Ericsson 5G Radio Prototypes already deployed and in operator 5G field trials worldwide.
Learn more: http://www.ericsson.com/spotlight/networks/secure-app-coverage/5g-plug-ins
All components of the 5G platform is in place, we are making our system truly end-to-end with the new products we are introducing. With two new 5G Radios, AIR 6488 and AIR 5121 that, together with the AIR 6468, launched 2016, give us a complete portfolio of 5G radios for Massive MIMO with new mid-band and high-band versions.
Microwave backhaul plays an important role in providing a good user experience and overall network performance. The backhaul capacity needed per base station differs substantially, depending on target data rates and population density.
Microwave backhaul technology is able to handle 100 percent of all radio access sites’ capacity needs. This is true for today as well as in 2020, when it will evolve to support multi-gigabit capacities in traditional frequency bands and beyond 10 gigabits in the millimeter wave.
Lorenzo Mucchi 5g #digit19 Pin Prato 14 -15 marzoMarco Renzi
presentazione dell'intervento sul 5g del professor Lorenzo Mucchi dell'Università di Firenze al panel di #digit19 dal titolo La rivoluzione digitale della Quinta Generazione
With the components already introduced to the market, we are making the platform truly end-to-end by launching;
- The market’s first complete 5G radio system
- The first version of an E2E Core network capable of 5G use cases based on network slices
- A 5G core network which can now be connected to 5G NR radio
This enables already today some 5G use cases, for telecom operators to capture growth opportunities for 5G & Internet of Things services for Consumers & Enterprises.
Ericsson Technology Review: Sustaining legitimacy and trust in a data-driven ...Ericsson
The success of the data-driven society lies in our ability to maintain high levels of trust in digital services. Ericsson Technology Review brings guest author Dr. Stefan Larsson from Lund University Internet Institute to lay out the “soft values” that underpin the digital economy, and explain the importance of addressing normative and ethical considerations when managing human-centric data.
Reducing RAN infrastructure resources by leveraging 5G RAN Transport Technolo...Michael Gronovius
This presentation describes the 5G transport requirements and discusses how to prepare today's mobile transport network for 5G in the most cost efficient way.
With 5G use cases placing more demanding requirements on the networks, Ericsson is strengthening its end-to-end mobile transport solutions by building on its radio expertise and adding best-in-class transport technologies from Juniper Networks and ECI Telecom.
The Ericsson Microwave outlook is an ongoing report series on the state of the microwave business. In the report, Ericsson predicts several major developments by 2021 and beyond, including the increasing use of E-band fueled by the dominating low spectrum fee approach.
Billions of connected devices and things. Billions of people. 5G will provide connectivity for all of these things and people as well as businesses and industry, bringing benefit to society. Operating machinery in hazardous environments from a remote control will be enabled through near-zero latency communication links that enable real-time video. Billions of video-enabled devices will be able to share bandwidth-hungry content. These are just a few applications that illustrate what 5G will be designed for.
Ericsson Technology Review, issue #2, 2016Ericsson
The latest issue of Ericsson Technology Review covers a wide range of topics including narrowband Internet of Things, the next-generation central office, telco-grade platform as a service, 4G/5G RAN architecture, and cloud robotics enabled by 5G. The feature story – Five trends shaping innovation in ICT – presents what I consider to be the major technology trends that will stimulate innovation in the coming year. Do you agree with me? I’d love to hear from you with any feedback you might have.
If I were to suggest one takeaway from all of the articles included in this issue, I would say it is speed. Device processing is getting faster, data speeds are constantly increasing and radio speeds are approaching those of fiber. More people are becoming subscribers, more things are becoming connected and more applications are running constantly. Developers of new technologies are working hard to enhance responsiveness by reducing latency, a key performance parameter. The capability to determine which functions can be virtualized to maximize ideal placement in the network and ensure low latency is one of the primary driving factors behind the proposed split of radio-access architecture discussed in this issue.
As always, I hope you find our stories relevant and inspiring.
The 5G is the latest technology which would ultimately revolutionize the era of Big Data and Internet of Things
(IoT). The telecom sector will boom and would create a great opportunity for the new businesses.
Airfast 3 RF Power Transistors Advance Cellular Infrastructure for Smart CitiesNXPSemiconductors
At European Microwave Week, NXP announced Airfast third generation LDMOS RF power transistors. Click through and explore how NXP is addressing the explosive growth of mobile traffic with our industry leading RF power transistor performance.
Learn networking? 5G Technology,Learn c language Important topics ( Easy & Logical, & smart way of learning)
Learn more at blog : --
https://solutionbyexpert.blogspot.com/2020/08/become-expert-secret-of-success-ii.html
#coding
#coding development skill program
#java
This presentation gives an insight into 5G wireless technology. Kindly use this presentation for reference purpose only. Please cite me if you use this somewhere. Don't forget to give it a like or comment if you found it interesting.
Ericsson Technology Review: Simplifying the 5G ecosystem by reducing architec...Ericsson
One critical aspect of a successful 5G deployment is the mobile network operator’s ability to support user equipment, radio network, core network and management products that are manufactured by a multitude of device and network equipment vendors. The multiple connectivity options in 3GPP architecture for 5G have created several possible deployment alternatives.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article argues that there is a significant risk of ecosystem fragmentation if too many different connectivity options are deployed. After considering all the options, the authors conclude that a deployment approach based on options 3 and 2 will reduce network upgrade cost and time, simplify interoperability between networks and devices, and enable a faster scaling of the 5G ecosystem.
5G will give consumers higher smartphones speeds and fiber-like wireless connections to the home, and it will unlock exciting new IoT use case from immersive augmented reality to remote haptic-enabled surgery to connected cars and smarter cities. 5G will impact the entire mobile network and associated ecosystem, from devices to radio access to the mobile core and into the cloud. Ericsson 5G Plug-Ins are designed for the radio access network and leverage the technology innovations enabled by the award-winning Ericsson 5G Radio Test Bed and Ericsson 5G Radio Prototypes already deployed and in operator 5G field trials worldwide.
Learn more: http://www.ericsson.com/spotlight/networks/secure-app-coverage/5g-plug-ins
All components of the 5G platform is in place, we are making our system truly end-to-end with the new products we are introducing. With two new 5G Radios, AIR 6488 and AIR 5121 that, together with the AIR 6468, launched 2016, give us a complete portfolio of 5G radios for Massive MIMO with new mid-band and high-band versions.
Microwave backhaul plays an important role in providing a good user experience and overall network performance. The backhaul capacity needed per base station differs substantially, depending on target data rates and population density.
Microwave backhaul technology is able to handle 100 percent of all radio access sites’ capacity needs. This is true for today as well as in 2020, when it will evolve to support multi-gigabit capacities in traditional frequency bands and beyond 10 gigabits in the millimeter wave.
Lorenzo Mucchi 5g #digit19 Pin Prato 14 -15 marzoMarco Renzi
presentazione dell'intervento sul 5g del professor Lorenzo Mucchi dell'Università di Firenze al panel di #digit19 dal titolo La rivoluzione digitale della Quinta Generazione
With the components already introduced to the market, we are making the platform truly end-to-end by launching;
- The market’s first complete 5G radio system
- The first version of an E2E Core network capable of 5G use cases based on network slices
- A 5G core network which can now be connected to 5G NR radio
This enables already today some 5G use cases, for telecom operators to capture growth opportunities for 5G & Internet of Things services for Consumers & Enterprises.
Ericsson Technology Review: Sustaining legitimacy and trust in a data-driven ...Ericsson
The success of the data-driven society lies in our ability to maintain high levels of trust in digital services. Ericsson Technology Review brings guest author Dr. Stefan Larsson from Lund University Internet Institute to lay out the “soft values” that underpin the digital economy, and explain the importance of addressing normative and ethical considerations when managing human-centric data.
