This document provides an overview of architecture during two major historical periods: the Industrial Revolution from 1750-1850 and the 19th century in the United States. It discusses how the Industrial Revolution led to new building types like factories, rail stations, and prefabricated structures. New materials like cast iron and glass were used. In the US, a grid plan was adopted for cities, and wood construction was later replaced by steel frames. Chicago developed a distinctive skyscraper style with elevators enabling taller buildings. Figures like Louis Sullivan helped establish the idea that form should follow function.

1. Jordan University of Science and Technology
College of Architecture and Design / Department of Architecture
Arch. 331 Modern Architecture
Instructor: Dr. Raed Al Tal
Summer 2012
The Triumph of the Iron Masters: the Search for a Style

2. The Drama of Shapes and Space
Baroque and Rococo

4. Signs of Authority
Chateau de Versailles
It took some 30,000 workers and soldiers to complete
the structure according to the King’s (Louis XIV)
extravagant tastes that symbolized wealth and power,
and this ultimately was financially devastating for the
kingdom.
An excellent example of picturesque landscape

6. Two Revolutions that have shaped the Modern architecture were :
French Revolution 1789 ( Social struggle, human rights)
Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 ( Technology, urban growth )
Technology + Ideology/ Philosophy Modern Architecture
Revolutionary movements
Communalism versus Industrialism ( Imperial Capitalism)

7. The French Revolution (1789–1799)
was a period of political and social upheaval and radical
change in the history of France, during which the French
governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with
feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy,
underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment
principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789

8. Behind The Rose of Versailles
Marie Antoinette on the Gullotine, October 16, 1793
( wife of Louis XVI)

9. The French Revolution (1789–1799) had such a huge impact
on France and West Europe for a long time that the
intellectual , philosophical and political life of France was
changed
Led to the birth of modern France. The ideals put forward at
the time are those of France today: Liberty, equality and
union
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, August
26, 1789
The rise of the Middle Class / Bourgeoisie

10. - The invention of Fire is one of the main factors in
the emergence of architecture.
- cooking
- heating …. Gathering and socializing
- keeping beasts away from them

11. Industrial Revolution 1750-1850
Began in England in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, 1777
and quickly spread across Europe and North America.
New technology and invention transformed an agricultural
and commercial way of life into a modern industrial society
- Cast Iron.
-Iron and glass industry ( 1840s) , machinery (industrial
technology – mechanized) , and light and fire

12. Iron Bridge Gorge in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, 1777
by Abraham Darby
It was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron, a
material which was previously far too expensive to use for large structures.

13. -Changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution
revolutionized families and lifestyles as the factory system
drew workers away from the rural family economy to urban
areas
a dirty and a poor home because they didn't have hygiene. They were
many in their home ; we can see five children. We think they were very
sad and sorry. It was one room for seven persons.

15. Children at work

16. The impact of the Industrial Revolution in Europe was :
The growth of urban population- problems of housing ,
transportation, hygienic problems

17. -The growth of urban population

19. This situation give the rise to new phenomena such as :
- the revolution of transport
- the concentration of workers
- the migration of rural people to cities
The upheaval was so rapid that the urban centers could
no longer cope with the several problems faced them

20. Paris
Napoleon III and Haussmannian Planning in Paris

21. Napoleon III and Haussmannian Planning in Paris
With the fall of monarchy , a new conservative authoritarian
regime , at its head came to power
- the coronation of Napoleon III
- the notion of superiority ; France as the center of
Europe
Colonial Expansion / Architecture (e.x Egypt)
Grandeur
“ Hated to seek the beautiful in anything other than that which was large,”
his architect Pierre- Francoise Fontaine wrote
Natural to the man to admire size, which always related to his
mind with the ideas of power and strength
-

22. power and strength
Versailles (Louis XIV)
Occupied and organized a largely inbuilt area
Napoleon demolished the old fabric of cities in order to make room for the public
theater of the regime
“ Men as great as the monuments they leave behind,” Napoleon declared

23. Napoleonic period
-The academic method of design thoughts in the French
professional schools which were recognized under
Napoleon
Ecole des Beaux –Arts (School of Fine Arts)
Ecole Polytechnique ( Polytechnique School)
-Special attitude toward urbanism
Town planning became one of the most efficient instruments of power
-Cities such as Paris were re-planed due to the influx of the rural
immigrants .
-Napoleon embarked the rebuilding of Paris in 1852
-Georges Eugene Hussmann (1809-1891) ,

24. -the scheme falls into four categories :
1 - Communication network
- to connect the railway stations scattered around
the periphery of the city
- To cut new, wide roads through the heart of the
old city
- straight avenues were strategically important for
troop parades
- the boulevard became more important than the
square

