The document discusses the importance of preserving industrial heritage and revitalizing abandoned industrial sites. It provides examples of successful industrial heritage revitalization projects in Germany where abandoned factories, mines, breweries and other industrial sites have been renovated for new uses like museums or cultural centers. The document also examines challenges around assessing the significance of industrial heritage and criteria for evaluating heritage value, such as historical, aesthetic, research and social importance. Guidelines are presented for documenting, assessing structural reliability and sustainably reusing industrial heritage buildings.

1. Design past and present
Design, sustainability and responsibility
Importance of Industrial heritage
Raffles International Institute
April 2014, Sandra Draskovic

2. • In recent decades, a large number of abandoned
industrial facilities throughout Europe, has
successfully been revitalized in the architectural
sense, adapted, revived, renewed with new content
and reused for the new features and a new
program.
• In Asia today, there are a number of abandoned
buildings of industrial heritage of which entire
community could benefit if the revitalization would
take place. The threat it most of buildings that are
facing physical deterioration, whose cultural and
historical significance in most cases wasn’t
valorized, can be irretrievably destroyed and
forgotten.

3. Industrial Heritage - Germany

4. Top Row
1. Henrichshütte Hattingen - Former steel mill now a
museum. Built in 1854 poor transportation links
eventually led to its closure in the 1990s
2. Zeche Nachtigall Witten or Nightingale Collery, a coal
mine, part of a mining trail
3. Schiffshebewerk Henrichenburg - A boat lift on the
Dortmund-Ems Canal
4. Lindenbrauerel Unna - Linden Brewery which brewed
Unna Linden beers from 1859-1979. Started brewing
beer again in 2002 to serve in the restaurant. The
building is also used for concerts and exhibitions.

5. Middle Row
1. Zeche Zollern Dortmund - Called the Castle of Work
it was almost demolished in the 1960s after closure
but its gardens and buildings are now a museum of
industry, a social and cultural history.
2. Frellichtmuseum Hagen - An open air museum of
crafts and technology from the 18th to 20th
Century.
3. Glaselefant Hamm - The Glass Elephant was a coal
washing plant but has been turned into an elephant
by the artist Horst Rellecke, inside a garden, art
exhibitions and robotic animals.
4. Deutsche Beregbau; Museum Bochum - Mining
museum, research centre of mining history and open
mine.

6. Bottom Row
1. Aquarius Mülheim - Water Museum located in a
disused water tower. Originally built for Thyssen in
1892/93 to supply their nearby tube and rolling mills.
2. Zeche Zollverein Essen - Coal mine operating 1847-
1986 in Essen. Since 2001 it has been designated a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Gasometer Oberhausen - Built in the 1920s this
gasometer it is now a landmark of Oberhausen.
There seem to be many installations inside and it is
described as a "Cathedral of Industry”.
4. Duisburg Ruhrart - Museum of German Inland
Navigation, at the heart of the largest river port
complex in Europe. Museum founded in 1974.

7. „Angelus Novus“ or
“Angel of History.”,
Paul Klee, 1920

8. “A Klee painting named 'Angelus Novus' shows an angel
looking as though he is about to move away from
something he is fixedly contemplating. His eyes are
staring, his mouth is open, his wings are spread. This is
how one pictures the angel of history. His face is turned
toward the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he
sees one single catastrophe which keeps piling wreckage
upon wreckage and hurls it in front of his feet. The angel
would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole
what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing from
Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such violence
that the angel can no longer close them. This storm
irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is
turned, while the pile of debris before him grows skyward.
This storm is what we call progress.”
Walter Benjamin

9. Slavoj Zizek, Slovenian philosopher
“Waste and the Crisis of capitalism”

10. Mojave valley, California, resting place for airplanes

11. Mojave valley, California, resting place for airplanes

12. Cell phones waste, “Waste and the Crisis of capitalism”

13. Abandoned factory, “Waste and the Crisis of capitalism”

14. Abandoned factory, “Waste and the Crisis of capitalism”
The industrialization of the 19th
century meant modernization
and entry into the modern era.
In this context, the industrial
heritage is an important element
of modern identity.

15. Slavoj Zizek, Slovenian philosopher
“Waste and the Crisis of capitalism”
• We have huge amount of resting places, abandoned
buildings and objects which shows the other side of
dynamics of capitalism and end of industrial era.
• Capitalism is all about constant production and desire
for new products, new buildings, new objects.
• The other side of consumerism and constant changes
if tremendous amount of waste.

16. Slavoj Zizek, Slovenian philosopher
“Waste and the Crisis of capitalism”
There are several reactions to waste/abandoned places:
1. Get rid of it!
2. Accept the waste – metaphysical acceptance, there
are things out there that serves nothing after facing
breakage of internal circle of functioning
3. Failure – something new can emerge through failure
of functioning of existing vocabulary and system

17. “I am Legend”

18. “The day after tomorrow”

19. “Children of Men”

20. The message of post-apocalyptic movies
We see devastated human environment, destroyed
buildings, cars, factories, empty stores, abandoned
restaurants, deserted streets due to natural catastrophic,
tsunami, earthquake or disease.
People walk in between “trash” and “waste” and we get
impression of “muted presence without meaning”,
“authentic passive experience” without melancholic
nostalgia or emotional response, detached from it’s
original function, memories, meanings.