With the Ericsson 5G Core System we have built an architecture that is highly flexible, modular, and scalable. It supports a much higher degree of programmability and is ready to exist in a cloud-based environment. We help you to quickly react to new challenges and capture any business opportunity that arise.
ConsumerLab: The Self-Driving Future - PresentationEricsson
Autonomous cars are soon becoming reality but how are drivers reacting to this development? See some of the latest insights from Ericsson ConsumerLab in this presentation.
White Paper: IoT Security – Protecting the Networked SocietyEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding rapidly, and is expected to comprise 18 billion connected devices by 2022. But the assumptions of trust which formed the backdrop to the early development of the internet no longer apply in the early stages of IoT development. Privacy and security concerns are ever increasing, especially given the growing significance of IoT in corporate, government, and critical infrastructure contexts. Likewise, the commodification of IoT components incorporated across diverse product ranges and deployed in both managed and unmanaged use cases brings significant security challenges and creates potential for novel types of attack. The proactive cooperation of all key stakeholders will be necessary to realize the considerable economic benefits of the IoT, while protecting security, safety, and privacy.
With these new technical innovations and services we can help operators provide mobile broadband to the 50% of the world's population who are currently without internet connection, in a sustainable and cost efficient way.
To learn more about the opportunities that 5G will create, Ericsson commissioned a detailed survey of more than 650
decision-makers from eight key industries. Here, we have gathered five glimpses into their 5G future.
Mobile World Congress 2017 - Ericsson NFVi solutionEricsson
Ericsson NFVi solution is a pre-integrated and verified platform, based on open source, that reduce risk and shorten time-to-market for new services deployment. Ericsson provides cloud transformation services, ranging from consulting and systems integration to managed services for a successful cloud adoption. Ericsson NFVi solution consists of NFV Orchestrator (Cloud Manager), Virtual Infrastructure Management (Cloud Execution Environment), SDN controller (Cloud SDN) and NFV Hardware (BSP 8000 or Hyperscale Datacenter System 8000).
Today’s citizens have high expectations of authorities and public safety agencies, and where these expectations are not being met they are increasingly using the internet and smartphones for their own personal safety. A new Ericsson ConsumerLab report has investigated smartphone users’ views on public safety in five cities.
https://www.ericsson.com/consumerlab
In 2015, there were 3.6 billion mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide, corresponding to a penetration rate of less than 50% of world population. We expect mobile broadband subscriptions to more than double from now to 2021, adding 4.1 billion new connections worldwide, which of course represent a great potential for mobile operators.
Ericsson delivers extreme app coverage for operators and end users alike by delivering Gigabit LTE and Elastic RAN, and new radio and microwave products within the Ericsson Radio System to meet the ever-growing needs and opportunities of the Networked Society.
Serve the next wave is an Ericsson solution which supports operators to build cost efficient networks to the 50 % of the world’s population who still lack internet connection.
The new 5G unified air interface is being designed to not only vastly enhance mobile broadband performance and efficiency, but also scale to connect the massive Internet of Things and enable new types of services such as mission critical control that require ultra-low latency and new levels of reliability and security. The new design will unify diverse spectrum types and bands, scale from macro deployments to local hotspots and efficiently multiplex the envisioned 5G services across an extreme variation of requirements.
For more information on 5G technologies, use cases and timelines, please visit us at www.qualcomm.com/5G.
Accelerating our 5G future: a first look at 3GPP Rel-17 and beyondQualcomm Research
In December 2019, the scope of 3GPP Release 17 was decided in the Plenary meeting in Spain. This presentation outlines the details of this 3rd release of 5G standards.
http://www.ericsson.com
Each decade since mobile communication was introduced in the 1980s, has brought with it a new generation of systems and technologies. The next evolution, 5G radio access, is set for commercialization around 2020, and will deliver 5G services in an environment that is shaping up to be a significant challenge.
NB-IoT: a sustainable technology for connecting billions of devicesEricsson
Under the umbrella of 3GPP, radio-access technologies for mobile broadband have evolved effectively to provide connectivity to billions of subscribers and things. Within this ecosystem, the standardization of a radio technology for massive MTC applications – narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) – is also evolving. The aim is for this technology to provide cost-effective connectivity to billions of IoT devices, supporting low power consumption, the use of low-cost devices, and provision of excellent coverage – all rolled out as software on top of existing LTE infrastructure. The design of NB-IoT mimics that of LTE, facilitating radio network evolution and efficient coexistence with MBB, reducing time to market, and reaping the benefits of standardization and economies of scale.
The IoT embeds a broad range of MTC applications, and among the different types, massive MTC – including applications like smart metering, agriculture and real estate monitoring – sets a number of performance targets for connectivity. Attempting to meet these IoT targets using a radio-access technology designed for mobile broadband, however, doesn't make economic sense. Networks that provide connectivity to massive MTC applications need a radio-access technology that can deliver widespread coverage and low power consumption, often in signal-challenged locations. Hence the need for narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT).
NB-IoT is a 3GPP radio-access technology designed to meet the connectivity requirements for massive MTC applications, as well as the design targets for IoT including low device cost, extended coverage, 40 devices per household, long battery life, and uplink latency of under 10 seconds.
NB-IoT enjoys all the benefits of licensed spectrum, the feature richness of EPC, and the overall ecosystem spread of 3GPP. At the same time, NB-IoT has been designed to meet the challenging TCO structure of the IoT market.
This articles reveals how NB-IoT is being designed and how it can be deployed in GSM spectrum, within an LTE carrier, or in an LTE or WCDMA guard band.
NB-IoT: a sustainable technology for connecting billions of devicesSitha Sok
NB-IoT: a sustainable technology for connecting billions of devices.
The aim is for this technology to provide cost-effective connectivity to billions of IoT devices, supporting low power consumption, the use of low-cost devices, and provision of excellent coverage – all rolled out as software on top of existing LTE infrastructure.
Setting off the 5G Advanced evolution with 3GPP Release 18Qualcomm Research
In December 2021, 3GPP has reached a consensus on the scope of 5G NR Release 18. This is a significant milestone marking the beginning of 5G Advanced — the second wave of wireless innovations that will fulfill the 5G vision. Release 18 will build on the solid foundation set by Releases 15, 16, and 17, and it sets the longer-term evolution direction of 5G and beyond. This release will encompass a wide range of new and enhancement projects, ranging from improved MIMO and application of AI/ML-enabled air interface to extended reality optimizations and broader IoT support.
Ericsson Technology Review: Designing for the future: the 5G NR physical layerEricsson
More than a simple evolution of today’s 4G (LTE) networks, 5G will also include a new, globally standardized radio access technology known as New Radio (NR). 5G NR is well suited to meet the complex and sometimes contradictory requirements within the areas of enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. All the 5G NR physical layer technology components are flexible, ultra-lean and forward compatible.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ericsson Technology Review: Versatile Video Coding explained – the future of ...Ericsson
Continuous innovation in 5G networks is creating new opportunities for video-enabled services for both consumers and industries, particularly in areas such as the Internet of Things and the automotive sector. These new services are expected to rely on continued video evolution toward 8K resolutions and beyond, and on new strict requirements such as low end-to-end latency for video delivery.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explores recent developments in video compression technology and introduces Versatile Video Coding (VVC) – a significant improvement on existing video codecs that we think deserves to be widely deployed in the market. VVC has the potential both to enhance the user experience for existing video services and offer an appropriate performance level for new media services over 5G networks.
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND DIGITAL REALITIES
The key role that connectivity plays in our personal and professional lives has never been more obvious than it is today. Thankfully, despite the sudden, dramatic changes in our behavior earlier this year, networks all around the world have proven to be highly resilient. At Ericsson, we’re committed to ensuring that the network platform continues to improve its ability to meet the full range of societal needs as well as supporting enterprises to stay competitive in the long term. We know that greater agility and speed will be essential.