25. 2- Gardens and Parks
- several small parks were built throughout of the
city, and two large parks were created on the west
and the east of the city edges, these Hussmann
called “the lungs of the city,”
- new aqueducts were built to bring the clean water
-3- Building typology
-4- Modification of the administrative organization
- the number of the city district was increased due to
the expansion of the city (between 1815 and 1850 , the population
of Paris grew from 500,000 to 1 million inhabitants )

26. the radial roads to the suburbs, the
strategic nodal points, and the circular
boulevards.
Georges Eugene Hussmann

27. Paris before Hussmann
Paris after Hussmann

28. The creation of new industrial cities on open land,
including all necessary civil amenities and housing for
the workers
Examples:
Saltaire, textile industrial city , England, 1852
Port Sunlight, 1888, England ( landscaped village,
garden village ),
community
Pullman, south of Chicago (not most progressively
socially) , but will planned

31. -The need for new structures, new building types ,
such as railway stations, bridges, exhibitions
Saint Pancras Station train shed , London, 1863-65
the clear span 71.3 meters

32. -factories, warehouses
Example – warship industry in England 13 years for
execution firstly was to be sheltered by wooden berths
– example Portmouth 1814, steel/cast Iron was then
introduced

33. -Increased number of hotels, banks, offices,
government buildings.
-In artistic and architectural context the replacement
of the craft by mechanized industrial products .
- the replacement of the handicraft ship by the
specialized expertise contractors on a large scale

34. the transformation of building technology came from new:
-man-made building materials
-New structural techniques
-new technical services
parts and elements were produced on an industrial method
(identical elements)
-All together they produced a universal structural system

35. Construction of new building types such as Exhibition
Halls required :
-Time value
-Vast Area
-High durability
-Low cost
-Easy to assemble and dismantle
(Mercantile Capitalism )

36. Joseph Paxton the designer of Crystal Palace Hyde Park in
London, 1851
He was not an architect but a green house builder
“The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations
“
Great Exhibition short time for execution almost 9 months
Grid principle 24 by 24 foot module
Columns were set 48 foot apart
Vast area : 563* 124 meter
Rational fabrication, extensive use of prefabricated parts
Easy assembly : was assembled at the building site

37. Serially manufactured - similar parts had the same color
(Joints: blue, roof trusses: red)
The central cross aisle was given a wooden parallel
vault in order to accommodate a number of large
objects
Numerous modifications were introduced during the
reconstruction in Sydenham 1854, the nave was also
given a parallel vault .

45. Paris Exhibition , 1889
Gustave Eiffel , Engineer, 1887-89,
was signpost of the Exhibition

46. Viewing Monuments and Machines

47. Central Market Halls
Central Market Halls in
Paris (1854- 1857,
extended in 1860- 1866)
Designers: Victor Baltard
and Felix Callet

48. First scheme was to be a combination of stone and iron,
this scheme was abandoned in the med of construction
probably on the instructions of Napoleon III.
Georges-Eugene Haussmann the New Paris Prefect,
announced that he wanted Parisian covered markets to be
made of glass and Iron, therefore a new design for the
market was subsequently executed .

49. Voices with and against industrialization
The manifestation of modern life

50. Arts and Craft Movement by the end of the 19th
century, in England
This movement was shaped by the ideas of art
critic and writer John Ruskin and William Morris
they shared the distrust of machines and
industrial capitalism which they believed
alienated workers from their own nature.
a reaction against the historical revivalism and
soulless of the machine

51. They considered themselves as socialists and
participated in social movement
They dedicated themselves to producing
functional objects with high esthetic value for a
wide public
Their style was on natural, rather than artificial
forms and often considered a repeated designs

52. There was debate in the Movement as to whether the
machine should be rejected or not. Those who sought
a compromise between the efficiency of the machine and
the skill of the craftsman tried to find a way in which the
craftsman might master the machine rather than
becoming its slave.

53. Red House , designed for William Morris by architect
Philip Webb in 1859.

54. exemplifies the early Arts and Crafts style, with its :
well-proportioned solid forms,
deep porches,
steep roof,
pointed window arches,
brick fireplaces and wooden fittings.
Webb rejected the grand classical style,
found inspiration in British vernacular architecture
and attempted to express the texture of ordinary materials,
such as stone and tiles,
with an asymmetrical and quaint building composition

55. -with wall paintings and stained glass He also desired to have
- a "Palace of Art" in which he and his friends could enjoy
producing works of art.

