This document provides an overview of prehistoric architecture from the early migration of humans out of Africa to the Neolithic period. It discusses early human shelters like those found in caves and the development of more permanent structures during the New Stone Age as people transitioned to farming and animal domestication. Notable examples of prehistoric architecture mentioned include Stonehenge, the megalithic temples of Malta, and the large Neolithic settlement of Catal Huyuk in Turkey. Building materials progressed from plant and animal materials in early shelters to stone, adobe, and polished stone tools in the New Stone Age, along with advances in construction techniques.
barch_1st sem_anna univ. affl._msajaa_INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE_ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE_ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE – FORM_ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE – SPACE_PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
An illustrated introduction to Archaeological Tours' Megaliths and Monuments study tour for May 2016. The tour visits four Paleolithic occupation sites, two dozen Neolithic megalith sites and several historical monuments including Mont-Saint-Michel. Lodgings are taken in Paris, Carnac, Quimper, Morlaix, Saint-Malo, Salisbury and London Heathrow.
barch_1st sem_anna univ. affl._msajaa_INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE_ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE_ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE – FORM_ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE – SPACE_PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
An illustrated introduction to Archaeological Tours' Megaliths and Monuments study tour for May 2016. The tour visits four Paleolithic occupation sites, two dozen Neolithic megalith sites and several historical monuments including Mont-Saint-Michel. Lodgings are taken in Paris, Carnac, Quimper, Morlaix, Saint-Malo, Salisbury and London Heathrow.
AHS13 Hamilton Stapell — The End of Paleo: Is the Ancestral Health Movement G...Ancestral Health Society
Hamilton's talk may be viewed at http://youtu.be/ArcSIg3cYcw
Complete abstracts along with presenter bios and photos, are available on our website:
http://www.ancestralhealth.org/post/2013-ancestral-health-symposium-ahs13
Abstract:
The current Ancestral Health movement is often thought to be on the verge of going mainstream. Many within the movement believe this would lead to positive health (and financial) outcomes for both individuals and society as a whole. However, the transition from a small, highly-devoted group of adherents to a mass following will be far more difficult than commonly assumed. In addition, this presentation will gauge the current size of the Ancestral Health movement by examining empirical data. It also identifies the two types of individuals that typically go paleo. The key commonality between both groups is a very high level of motivation, which also suggests limited penetration of the Ancestral Health movement in the future.
The paleolithic era and the neolithic eraashleyrollins
Paleolithic Era to Neolithic Era. Created for a sixth grade social studies classroom. Contains information about the transition from hunting and gathering to a more permanent and agricultural lifestyle.
Information from History Alive! Pictures from Wikipedia and Discovery Education.
The Stone Age | River Valley Civilisation MDZAFARHASIB
Here you will learn about the stone age and the rive valley civilisation . Why the early civilisation lived beside the river ? You will get to know all basic concept about history.
***Want video on this click below
https://youtu.be/r5WEHcLjRSs
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
4. Ea rl y H um a n Mi grati on out of A f ri ca
Earliest Homo Sapien
fossils have been
found in Ethiopia
Africa West Asia Europe
East & South
Asia
North America South America
Australia
5. The earliest people to colonize the
Eurasian landmass probably did so across
the Bab-al-Mandab Strait separating
present-day Yemen from Djibouti
Ea rl y H um a n Mi grati on out of A f ri ca
6.
7. Living in caves - hunting
Settlements developed near caves or along
shores and streams – farming & hunting
Understanding of seasons – Cultivation –
Domestication of animals
Specialized tools were developed. Religious &
communal aspects – building arts developed
Different societies developed differently
D eve l opm e nt of Ea rl y Cul ture
13. “And when we saw all those cities and villages built in
the water and other great towns on dry land, and that
straight and level causeway leading to Tenochtitlan, we
were amazed…Indeed, some of our soldiers asked if it
was not all a dream” (Spanish chronicler, Bernal Diaz
del Castillo) – describing Aztec Chinampa agriculture
18. Rock painting – Ubirr,
Australia
Apollo 11 cavestones – 25,500 B.C.E
Lascaux, France – 30,000 B.C.E
Pa l eol ithic Cave Pa i ntings, Tool s
19.
20.
21.
22. Principles of Architectural Organization
Two forces shaped the form of dwellings
and settlements:
• Functional need
• Available construction materials and
technology
23. Re l i gi on, Cul ture , A rchi te cture
Mediterranean Mother Goddess, fertility cult
Mesopotamia Fertility cult, slowly replaced by a complex
set of Gods
Egypt Complex set of Gods
China Shamanistic (vast network of villages)
• Different regions developed with different environmental and social factors
• Architecture differed – Buildings for the dead, buildings for the living, temples, granaries, etc.