This issue of our magazine includes several articles that explain Ericsson’s approach to future network development, including my annual technology trends article. The seven trends on this year’s list serve as a critical cornerstone in the development of a common Ericsson vision of what future networks will provide, and what sort of technology evolution will be required to get there.
ERIK EKUDDEN
Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer and Head of Group Function Technology
Ericsson Technology Review: Integrated access and backhaul – a new type of wi...Ericsson
Today millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is valued mainly because it can be used to achieve high speeds and capacities when combined with spectrum assets below 6GHz. But it can provide other benefits as well. For example, mmWave spectrum makes it possible to use a promising new wireless backhaul solution for 5G New Radio – integrated access and backhaul (IAB) – to densify networks with multi-band radio sites at street level.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the IAB concept at a high level, presenting its architecture and key characteristics, as well as examining its advantages and disadvantages compared with other backhaul technologies. It concludes with a presentation of the promising results of several simulations that tested IAB as a backhaul option for street sites in both urban and suburban areas.
Ericsson Technology Review: Critical IoT connectivity: Ideal for time-critica...Ericsson
Critical Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity is an emerging concept in IoT development that enables more efficient and innovative services across a wide range of industries by reliably meeting time-critical communication needs. Mobile network operators (MNOs) are in the perfect position to enable these types of time-critical services due to their ability to leverage advanced 5G networks in a systematic and cost-effective way.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the benefits of Critical IoT connectivity in areas such as industrial control, mobility automation, remote control and real-time media. It also provides an overview of key network technologies and architectures. It concludes with several case studies based on two deployment scenarios – wide area and local area – that illustrate how well suited 5G spectrum assets are for Critical IoT use cases.
5G New Radio has already evolved in important ways since the 3GPP standardized Release 15 in late 2018. The significant enhancements in Releases 16 and 17 are certain to play a critical role in expanding both the availability and the applicability of 5G NR in both industry and public services in the near future.
This Ericsson Technology Review article summarizes the most notable new developments in releases 16 and 17, grouped into two categories: enhancements to existing features and features that address new verticals and deployment scenarios. This analysis and our insights about the future beyond Release 17 is an important component of our work to help mobile network operators and other stakeholders better understand and plan for the many new 5G NR opportunities that are on the horizon.
Ericsson Technology Review: The future of cloud computing: Highly distributed...Ericsson
The growing interest in cloud computing scenarios that incorporate both distributed computing capabilities and heterogeneous hardware presents a significant opportunity for network operators. With a vast distributed system (the telco network) already in place, the telecom industry has a significant advantage in the transition toward distributed cloud computing.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the future of cloud computing from the perspective of network operators, examining how they can best manage the complexity of future cloud deployments and overcome the technical challenges. Redefining cloud to expose and optimize the use of heterogeneous resources is not straightforward, but we are confident that our use cases and proof points validate our approach and will gain traction both in the telecommunications community and beyond.
Ericsson Technology Review: Optimizing UICC modules for IoT applicationsEricsson
Commonly referred to as SIM cards, the universal integrated circuit cards (UICCs) used in all cellular devices today are in fact complex and powerful minicomputers capable of much more than most Internet of Things (IoT) applications require. Until a simpler and less costly alternative becomes available, action must be taken to ensure that the relatively high price of UICC modules does not hamper IoT growth.
This Ericsson Technology Review article presents two mid-term approaches. The first is to make use of techniques that reduce the complexity of using UICCs in IoT applications, while the second is to use the UICCs’ excess capacity for additional value generation. Those who wish to exploit the potential of the UICCs to better support IoT applications have the opportunity to use them as cryptographic storage, to run higher-layer protocol stacks and/or as supervisory entities, for example.
Mobile data traffic volumes are expected to increase by a factor of four by 2025, and 45 percent of that traffic will be carried by 5G networks. To deliver on customer expectations in this rapidly changing environment, communication service providers must overcome challenges in three key areas: building sufficient capacity, resolving operational inefficiencies through automation and artificial intelligence, and improving service differentiation. This issue of ETR magazine provides insights about how to tackle all three.
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G BSS: Evolving BSS to fit the 5G economyEricsson
The 5G network evolution has opened up an abundance of new business opportunities for communication service providers (CSPs) in verticals such as industrial automation, security, health care and automotive. In order to successfully capitalize on them, CSPs must have business support systems (BSS) that are evolved to manage complex value chains and support new business models. Optimized information models and a high degree of automation are required to handle huge numbers of devices through open interfaces.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains how 5G-evolved BSS can help CSPs transform themselves from traditional network developers to service enablers for 5G and the Internet of Things, and ultimately to service creators with the ability to collaborate beyond telecoms and establish lucrative digital value systems.
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G migration strategy from EPS to 5G systemEricsson
For many operators, the introduction of the 5G System (5GS) to provide wide-area services in existing Evolved Packet System (EPS) deployments is a necessary step toward creating a full-service, future-proof 5GS in the longer term. The creation of a combined 4G-5G network requires careful planning and a holistic strategy, as the introduction of 5GS has significant impacts across all network domains, including the RAN, packet core, user data and policies, and services, as well as affecting devices and backend systems.
This Ericsson Technology Review article provides an overview of all the aspects that operators need to consider when putting together a robust EPS-to-5GS migration strategy and provides guidance about how they can adapt the transition to address their particular needs per domain.
Ericsson Technology Review: Creating the next-generation edge-cloud ecosystemEricsson
The surge in data volume that will come from the massive number of devices enabled by 5G has made edge computing more important than ever before. Beyond its abilities to reduce network traffic and improve user experience, edge computing will also play a critical role in enabling use cases for ultra-reliable low-latency communication in industrial manufacturing and a variety of other sectors.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the topic of how to deliver distributed edge computing solutions that can host different kinds of platforms and applications and provide a high level of flexibility for application developers. Rather than building a new application ecosystem and platform, we strongly recommend reusing industrialized and proven capabilities, utilizing the momentum created with Cloud Native Computing Foundation, and ensuring backward compatibility.
The rise of the innovation platform
Society and industry are transforming at an unprecedented rate. At the same time, the network platform is emerging as an innovation platform with the potential to offer all the connectivity, processing, storage and security needed by current and future applications. In my 2019 trends article, featured in this issue of Ericsson Technology Review, I share my view of the future network platform in relation to six key technology trends.
This issue of the magazine also addresses critical topics such as trust enablement, the extension of computing resources all the way to the edge of the mobile network, the growing impact of the cloud in the telco domain, overcoming latency and battery consumption challenges, and the need for end-to-end connectivity. I hope it provides you with valuable insights about how to overcome the challenges ahead and take full advantage of new opportunities.
Ericsson Technology Review: Spotlight on the Internet of ThingsEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a fundamental cornerstone in the digitalization of both industry and society as a whole. It represents a huge opportunity not only in economic terms, but also from a global challenges perspective – making it easier for governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to address pressing food, energy, water and climate related issues.
5G and the IoT are closely intertwined. One of the biggest innovations within 5G is support for the IoT in all its forms, both by addressing mission criticality as well as making it possible to connect low-cost, long-battery-life sensors.
With this in mind, we decided to create a special issue of Ericsson Technology Review solely focused on IoT opportunities and challenges. I hope it provides you with valuable insights about the IoT-related opportunities available to your organization, along with ideas about how we can overcome the challenges ahead.
Ericsson Technology Review: Driving transformation in the automotive and road...Ericsson
A variety of automotive and transport services that require cellular connectivity are already in commercial operation today, and many more are yet to come. Among other things, these services will improve road safety and traffic efficiency, saving lives and helping to reduce the emissions that contribute to climate change. At Ericsson, we believe that the best way to address the growing connectivity needs of this industry sector is through a common network solution, as opposed to taking a single-segment silo approach.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explains how the ongoing rollout of 5G provides a cost-efficient and feature-rich foundation for a horizontal multiservice network that can meet the connectivity needs of the automotive and transport ecosystem. It also outlines the key challenges and presents potential solutions.