21. “Natural Heritage”
designates outstanding physical,
biological and geological features;
habitats of threatened plants or animal
species and areas of value on scientific
or aesthetic grounds or from a
conservation perspective.

22. Altai Mountain, Mongolia

23. Melkhii Khad, Turtle Rock, Mongolia

24. “Industrial heritage”
refers to the physical remains of the
history of technology and industry, such
as manufacturing and mining sites,
factories, as well as power and
transportation infrastructure.

25. Industry is the application of technology to
produce goods for our social world.
Engineering and industry are an important part
of our cultural heritage, and as well as having
obvious heritage value, they can:
• demonstrate stages of technological
development;
• aid understanding of the history of society and
the influences on its growth and development;
• demonstrate the nature of work and changes in
working conditions and practices.

26. Like other areas of heritage, items of engineering
and industrial heritage may be fixed, such as a
bridge, or movable, such as an x-ray machine.
Fixed heritage items include:
-water supplies and storages, dams, weirs, reservoirs,
pipelines, canals, pumping stations, treatment works;
-sewerage systems, treatment works, pipes
-transport roads, rails, culverts, runways, bridges,
airports, stations, railway signaling;
-gas supply retorts, gas holders, meters, piping;
-electricity power stations, boilers, generators, switch
yards, transmission towers, poles, transformers;
-mining operations excavations
-manufacturing and food processing works
-saw mills, buildings, unique building design, astronomy

27. Protection (including adaptations and re-use)
of the industrial heritage structures is an
important issue of the sustainable
development of cities. More specifically, it has
been recognized that the protection and re-use
may positively contribute to the sustainable
development by:
▪ preservation of the cultural values,
▪ recycling of all potential resources and avoiding
wasting energy,
▪ facilitating the economic regeneration of regions in
decline that may provide psychological stability for
communities facing a sudden high rate of
unemployment.

28. Assessing and gathering documentation:
a) photo documentation as follows:
- Aerial photography (especially of archaeological
sites and / or cultural landscapes ) ;
- Panorama beyond the scope / perimeter of heritage
and / or protected areas; at least five of the
archaeological site, a protected architectural area and
cultural landscape;
- A general overview , the silhouette and the dominant
elements in the urban or rural context (group of
buildings / landscape) for at least five photos within
its boundaries (perimeter) and at least three for each
protected area;

29. Assessing and gathering documentation:
a) photo documentation:
- Facades and other exterior elements (fountains ,
stairways , corridors, retaining walls, access ramps ,
railings, gates, open space, etc.):
- At least two photographs of the facade , groups of
buildings and street for each heritage for any content
within the limits ( perimeter ) and one photo for all
content within each protected area ;
- Heritage interior (floors , walls, ceilings, stairs,
niches, fireplaces, galleries, columns, painted,
sculptural, carved decorations, etc.)
- At least one photo in total and a photograph of
characteristic details;

30. Assessing and gathering documentation:
b) Technical documentation, drawings, maps,
c) Legal documents, ownership etc.

31. Industrial area, Ulaanbaatar

32. Industrial area, Ulaanbaatar

33. Industrial area, Ulaanbaatar

34. Industrial area, Ulaanbaatar

35. Print factory, Ulaanbaatar

36. Print factory, Ulaanbaatar

37. Print factory, Ulaanbaatar

38. Print factory, Ulaanbaatar

40. The main criteria of the importance which historical
heritage monument already has or may occur in the
future:
a) historical and aesthetic significance
Historically significant because of its association with
the people, events, places or topics, as evident in:
archeology, architecture (buildings, monuments,
sites), cultural or planned areas, industrial or
agricultural heritage, collections or individual objects,
places associated with significant historical events or
people.

41. The main criteria of the importance which historical
heritage monument already has or may occur in the
future:
a) historical and aesthetic significance
Historically significant
Importance in relation to an event, phase or activity of
historic importance in the locality, the region or the
State. Importance for close association with an
individual or individuals whose life, works or activities
have been significant within the history of the nation,
State or region. Importance as an example of
technical, creative, design or artistic excellence,
innovation or achievement in a particular period.

42. The main criteria of the importance which historical
heritage monument already has or may occur in the
future:
a) historical and aesthetic significance
The aesthetic importance of heritage is related to the
means of construction system, style, technical
perfection, beauty, demonstrating the skill or quality of
design and craftsmanship. Importance to a
community for aesthetic characteristics. Importance
for its creative, design or artistic excellence,
innovation or achievement.

43. The main criteria of the importance which historical
heritage monument already has or may occur in the
future:
b) scientific or research significance
a good value with great potential for further scientific
experimentations, research or studies; buildings, sites,
artifacts and collections if their origin is determined
and were recorded on the basis of properly
documented context.
Importance for information contributing to a wider
understanding of natural or cultural history by virtue
of its use as a research site, teaching site, type
locality, reference or benchmark site.