24. Architecture of the Civilization
NEW STONE AGE
• Established permanent dwellings
and settlements – Catal Huyuk,
Jericho
• Improvement in house form
including change to rectangular
rooms
• Introduction of multi-room houses
• Introduction of non-residential
buildings-for work, storage &
rituals
25. Architecture of the Civilization
• Funerary and religious buildings
were introduced during new Stone
Age
FUNERARY BUILDINGS
• Structures such as tombs used for
rituals and burial for the dead
• Example we studied is the Dolmen
Tomb
26. Architecture of the Civilization
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
• Evidence of the first practices of
religion
• Buildings used for rituals related to
worship and religion
• Example is found in the shrines
embedded within Catal Huyuk
27. Architecture of the Civilization
RITUAL BUILDINGS
• Buildings whose functions are not
entirely certain
• Usually associated with ritual
ceremonial activities
• Activities may be related to religion
• Examples are the Stone Alignment,
Carnac and the Stonehenge, England
28. Building Materials, Construction & Technologies
Characteristics of prehistoric architecture will
be examined under three headings:
Building Types
Building materials,
construction and
technologies
Principles of
architectural
organization
29. Building Types
Categories of Prehistoric buildings
• Dwellings and settlements
• Funerary and Religious buildings
• Ritual structures
30. Vocabulary
Neolithic: the “new” Stone Age (8,000 – 2300 BCE), which
marked the beginnings of monumental (extremely large)
architecture
corbeled vault: a vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in
horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet
in an arch
post and lintel: one of the earliest methods of architectural
construction in which two posts (sometimes called “uprights”)
support a lintel (horizontal beam which rests across the top)
31. Vocabulary
megalith: a large stone used in the construction of a prehistoric
structure
Cromlech: a circle of megaliths, as at Stonehenge
32. • Occurred before invention of written records
• Also called Stone Age period because of the
absence of metal implements
• Occurred from Human Habitation of earth to
9000 BC
Prehistoric Architecture
33. Prehistoric Architecture
• The history of man can be classified into
different stages and with it corresponding
structures were built:
1. Savage stage or the Old Stone Age or the
Paleolithic age. Up to 9000 BC
2. Barbarian stage or the New Stone Age or the
Neolithic age. 9000 BC to 3000 BC
3. Iron or Bronze Age
34. Prehistoric Architecture
• Not restricted to any particular geographical
region
• Occurred in different localities
• Usually close to sources of food, near rivers
35. Architecture of the
Civilization
• Residential building and settlements varied
between early and new Stone Age periods
EARLY STONE AGE
• Always on the move
• Used temporary structures
• Provided basic shelter and protection for
short periods of time
36. Principles of Architectural Organization
DWELLINGS AND SETTLEMENTS:
EARLY STONE AGE
• Primary requirement is for temporary
structure
• No desire to invest in construction of
dwellings
• Constructed dwellings using available
materials
• Form directly reflecting natural objects
37. Materials, Construction System & Technique
EARLY STONE AGE
• Used simple, easily available materials
• Usually of plant and animal materials
such as wooden poles, grasses, leaves,
and animal skins
• Construction system was also simple
• Usually involves digging holes, putting
wooden poles in holes and burying them
• The poles are tied together to create the
shell of the building
• The shell is covered with grasses, leaves
or animal skins
38. The Old Stone Age
• Before 9000 BC
• Where people used crude stone for their
implements.
• Man was a hunter and a food gatherer
• Got their food through food gathering, hunting
and fishing
• Constructed temporary shelters from perishable
materials such as tree trunks and leaves.
• He also made use of natural and man-made
caves both below and above ground as shelter.
39. The Old Stone Age
• The method of living was
temporary
• Nomadic, always on the move
• Move about in search of food,
water, and good climate
• Usually move about in small
bands of less than 15 persons
• Their lifestyle made them
barely able to survive
• Not much is known about their
beliefs
40. Neolithic Jericho was protected by 5-foot-thick walls and at least one
stone tower 30 feet high and 33 feet in diameter. An outstanding
achievement that marks the beginning of monumental architecture.
Great stone tower built into
the settlement wall, Jericho,
ca. 8000-7000 BCE
41. •When early man emerged
from cave dwellings into
shelters created by his
hands
•The history of architecture
began.
Cave Dwellings
Handmade
shelters
History of
Architecture
began
The New Stone Age
42. The New Stone Age
• Lasted from 8,000 to 3,000BC
• People used polished stone for their
implements
• Their method of housing was made more
permanent with the use of durable materials.