This presentation explains the importance of SD-WAN technology as part of the Enterprise digital transformation strategy. It goes over the first wave of SD-WAN in a single vendor deployment, with Do-it-yourself (DIY) as the preferred model. Then continues with the importance of orchestration in the second wave of SD-WAN deployments in a multi-vendor ecosystem, turning to SD-WAN Managed Services as the preferred model. It ends up with some examples of use cases and the Verizon customer case. More information on Ericsson Dynamic orchestration - http://m.eric.sn/6rsZ30psKLu
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G-TSN integration meets networking requirements ...Ericsson
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is becoming the standard Ethernet-based technology for converged networks of Industry 4.0. Understanding the importance and relevance of TSN features, as well as the capabilities that allow 5G to achieve wireless deterministic and time-sensitive communication, is essential to industrial automation in the future.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explains how TSN is an enabler of Industry 4.0, and that together with 5G URLLC capabilities, the two key technologies can be combined and integrated to provide deterministic connectivity end to end. It also discusses TSN standards and the value of the TSN toolbox for next generation industrial automation networks.
Ericsson Technology Review: Meeting 5G latency requirements with inactive stateEricsson
Low latency communication and minimal battery consumption are key requirements of many 5G and IoT use cases, including smart transport and critical control of remote devices. Thanks to Ericsson’s 4G/5G research activities and lessons learned from legacy networks, we have identified solutions that address both of these requirements by reducing the amount of signaling required during state transitions, and shared our discoveries with the 3GPP.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the why and how behind the new Radio Resource Control (RRC) state model in the standalone version of the 5G New Radio standard, which features a new, Ericsson-developed state called inactive. On top of overcoming latency and battery consumption challenges, the new state also increases overall system capacity by decreasing the processing effort in the network.
Ericsson Technology Review: Cloud-native application design in the telecom do...Ericsson
Cloud-native application design is set to become standard practice in the telecom industry in the near future due to the major efficiency gains it can provide, particularly in terms of speeding up software upgrades and releases. At Ericsson, we have been actively exploring the potential of cloud-native computing in the telecom industry since we joined the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) a few years ago.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the opportunities that CNCF technology has enabled, as well as unveiling key aspects of our application development framework, which is designed to help navigate the transition to a cloud-native approach. It also discusses the challenges that the large-scale reuse of open-source technology can raise, along with key strategies for how to mitigate them.
Ericsson Technology Review: Service exposure: a critical capability in a 5G w...Ericsson
To meet the requirements of use cases in areas such as the Internet of Things, AR/VR, Industry 4.0 and the automotive sector, operators need to be able to provide computing resources across the whole telco domain – all the way to the edge of the mobile network. Service exposure and APIs will play a key role in creating solutions that are both effective and cost efficient.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explores recent advances in the service exposure area that have resulted from the move toward 5G and the adoption of cloud-native principles, as well as the combination of Service-based Architecture, microservices and container technologies. It includes examples that illustrate how service exposure can be deployed in a multitude of locations, each with a different set of requirements that drive modularity and configurability needs.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Ericsson Technology Review: Evolving LTE to fit the 5G future
1. 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE ✱
JANUARY 31, 2017 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 1
ERICSSON
TECHNOLOGY
5G wireless access
Gradual migration
Tight interworking
LTE Evolution
Existing spectrum
1GHz 3GHz 10GHz 30GHz 100GHz
New spectrum
NR
No compatibility constraints
1GHz 3GHz 10GHz 30GHz 100GHz
C H A R T I N G T H E F U T U R E O F I N N O V A T I O N | # 1 ∙ 2 0 1 7
EVOLVINGLTE
TOFITTHE5GFUTURE
2. ✱ 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE
2 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JANUARY 31, 2017
OUMER TEYEB,
GUSTAV WIKSTRÖM,
MAGNUS STATTIN,
THOMAS CHENG,
SEBASTIAN FAXÉR,
HIEU DO
With 5G research progressing at a rapid pace, the standardization
process has started in 3GPP. As the most prevalent mobile broadband
communication technology worldwide, LTE constitutes an essential piece
of the 5G puzzle. As such, its upcoming releases (Rel-14 and Rel-15) are
intended to meet as many 5G requirements as possible and address the
relevant use cases expected in the 5G era.
Since its first commercial deployment by
TeliaSonera in December 2009 [1], LTE has
become one of the most successful mobile
communication technologies worldwide.
Currently, there are 537 commercial LTE
networks deployed in 170 countries with
1.7 billion subscribers – a number that is
expected to rise to a staggering 4.6 billion
by 2022 [2].
■Inthesevenyearsthathavepassedsincethe
launchofLTE,majoradvanceshavebeenmade
intermsofbothperformanceandversatility.
Forexample,LTERel-8introduceda20MHz
bandwidthwithpeakdownlink(DL)dataratesof
300Mbpsanduplink(UL)dataratesof75Mbps
[3].MinorexpansionsweremadeforRel-9,such
asmulticast/broadcastservices,location-based
servicesandduallayerbeamforming.LTERel-
10,alsoknownasLTE-Advanced,introduced
severalnewfeaturessuchascarrieraggregation
(CA)toprovideupto100MHzbandwidthas
EvolvingLTE
TO FIT THE
5Gfuture
3. 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE ✱
JANUARY 31, 2017 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 3
wellasenhancedsupportformulti-antennas,
heterogeneousdeploymentsandrelaying[4].
Thesefeaturesenabledpeakdataratesinexcessof
1GbpsinDLand500MbpsinUL.
Rel-11andRel-12includedenhancementssuch
asthesupportofmachinetypecommunications
(MTC),dualconnectivity(DC),LTE-WLANradio
interworking,andnationalsecurityandpublic
safety(NSPS)servicesincludingdirectdevice-to-
device(D2D)communication[5].Furtheradvances
weremadeinRel-13,includingspectralefficiency
enhancementsviaFullDimensionmultiple-input,
multiple-output(FD-MIMO),supportforutilizing
unlicensedspectrumviaLicensedAssistedAccess
(LAA)andLTE-WLANaggregation,extended
supportforMTCthroughNarrowbandInternet
ofThings(NB-IoT)andenhancedMTC(eMTC),
enhancedCA(upto32carriers),indoorpositioning
enhancements,andsingle-cell-point-to-multipoint
(SC-PTM)forbroadcast/multicastservices[6].
SinceOctober2015,3GPPhasusedtheterm
LTE-AdvancedProforRel-13andonwards,
signifyingthatLTEhasreachedamaturitylevel
thatnotonlyaddressesenhancedfunctionality/
efficiencybutalsothesupportofnewusecases.
Why5G?
Globalmobiledatatrafficisexpectedtogrowata
compoundannualrateof45percentinthecoming
years,whichrepresentsatenfoldincreasebetween
2016and2022[2].Thisincreaseisdrivenlargelyby
themassiveadoptionofmobilevideostreaming.
Ontopofthat,theIoTisshiftingfromvisionto
reality,andofthe29billionconnecteddevicesitis
expectedtoincludeby2022,18billionwillbeIoT
(ormachine-to-machine)devices[2].Future5G
networkswillneedtosupportthesechallenging
newusecasesinacostandenergyefficientmanner.