44. The main criteria of the importance which historical
heritage monument already has or may occur in the
future:
c) social and spiritual significance, cultural and
symbolic
Heritage with spiritual significance for certain groups
of people and objects that are considered sacred
within some system of beliefs; heritage which cause
strong affection of the community and contribute to
the identity and social cohesion of the community.
- Importance as a place highly valued by a community
or cultural group for reasons of social, cultural;
religious, spiritual, aesthetic or educational
Associations. Importance in contributing to a
community’s sense of place.

45. Types of Cultural Heritage:
1. Monuments: architectural works, works of monumental
sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an
archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and
combinations of features, which are of outstanding
universal value from the point of view of history, art or
science;
2. Groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected
buildings which, because of their architecture, their
homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of
outstanding universal value from the point of view of
history, art or science;
3. Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature
and man, and areas including archaeological sites which
are of outstanding universal value from the historical,
aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.

46. Criteria for the inclusion of Cultural properties in
the World Heritage List:
1. Represent a masterpiece of art and human creative
genius;
2. Exhibit an important interchange of human values
over a span of time or within a cultural area of the
world, on developments in architecture or technology,
monumental arts, town planning or landscape design;
3. Bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a
cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or has
disappeared;

47. 4. Be an outstanding example of a type of building or
architectural or technological ensemble, or landscape
which illustrates a significant stage or significant stages
in human history;
5. Be an outstanding example of a traditional human
settlement or land-use which is representative of a
culture or cultures, especially when it has become
vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
6. Be directly or tangibly associated with events or living
traditions, with ideas or with beliefs, or with artistic and
literary works of outstanding universal significance (a
criterion used only in exceptional circumstances, and
together with other criteria).

48. Degree of Significance
1. Rarity
It demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered
aspects of the cultural heritage of State.
Importance for rare, endangered or uncommon
structures, landscapes or phenomena.
Importance in demonstrating a distinctive way of life,
custom, process, land-use, function or design no
longer practiced in, or in danger of being lost from, or
of exceptional interest to, the locality, region or the
State.

49. Degree of Significance
2. Representativeness
It is significant in demonstrating the characteristics of a
class of cultural places or environments in the State.
Importance in demonstrating the principal
characteristics of a range of landscapes or
environments, the attributes of which identify it
as being characteristic of its class.
Importance in demonstrating the principal
characteristic of the range of human activities
(including way of life, philosophy, custom, process,
land-use, function, design or technique) in the
environment of the locality, region or the State.

50. Degree of Significance
3. Diversity - ranging from various forms of individual,
collective and ethnic expressions to regional variations
(such as forms of plans of buildings, in the tradition of
decorating and use of materials).
4. Physical context - a good relationship with other
resources (sites and monuments) nearby, as well as
the wider region and the more general environment.
Individual components within a building or complex of
archaeological sites can be hard to understand if you
are assessed separately.

51. Degree of Significance
5. Vulnerability / fragility - if the place, object or
expression / process that is already rare and may
become even less frequent (or there is a danger of
disappearing), its value will be increased, especially if
exposed to degradation unreasonable management or
intervention.

52. As a rule re-use and adaptation of the industrial
buildings require assessment of structural
reliability. Minimization of construction interventions
is required in rehabilitation and upgrades, but
sufficient reliability should also be guaranteed.
According to modern principles of interventions seem
to include the following aspects:
1. removability,
2. unobtrusiveness and respect of the original
conception,
3. safety of the construction,
4. durability and compatibility of materials,
5. balance between cost and available financial
resources.

53. The following differences between assessment of
heritage structures and design of new structures should
be carefully considered:
▪ Social and cultural aspects - loss of cultural
and heritage values, in some cases also restrictions
or relocation of users and performance (these aspects
do not influence design of new structures),
▪ Economic aspects - additional costs of
measures to increase reliability of a heritage structure
in comparison with a new structure (at a design stage
cost of such measures is normally minor while cost of
strengthening and in some cases also costs related
to unavailability of a structure are much higher),

54. The following differences between assessment of
heritage structures and design of new structures should
be carefully considered:
▪ Principles of the sustainable development - waste
reduction and recycling of materials.
▪ Lack of information for the assessment of the
heritage structures - commonly, characterization
of the mechanical properties of materials is
difficult, expensive, but also very important due
to variability of mechanical properties and
changes that may have occurred during the
working life of a structure (influence of deterioration
and damage).

55. Some Useful Resources to Assist in Assessing
Engineering Heritage
•Sydney Division Engineering Heritage Committee
http://www.sydney.engineersaustralia.org.au/heritage/her
itage_index.htm
• Engineering Heritage Australia
http://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/about_us/sig/eha/
• Engineering Heritage email forum:
engineeringheritageaustralia@yahoo.com
• National Trust of Australia (NSW), Industrial Heritage
Committee
• Heritage Council of NSW, Technical Advisory Group
Refer to Conservation pages on Heritage Office website