• Discovered art of farming and animal
husbandry
• People become more domesticated and were
preoccupied with cattle raising and planting
• Learned to domesticate animals, farm and
grow crops, make pottery and weave cloth
43. The New Stone Age
• Neolithic people acquired
confidence in ability to tame and
control nature
• Period saw interest in natural cycles
such as of weather and heavenly
bodies
• e.g. sun and moon
• People learned to differentiate
between spaces and places – sacred
versus everyday places
• Architecture was born
44. The New Stone Age
• Having fulfilled his basic need, Neolithic man
sought to conquer fear of the unknown
• Needed to understand forces of nature that both
nourishes and destroys
• Sought to understand the heavenly bodies
and weather cycles
• Sought to control nature through rituals and
magic
• Gradually introduced the idea of religion
• Confusion about death and life after death led
to introduction of tombs
• Tombs are evidence of social differences in
the society
45. The New Stone Age
• Skills were developed, marking start of
civilization
• People stopped wandering and settled
down in permanent settlements
• Discovery: result of population
pressure
• Introduction of basic social organization
of society
• Villages were established and grew,
protected by walls
46. Materials, Construction System & Technique
NEW STONE AGE
• More diversified construction materials
• Adobe and stone most popular materials
• Large stone was used for monuments
• Construction method also improved over
time
• Significant improvement in Adobe
construction
• Evidence of ability to quarry, shape,
transport and join large stones to create
monuments
47. Principles of Architectural Organization
DWELLINGS AND SETTLEMENTS:
NEW STONE AGE
• Became settled requiring permanent
dwellings
• Required durable construction
• Improved dwellings and settlements to
meet needs
• Change in form of house, introduction of
furniture and differentiation of space
• Improvement in village form including
introduction of streets
• Improvement in construction technology
48.
49. Corbeled vault of the main
chamber in the passage
grave, Newgrange, Ireland,
ca. 3200-2500 BCE
The Newgrange passage
grave is an early example of
corbeled vaulting. The huge
stones (megaliths) of the
dome of the main burial
chamber beneath the tumulus
are held in place by their own
weight.
50. Aerial view of ruins of Hagar Qim, Malta, ca. 3200-
2500 BCE
One of the earliest stone temples in the world is on the
island of Malta. The 5,000-year-old structure is
remarkably sophisticated for its date, especially in the
combination of rectilinear and curved forms.
54. Aerial view (looking northwest) of Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain,
England, ca. 2550-1600 BCE. Circle is 97’ in diameter; trilithons 24’
high.
The circles of trilithons at Stonehenge probably functioned as an
astronomical observatory and solar calendar. The sun rises over its
“heel stone” at the summer solstice. Some of the megaliths weigh 50
tons.
55.
56. Prehistoric Architecture: Stonehenge
• Neolithic architecture
• Post and lintel construction
• Megaliths are 21 to 24 feet tall, including height of lintel,
and buried four feet in the ground
• Cromlech – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromlech
• Solar and lunar orientation
• Stones dragged from far away to this site
• Circle of megaliths embrace structure, enclosing it
57. Functions of Stonehenge:
• Cremation / burial site
• Astrological observatory
• Solar calendar
• Sacred site
58.
59.
60. The oldest detailed drawing of Stonehenge, found in a
1440 manuscript, the Scala Mundi
65. The lintels (horizontal monoliths) were fitted to one another using a
woodworking method, the “tongue-and-groove joint”
66.
67. Bronze Age
• Started around 2,000BC, when iron
was discovered.
• Carpentry and masonry was
practiced.
• There was a gradual improvement
in the design of buildings,
particularly in Egypt.
68. Huts from vegetation
• Space inside is organized for different uses
• The hut was used by a band of people for
limited hunting days
• It is left to collapse after use and new huts built
over by the next years hunting season
69. Temporary Structures:
Hut at Terra Amata, France
•Early stone people constructed
temporary shelters using available
materials
•One of earliest known example
•Discovered in 1966 at Terra Amata in
France
•Dates back to 400,000 years
•Oval in shape and constructed of tree
branches
70. HUTS
Bambuti Hut –huts show
evidence of use of leaves to
cover hut
The Tongus Hut –show evidence
of use of grass to make huts
79. Neolithic Dwelling & Settlement: Catal Huyuk
• Neolithic monument in
present day Turkey
• Occupied between 6300
BC to 5400 BC
• Supported a population
of up to 6000 people
• Largest and most
cosmopolitan city of its
time
80. Catal Huyuk
• Had extensive economy
based on specialized
craft and commerce
• The city was a trading
center
• The size of the city and
its wealth are a product
of its status as a trading
center
Some societies were symbolic, some – pragmatic, .. Temples, granaries, etc
Slide concept by Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAP
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY
For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Slide concept by Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAP
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY
For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.