LTE HAS REACHED
A MATURITY LEVEL
THAT NOT ONLY
ADDRESSES ENHANCED
FUNCTIONALITY/EFFICIENCY
BUT ALSO THE SUPPORT OF
NEW USE CASES
Abbreviations
AS – access stratum | BS – base station | CA – carrier aggregation | CN – core network | CP – control plane |
CSI – channel state information | CSI-RS – CSI reference signal | D2D – device-to-device | DC – dual connectivity |
DL – downlink | DoNAS – data over non-access stratum | DSRC – dedicated short range communications |
eMBB – enhanced mobile broadband | eMTC – enhanced MTC | eNB – evolved node B | FD-MIMO – Full Dimension
MIMO | HARQ – hybrid automatic repeat request | IoT – Internet of Things | ITS – intelligent transportation system
| ITU – International Telecommunication Union | LAA – Licensed Assisted Access | MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast/
Multicast Service | MCL – maximum coupling loss | MIMO – multiple-input, multiple-output | mMTC – massive
machine type communications | mm-wave – millimeter wave | MTC – machine type communications |
MU-MIMO – multi-user MIMO | NAS – non-access stratum | NB-IoT – Narrowband Internet of Things |
NR – New Radio | PCell – primary cell | RRC – Radio Resource Control | RS – reference signal | RTT – round-trip
time | SCell – secondary cell | SL – sidelink | SR – scheduling request | TTI – transmission time interval |
UL – uplink | UP – user plane | URLLC – ultra-reliable low latency communications | V2I – vehicle-to-infrastructure |
V2N – vehicle-to-network | V2P – vehicle-to-pedestrian | V2V – vehicle-to-vehicle | V2X – vehicle-to-everything |
3GPP – 3rd generation partnership project
4. ✱ 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE
4 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JANUARY 31, 2017
Althoughtherequirementsfor5Gcapabilitiesare
stillbeingfinalizedbothintheITU[7]and3GPP
[8],thereisapreliminaryagreementregardingthe
threemainusecasesthetechnologymustsupport.
AsillustratedinFigure1,theyare:enhanced
mobilebroadband(eMBB),ultra-reliablelow
latencycommunications(URLLC)andmassive
machinetypecommunications(mMTC).eMBB
referstotheextendedsupportofconventional
MBBthroughimprovedpeak/average/cell-edge
datarates,capacityandcoverage.URLLCisa
requirementforemergingcriticalapplicationssuch
asindustrialinternet,smartgrids,infrastructure
protection,remotesurgeryandintelligent
transportationsystems(ITSs).Lastbutcertainly
notleast,mMTCisnecessarytosupportthe
envisioned5GIoTscenariowithtensofbillionsof
connecteddevicesandsensors.
Therearetwotracksthatmakeupthe5Gradio
accessroadmapin3GPP,asillustratedinFigure 2.
OneisbasedontheevolutionofLTEandtheother
onNewRadio(NR)access.IntheLTE-5Gtrack,
enhancementswillcontinuetoenableittosupport
asmany5Grequirementsandusecasesaspossible.
UnliketheLTE-5Gtrack,theNR-5Gtrackis
freefrombackwardcompatibilityrequirements
andtherebyabletointroducemorefundamental
changes,suchastargetingspectrumathigh
(mm-wave)frequencies.However,NRisbeing
designedinascalablemannersoitcouldeventually
bemigratedtofrequenciesthatarecurrently
servedbyLTE.
WhiletheprospectsfortheNR-5Gtrackare
exciting,theoperatorsthathavealreadymade
significantinvestmentsinLTEdonotneedtobe
concerned–atransitionfromLTEto5Gthrough
5Gplug-insisthemostlogicalcourseofaction.
BoththeexpectationsforLTERel-14[9]–whichis
scheduledforcompletioninMarch2017–andthe
strongambitionsforLTERel-15indicatethatthe
developmentplansfortheLTE-5Gtrackaresolid.
TheprocessofmakingLTE5G-readyinvolves
avarietyofenhancementsandnewfeaturesin
Rel-14andRel-15.Themostsignificantonesare
enhancementstouserdataratesandsystem
capacitywithFD-MIMO,improvedsupportfor
unlicensedoperations,andlatencyreduction
inbothcontrolanduserplanes(UPs).The
enhancementsinRel-14andRel-15alsoaim
toprovidebettersupportforusecasessuchas
massiveMTC,criticalcommunicationsandITS.
Userdatarateandsystemcapacity
enhancements
FD-MIMOandunlicensedoperationsarethetwo
mainfeaturesintheupcomingreleasesofLTEthat
areintendedtobringaboutimproveduserdata
ratesandsystemcapacitythatmeet5Gstandards.
FD-MIMO
TheMIMOenhancementin3GPPmakesit
possibletodynamicallyadapttransmissionboth
verticallyandhorizontallybyutilizingasteerable
two-dimensionalantennaarray.Theconcept
ofFD-MIMOinfutureLTEreleasesbuildson
thechannelstateinformation(CSI)feedback
mechanismsintroducedinLTERel-13,inwhich
precodingmatrixcodebookssupporttwo-
dimensionalportlayoutswithupto16antenna
ports.Non-precodedCSIreferencesignals(CSI-
RSs)aretransmittedfromeachantennaand
broadcastinthecell,andtheprecoderisderived
bytheterminal.LTERel-13alsointroduced
anotherCSIfeedbacktypewithterminal-specific,
beamformedCSI-RS,inthesamefashionas
physicaldownlinksharedchannel(PDSCH).In
THE PROCESS OF
MAKING LTE 5G-READY
INVOLVES A VARIETY OF
ENHANCEMENTS AND
NEW FEATURES IN REL-14
AND REL-15
5. 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE ✱
JANUARY 31, 2017 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 5
Figure 2
5G radio access
roadmap
Figure 1
The three main 5G use
cases and examples of
associated applications
Video
Smart office
ITS
Connected
city/home
Smart
logistics
Smart
grid
Factory
automation
URLLC mMTC
eMBB
Smart
sensors
Remote
operation
5G wireless access
Gradual migration
Tight interworking
LTE Evolution
Existing spectrum
1GHz 3GHz 10GHz 30GHz 100GHz
New spectrum
NR
No compatibility constraints
1GHz 3GHz 10GHz 30GHz 100GHz
6. ✱ 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE
6 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JANUARY 31, 2017
thiscase,thebeamformingdirectionforeach
terminalisdecidedbythebasestationratherthan
beingderivedfromterminalfeedback.
Toenhancebothnon-precodedand
beamformedCSI-RSoperation,Rel-14will
introduceseveralnewfeatures,includinghybrid
non-precoded/beamformedCSImodewith
optimizedfeedback;aperiodictriggeringofCSI-
RSmeasurements;supportforupto32antenna
ports;spatiallyrich,advancedCSIfeedback;anda
semi-open-looptransmissionscheme.
Hybridnon-precodedandbeamformedCSI
modewithoptimizedfeedbackwillmakeit
possibletointermittentlytransmitaninitial,
non-precodedCSI-RS.Theterminalscanthen
respondwithadesireddirectionforasecond,more
frequent,beamformedCSI-RS.
AperiodictriggeringofCSI-RSmeasurements
facilitatesCSI-RSresourcepooling,enabling
theefficientuseofmeasurementresourcesand
thereductionofCSI-RSoverhead.Asaresult,
moreterminalsinthecellwillhaveaccessto
beamformedCSI-RSoperation.
Supportfor32antennaportsmakesitpossible
tousefeedback-basedoperationwithmassive
antennasetups,whichincreasesthegainsfrom
multi-userMIMO(MU-MIMO).
Spatiallyrich,advancedCSIfeedbackwill
includeinformationaboutmultiplechannel
propagationpaths,sothatinterferencebetween
co-scheduledterminalscanbeavoidedor
suppressed.Performanceisthencomparableto
reciprocity-basedmassiveMU-MIMOsystems.
Thesemiopen-looptransmissionscheme
combinesfull-dimensionbeamformingand
transmitdiversity,targetinghigh-speedterminals
whereabeamdirectionisknownbutshort-term
CSIchangestooquickly.
Theanticipatedimprovementinsystemcapacity
anduserthroughputwithRel-14FD-MIMOis
illustratedinFigure3–a3GPP3Durbanmicro
scenariofeaturing8x4dualpolarizedarrayand
non-full-buffertraffic.Performanceonthecelledge
increasesroughly2.5timeswithadvancedCSI
feedbackandsupportfor32antennaports.
LTEoperationsinunlicensedspectrum
Toaddresseverincreasingtrafficdemands,many
networkoperatorsareconsideringcomplementary
useofunlicensedspectrum.LAAwasintroduced
inLTERel-13forDLoperation,anditisbeing
enhancedinRel-14tosupportUL.LAAusesCA
tocombinealicensedbandprimarycell(PCell)
withunlicensedbandsecondarycells(SCells).The
SCellsusuallyhaverestrictedtransmissionpower,
however,whichresultsincoverageareasthatare
smallerthanthosethatPCellsareabletoprovide.
Inthisarrangement,aPCellprovidesreliable
coverageforcontrolmessagesandhigh-priority
traffic,whiletheSCellsprovidealargeamount
ofspectrumandhighdatarateswhenavailable.
Figure4showshowLAAoffersacombinationof
themainbenefitsprovidedbybothlicensedand
unlicensedspectrum.
Severalsolutionshavebeenincorporated
into3GPPtoachievecoexistencewithother
technologies–suchasWLAN–thatoperatein
thesamebandasLAA.Theseincludedynamic
carriermeasurement/selection,Listen-Before-
Talkprotocol,anddiscontinuoustransmission
withlimitedmaximumduration.Smartand
adaptivetrafficmanagementbetweenlicensed
andunlicensedcarriers–andbetweenunlicensed
carriers–couldalsofurtherenhancecoexistence.
Figure5showsthenetworkcapacityinanLAA
outdoorcoexistencescenariowhereeachof
SEVERAL SOLUTIONS
HAVE BEEN INCORPORATED
INTO 3GPP TO ACHIEVE
COEXISTENCE WITH OTHER
TECHNOLOGIES – SUCH AS
WLAN – THAT OPERATE IN
THE SAME BAND AS LAA
7. 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE ✱
JANUARY 31, 2017 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 7
Capacity
Data rate
QoS
Reliability
Mobility support
LAA unlicensed
LTE macro
performance
LTE small cells
Improved performance
Licensed spectrum Unlicensed spectrum
Relativegain[%]
Rel-14 32 ports Rel-14 32 ports + advanced CSIRel-14 16 ports + advanced CSI
Cell edge throughput gain [%]
Capacity gain [%]
Mean user throughput gain [%]
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
16
56
28
36
119
47
42
135
52
20
0
Figure 4
Illustration of LAA
Figure 3
Performance of Rel-14
FD-MIMO over a 16 port
Rel-13 baseline (without
advanced CSI) at high
system load
8. ✱ 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE
8 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JANUARY 31, 2017
twooperatorsdeployfourLAAorfourWLAN
nodesperhotspot[10].TheLAAcellssupport
substantiallyhigheroffloadingcapacityonthe
same20MHzchannelcomparedwiththeWLAN
nodes.ThisisbecausetherobustLAAphysical
layerdesignallowsreliableandefficientfrequency
reuse.Infact,themoreefficientLAAnetwork
leavesmorecapacityfortheco-channelWLAN.
FurtherLAAenhancementsareexpectedin
LTERel-15,mostnotablyULcontrolinformation
transmissionandrandomaccesschannelsupport
ontheunlicensedbandSCells.Thiswouldmake
itpossibletooffloadmoretrafficfromthelicensed
bandPCellsandallowforfurtherdeploymentas
wellasenablingusecasessuchasfiberconnected
remoteradioheads.
AnotherpotentialenhancementinLTERel-15
isdualconnectivitybetweenlicensedbandmain
evolvednodeB(eNB)andunlicensedbandsecondary
eNB.Thiswouldfurtherbroadendeployment
possibilitiesbyallowingaggregationbetween
networknodesthatarenotconnectedvialow-latency
backhaul.Finally,Rel-15mayenablemoredeployment
optionsandscenarios,suchasstandaloneandmMTC
operationsinunlicensedspectrum.
Latencyreduction
AnotherimportantaspectofLTEenhancement
istheimplementationoflatencyreduction
techniquesfortheuserandcontrolplanes(UPs
andCPs).Latencyreductionnotonlycontributes
todatarateenhancementsbutalsoenablesnewuse
casessuchascriticalcommunicationandITS.
Userplanelatencyreduction
ImplementingfastULaccessisthefirststep
towardreducingUPlatency.AsspecifiedinRel-
14,fastULaccessmakesitpossibletoconfigure
aterminalwithanuplinkgrantavailableineach
millisecond,tobeusedonlywhenthereisuplink
datatotransmit.Usingthecurrentscheduling
request(SR)basedaccess,theterminalmust
transmitarequest,waitforagrant,andthenwait
tousethegrant.AcomparisonoffastULaccess
withSRaccessisillustratedintheaandbtracks
ofFigure6.Thepre-configuredgrantinfastUL
accessminimizesthewaitingtime,whichreduces
theaverageradioaccessdelayforuplinkdataby
morethanhalf.
Theotherlatencyreductionstepconsists
oftwoenhancementsthatarebothtargeted
forspecificationinRel-15.Thefirstisreduced
processingtime:makingtheterminalrespond
todownlinkdataanduplinkgrantsinthree
millisecondsinsteadoffour.Thesecondisthe
introductionofshortertransmissiontimeintervals
(TTIs):speedingupthewholechainofwaitingfor
atransmitopportunity,schedulingandpreparing
foratransmission,transmittingthedata,and
ultimatelyprocessingthereceiveddataand
sendingfeedback.
WithashortTTI,asillustratedinthectrack
ofFigure6,transmissionscanbemadewitha
shorterduration(aslittleasone-seventhofthe
lengthofanormalLTETTI).Eachoftheseshort
transmissionscanbescheduledseparatelywitha
newDLin-bandcontrolchannel,withfeedback
sentinanewULcontrolchannel.Thescheduling
andfeedbackaresentinadjacentsubframesforthe
shortesttransmissiontime,resultinginatotalradio
accessone-waytransmissiondelayofabout0.5ms,
includingdataprocessingtime.
Figure7illustratesthegainsinround-triptime
(RTT)madebyemployingshortTTIandfastUL
access.Fromsimulations,improvementshavealso
beenobservedinthethroughputforFileTransfer
LATENCY REDUCTION
NOT ONLY CONTRIBUTES TO
DATA RATE ENHANCEMENTS
BUT ALSO ENABLES NEW
USE CASES SUCH AS
CRITICAL COMMUNICATION
AND ITS
9. 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE ✱
JANUARY 31, 2017 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 9
Fast UL grant
Fast UL grant
UL grant
inactiveinactiveinactive
active
active active
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Delay
Delay
Delay
UL data UL data UL data
SR
a) SR based access b) Fast UL access c) Short TTI + Fast UL access
Figure 5
LAA-WLAN outdoor
coexistence (40MHz
shared carriers, both
networks operating at
5GHz)
Figure 6
SR access (a), fast UL
access (b), and short TTI
in conjunction with fast
UL access (c)
Networkcapacity[%]
Two Wi-Fi networks LAA and Wi-Fi networks
Wi-Fi
network 1
Wi-Fi
network 2
Wi-Fi
network 2
LAA
network 2
160
180
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10. ✱ 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE
10 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JANUARY 31, 2017
Protocol(FTP)downloadbyupto70percent:
aneffectcausedbyafasterTCPbitrateramp-up
thankstotheshorterRTTofdataandresponse.
Signalingreduction
LTEstatetransitionsinvolvesignificantsignaling:
goingfromRRC_IDLEtoRRC_CONNECTED
comprises9transmissionsovertheairinterface.
Twooptionsforsignalingreductionwere
introducedinRel-13:RRCconnectionsuspend/
resumeforusewithUPbaseddatatransferover
dataradiobearers(DRBs)anddataovernon-
accessstratum(DoNAS)forCP-baseddata
transferoverthesignalingradiobearer(SRB).
Thesuspend/resumefeatureallowsthedata
connectiontobesuspendedtemporarilyandthe
contexttobestoredintheRANandcorenetwork
(CN)duringRRC_IDLE.Atthenexttransitionto
RRC_CONNECTED,theconnectionisresumed
withthestoredcontext,significantlyreducing
thesignalingtofourorfivetransmissions.The
DoNASfeatureachievesasimilarreductionof
signalingbyomittingaccessstratum(AS)security
andbytransferringdataovertheCPinsteadof
establishingtraditionalUPradiobearers.
Toaccommodatetheeverincreasingnumber
ofdevices,smalland/orinfrequentdatavolumes
andstricterdelayrequirements,Rel-14andRel-
15aimforfurtherreductionofsignalingbetween
terminalsandnetworknodes(RANandCN).
InRel-14,thesuspend/resumefeatureisbeing
improvedbyreducingthesignalingbetween
thebasestation(BS)andtheCN.InRel-13,the
BS-CNconnectionwasreleasedtogetherwith
theairinterfaceconnection.InRel-14,theBS-CN
connectioncanbekeptwhentheBS-terminal
connectionissuspended.TheRANtakesover
theresponsibilityofpagingtheterminaluponthe
arrivalofDLdata,forexample.
Twoadditionalcontrolplanelatencyreduction
Ping round-trip latency (ms)
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
<4 5 10 15 20 25 30
LTE Rel-14/15 LTE Rel-13
ShortTTI+FastUL
ShortTTI
FastUL
SRperiodicity1ms
SRperiodicity5msSR
periodicity10m
s
Figure 7 Impact of short TTI and fast UL access on RTT
11. 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE ✱
JANUARY 31, 2017 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 11
LTE MTC
(Cat-M1)
NB-IoT
Bandwidth
1.4MHz
200kHz
164dB 300/375kbps1)
0.8/1Mbps2)
Connected and
idle mode
mobility
Idle mode
mobility
21/63kbps
1) Half duplex, 2) Full duplex
10+ years
10+ years164dB+
Coverage
(MCL)
Battery life Throughput
(DL/UL)
Mobility
Figure 8 NB-IoT and LTE MTC key performance indicators (Rel-13)
improvementsareexpectedinRel-14orRel-15.
Thefirstisanenhancementthatwouldenable
earlierdatatransmissionbymakingitpossibleto
multiplexUPradiobearerdatawithconnection
resumesignaling.Thesecondisknownasrelease
assistanceindication,whichwouldallowthe
terminaltoindicatethatithasnomoreULdata
andthatitdoesnotanticipateDLdata,thereby
enablingearlytransitiontoRRC_IDLE.
Newusecasesfor5G
AnumberofimprovementsinLTERel-14and
Rel-15aredesignedtoprovideimprovedsupport
forusecasessuchasmassiveMTC,critical
communicationsandITS.
Massivemachinetypecommunications
LTEMTCandNB-IoTweredevelopedto
addressmMTCusecases[11].Theyoffer
similarimprovementswithregardtocoverage
enhancement,batterylife,signalingefficiencyand
scalability,butaddressslightlydifferentdemands
intermsofflexibilityandperformance.Asshownin
Figure8,LTEMTCismorecapableofsupporting
higherdataratesandbothintra-RATandinter-
RATconnectedmodemobility.Withthenew
LTEMTCCategoryM1(Cat-M1)andNB-IoT,
whichwerespecifiedin3GPPRel-13,itis
anticipatedthatmodemcostcanbedrastically
reducedcomparedwithRel-8Cat-1devices.
Costwillvarydependingonfeatures,options
andimplementation.Modemcostreductionsare
expectedtobeintheorderof75-80percentfor
Cat-M1[12]andevenmoreforNB-IoTwithits
furtherreducedfeatureset.
LTERel-14aimstofurtherenhanceLTE
MTCandNB-IoTbyimprovingperformance
andaddressingmoreusecases.Higherdata
ratesandefficiencywillbeachievedinRel-14by
allowinglargerchunksofdatatobecarriedineach
12. ✱ 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE
12 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JANUARY 31, 2017
transmissionandincreasingthenumberofhybrid
automaticrepeatrequest(HARQ)processesto
enableparalleloutstandingtransmissionswhile
waitingforfeedback.Largerchannelbandwidth
forLTEMTC(upto5MHz)enhancessupport
forvoiceandaudiostreamingaswellasother
applicationsandscenarios.NB-IoTenhancements
forrandomaccessandpagingincreasethe
versatilityofnon-anchorcarriers.
Rel-14willfurtherenablepositioning
applications(inwhichknowledgeofdevice
locationiscritical)bysupportingenhanced
referencesignalsthattakeintoaccountthesmaller
NB-IoT/LTEMTCbandwidth.Enhancements
toconnectedmodemobilitywillimproveservice
continuity.Multicasttransmissionwillmakethe
deliveryofthesamecontenttomultipledevices
moreefficient,optimizingusecasessuchas
firmwareupgradesandsynchronouscontrolof
thingslikestreetlights,forexample.Supportforthe
lowerNB-IoTpowerclassof14dBmwillenablethe
useofsmallerbatteriesandsupportdeviceswitha
smallformfactor.
VoicecoverageforLTEMTCwillbeimproved
inRel-14byincreasingVoLTEcoverageforhalf-
duplexFDD/TDDthroughtechniquesthat
reduceDLrepetitions,newrepetitionfactors,and
adjustedschedulingdelays.MTCdevicesanduse
caseswillalsobenefitfromthesignalingreduction
enhancementsinLTERel-14.
mMTCusecaseswillalsobenefitfromafew
otherenhancementsinLTERel-15,including:
〉〉 latencyimprovementsresultingfromthemultiplexingof
userdatawithconnectionresumesignaling
〉〉 efficiencyimprovementsresultingfromenhancedaccess/
loadcontrolinidleandconnectedmodes
〉〉 batterylifeimprovementsresultingfromrelaxedDL
monitoringrequirementsinidlemode
〉〉 improvedsupportforadditionalusecasessuchas
wearables.
Criticalcommunication
Usecasessuchaspowergridsurveillance,safety-
criticalremotecontrol,andcriticalmanufacturing
operationsrequirebothlowlatencyandhigh
reliabilityabovethecurrentHARQlevel(see
Figure9).InorderforLTEtomeetthese5G
requirements,thereisanaimfortwoimprovements
tobemadeforRel-15:reliableshortTTIoperation
andreliable1msoperation.
BybuildingontheshortTTIandfastUL
features,thepacketerrorratecanbereduced
toa10-5levelthroughacombinationofrobust
codingofcontrolanddatamessages,diversity,and
automaticrepetitionswithoutfeedback.Sincethe
processingiskeptonashorttimescale,theentire
chainoftransmissionscanbedeliveredwithin1ms
withthecombinedreliabilityofmultipletrials.(The
targetissmallcells,suchasfactoriesandoffices.)
Inaddition,wide-areacoveragewithrelaxed
latencybutextremereliabilitycanalsobetargeted
byautomaticrepetitionsofrobustlycoded1ms
transmissionswithenhancedfeedback.
Intelligenttransportationsystems
TheuseofICTtoenablesaferandmore
efficient transportation systems is known as ITS.
3GPP has been developing a solution for vehicle-
to-everything (V2X) communications for Rel-14,
addressing the connection between vehicles
(vehicle-to-vehicle or V2V), vehicle-to-network
(V2N), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and
vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), as illustrated
in Figure 10.
LTE-basedITSbenefitsfromthecoverageof
theexistingnetworksandthecentralizedsecurity.
However,newITSusecasesaredemandingin
termsoflatencyandsystemcapacity.Therefore,the
directD2Dinterface,knownassidelink(SL),and
theLTEcellularairinterfacearebeingenhancedin
Rel-14tosupporttheserequirements.
Forexample,increasedpilotsymboldensity
willmakeitpossibletooptimizetheSLfor
quicklychangingpropagationconditionsand
severefrequencyshiftsatthereceiverduetohigh
relativespeed(upto500km/h)andhighercarrier
frequency(upto6GHz).
Improvedradioresourcemanagementis
anotherimportantenhancementtosupportITS
13. 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE ✱
JANUARY 31, 2017 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 13
V2P over optimized LTE
cellular interfaceV2N over LTE cellular with
enhanced multicast
V2V/V2P/V2I over enhanced LTE sidelink interface
1s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
100ms
10ms
1ms
Reliability (error rate 10–x
)
5G URLLC requirements
LTE Rel-13
Latency
Figure 10
Illustration of different
ITS scenarios and
interfaces
Figure 9
Critical communication
use cases and
requirements
14. ✱ 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE
14 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JANUARY 31, 2017
applications.Thisisbasedonasensing-based
resourceselectionprotocol,whereeachdevice
autonomouslylearnshowotherdevicesusethe
radioresourcesandpredictstheirfuturebehavior,
takingadvantageofthequasi-periodicnatureof
theITSmessages.
Rel-14supportstheusageofgeographical
locationinformationtoenablecentralizedresource
allocationintheeNBortoautonomouslyselecta
resourcewithinaconfiguredradioresourcepool.
ItalsosupportsMultimediaBroadcast/Multicast
Service(MBMS)protocolsthatareoptimizedfor
lowlatencyandcoverage,andefficientdeliveryof
V2Xmessages.Finally,theexpectedenhancements
willprovidefairandefficientcoexistencewith
non-3GPPITStechnologiessuchasdedicated
shortrangecommunications(DSRC).
Figure11showsanumericalcomparisonofthe
capabilityofdifferenttechnologiesforbroadcasting
V2Vmessages.Intypicalscenarios(urbanand
highway),thesolutionsbasedonLTE(SLwith
centralizedresourceallocationandcellular
multicast)performsignificantlybetterthantheone
basedonDSRC.
Conclusion
LTEiswellpositionedtodeliveronallthemost
important5Grequirements,includinguserdata
rateandsystemcapacityenhancementswith
FD-MIMO,improvedsupportforunlicensed
Figure 11 Comparison of different
technologies for broadcasting ITS messages
Reliability(packetreceptionratio)
Highway scenario, distance = 300m
10 messages per second
Reliability of broadcasting ITS packets
Urban scenario, distance = 80m
2 messages per second
0.8
0.9
1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
LTE sidelink
DSRC
LTE cellular multicast
15. 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE ✱
JANUARY 31, 2017 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 15
1. Network Computing, First Commercial LTE Network Goes Live,
available at: http://www.networkcomputing.com/networking/
first-commercial-lte-network-goes-live/752107374
2. Ericsson, Ericsson Mobility Report 2016, November 2016, available at:
https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/mobility-report/documents/2016/
ericsson-mobility-report-november-2016.pdf
3. David Astély et al., LTE: The Evolution of Mobile Broadband, IEEE
Communications Magazine, April 2009, available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4907406/
4. Stefan Parkvall et al., Evolution of LTE toward IMT-Advanced, IEEE
Communications Magazine, February 2011, available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5706315/
5. David Astély et al., LTE Rel-12 and Beyond, IEEE Communications
Magazine, July 2013, available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
document/6553692/
6. Juho Lee et al., LTE-advanced in 3GPP Rel-13/14: an evolution toward
5G, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2016, available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7432169/
7. ITU-R, IMT Vision – Framework and overall objectives of the future
development of IMT for 2020 and beyond, Recommendation ITU-R
M.2083-0, September 2015, available at: http://www.itu.int/
dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
8. 3GPP Technical Report 38.913, Study on Scenarios and Requirements
for Next Generation Access Technologies, October 2016, available at:
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/38_series/38.913/38913-e00.zip
9. C. Hoymann et al., LTE Rel-14 Outlook, IEEE Communications
Magazine, June 2016, available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7497765/
10. 3GPP Technical Report 36.899, Study on Licensed-Assisted Access
to Unlicensed Spectrum (Rel-13), June 2015, available at:
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36_series/36.889/36889-d00.zip
11. Alberto Rico-Alvarino et al., An Overview of 3GPP Enhancements
on Machine to Machine Communications, IEEE Communications
Magazine, June 2016, available at:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7497761/
12. 3GPP Technical Report 36.888, Study on provision of low-cost
Machine-Type Communications (MTC) User Equipment (UEs) based
on LTE (Rel-12), June 2013, available at:
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36_series/36.888/36888-c00.zip
References:
operations,andlatencyreductioninbothuserplane
andsignaling.TheimprovementsplannedinRel-
14andRel-15willnotonlyensurethatLTEwill
providebettersupportformassiveMTCandITS;
theywillalsoenableLTEtoaddressnewusecases
suchascriticalcommunications.
16. ✱ 5G AND THE EVOLUTION OF LTE
16 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JANUARY 31, 2017
Oumer Teyeb
◆ is a senior researcher.
He earned a Ph.D. in
mobile communications
from Aalborg University,
Denmark, in 2007 and has
been working at Ericsson
Research in Stockholm,
Sweden, since 2011. His
main areas of research
are protocol and the
architectural aspects of
cellular networks, and the
interworking of cellular
networks with local area
wireless networks such as
WLAN.
Gustav Wikström
◆ is a senior researcher. He
received his Ph.D. in particle
physics from Stockholm
University, Sweden, in
2009. After a postdoctoral
position at the University
of Geneva, Switzerland, he
joined Ericsson Research in
2011, where he is currently
leading the work to reduce
user plane latency and
enable high reliability for
future use cases in LTE
and NR.
Magnus Stattin
◆ joined Ericsson
Research in 2005 after
completing a Ph.D. in
radio communication
systems at the KTH Royal
Institute of Technology in
Stockholm, Sweden. He is
now a principal researcher
whose work focuses on
the areas of radio resource
management and radio
protocols of various
wireless technologies.
He is active in concept
development and 3GPP
standardization of LTE,
LTE-Advanced and future
wireless technologies.
In 2015, he received the
Ericsson Inventor of the
Year Award.
Thomas Cheng
◆ is a senior specialist in
wireless communication
technologies. He holds an
M.Sc. from National Taiwan
University and a Ph.D. from
the California Institute of
Technology. Since joining
Ericsson in 1999, he has
been driving a wide range
of R&D projects evolving
cellular wireless PHY and
MAC layer designs from
2.5G EDGE, 3G HSPA, 4G
LTE and 5G technologies.
He received the Ericsson
Inventor of the Year Award
in 2012.
Sebastian Faxér
◆ is a researcher at
Ericsson Research. He
received an M.Sc. in applied
physics and electrical
engineering from Linköping
University, Sweden, in
2014 and joined Ericsson
the same year. Since
then, he has worked on
concept development and
standardization of multi-
antenna technologies for
LTE and 5G.
Hieu Do
◆ is a researcher at
Ericsson Research.
He received a Ph.D. in
electrical engineering from
the KTH Royal Institute of
Technology in Stockholm,
Sweden in 2013. Since
joining Ericsson in 2014 he
has been active in concept
development and 3GPP
standardization of V2X
communications.
theauthors