56. importance in the history of garden design

61. because they were positioned according to the internal arrangement of the
rooms and the need for light, rather than for external appearance, and are of a
variety of types —

63. Window detail of The Red House in Bexleyheath, Kent

67. Art Nouveau (New Art) was an architectural and
design movement that developed out of the ideas
promoted by the Art and Craft Movement. Based
on Japonisme
What is Japonisme?
It is an artistic interest in Japanese art aesthetic, which began
in the mid 19th C after Japan opened its borders to
international trade after centuries of isolation. Isometric
perspective, linear style, attention to patterns and flattening of
the picture plane were stylistic conventions of Japanese art
that late Impressionists and Post-Impressionists deliberately
used in their own work

68. It took its name from and art shop in Paris
( Sigfried Bing) ; in Germany and Austria it had
other name Jugedstil
It emerged at the end of the 19th
century and
adapted the twining plant form to the needs of
architecture.
They wanted to create a domestic world that was
suffused with natural imagery, the oragnic
architecture depended on motifs rather than
structures

69. -They employed decorative traditions
-They used curvilinear graphic ornament to
suggest growth , even to evoke dream like vision
-To combine uniformity of urban modernity with
the inspiration of nature
-They designed house objects , such as glass and
furniture , posters and prints

70. Best architectural examples of this style was
first seen in buildings designed by Victor
Horta (1861- 1947)

71. Examples :
Van Eetvelde House in Brussels (1895)
Every detail is function as part of a living whole
Victor Horta

72. Hotel Tassel in Brussels 1892- 1893
Victor Horta
- Smooth masonry
- Still symmetrical
- Concluding cornice
- The façade blend smoothly into the
neighborhood
- Only in the development of the oriel
window is there a delicate hint of Harta’s
exploration of new relationships of
ornament and construction

73. Hotel Tassel in Brussels 1892- 1893

76. Horta made a break with the past here by using
stone and the modern material, metal, in domestic
architecture.
The modernity of Horta's town house is also
signaled by the extensive use of glass, where the
window sizes may indicate the function of the
interior.
Architecture that both contemporary and human,
both practical and ornamental

78. The narrow, symmetrical front facade

79. The facade includes classical elements like moldings
and columns but here some of the columns are iron,
not stone, and the entablature is metal, complete with
exposed rivets.

83. Sculpting a Building
Art Nouveau achieved its most personal expression
in the work of the Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi
(1852- 1926), before becoming an architect,
Gaudi had trained as an ironworker.
Was inspired by Moorish-Spanish architecture
He developed a personal aesthetic.
He conceived a building as a whole and modeled it
almost as a sculptor might shape a figure from clay

84. Example:
Casa Mila, Barcelona 1907, apartment building
Known as the House of the Bones
A wondrously free form mass wrapped around a
street corner
The rough surface of the stone walls suggest
naturally worn rock
The entrance portals look like eroded sea caves
Guadi sees Casa Mila a true expressionist of early
20th
century painting and sculpture

86. The exterior seems like waves
Casa Mila, Barcelona 1907

87. The exterior has no right angles

88. The entrance portals look like eroded sea caves

92. Sagrada Familia
Barcelona, 1884

95. Strange twisted shape of columns

99. What was about architecture in the United
States in the 19th
century?

100. In 1785 American Congress decided the division of the
United States into uniform grid squares for urban
planning
- more efficiency ( simplicity of its layout, the
subdivision of equal plots,
- economy ( ease of construction, convenience for
vehicle traffic

101. What about the problems of the grid urban planning?
In 1811 New York laid out its streets in a stereotypical
grid form
Chicago in 1811 was uninhabited
In 1900 the population of were 1.7 million
people

102. Population: 15,000
1820
Population: 55,000
1854
Population: 1,698,575
1898

103. 1891 - FARWELL - CHICAGO CITY PLAN ...

104. Mid 19th Century New York
Early plan of New York, showing the city’s rapid development in the first half
of the 19th century. The map, first published in 1833, was frequently updated
during its lifetime.

105. Building proceeding: simple and quickly
Imported materials : cast iron and steel from Britain
and reinforced concrete from France
1855 cast iron façade parts were delivered from New
York to Chicago but majority of houses were still
made of wood
Great fire of 1871
1874 another destructive fire
Fire proof building

106. Balloon-frame method of construction (1832);
wooden frames

107. City Skyline
New York: single tower like buildings to create the a
typical urban skyline
Chicago: houses grew uniformly and in blocks
9 floor buildings were consider as
skyscrapers
The passenger elevator by Elisha Otis
1st appeared in New York in 1857
- More higher buildings
- Cheaper upper floors now became the more
valuable

109. Chicago School: there was a kind of architectural
revolution 1880s- 1890s
Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-1886); he
developed a personal heavy style
Example:
Marshal Field Warehouse in Chicago, 1885
This building became a model for the new generation
of Chicago architects

110. Marshal Field Warehouse in Chicago, 1885
The building was commissioned in 1885 by
legendary merchant Marshall Field. H.H.
Richardson, known for his New York State Asylum
in Buffalo, designed the exterior masonry piers and
arches with interior framing of wood and iron.
Intended for the wholesale business of Field's
eponymous named department store, it opened in
1887

111. Marshal Field Warehouse in Chicago, 1885

113. “ Form Follows Function,”
• Louis Henry Suilvan 1856- 1924, has been
considered the first truly modern architect.
1.He arrived at a synthesis of industrial structures
and ornamentation
2.He employed ornament to serve as connector
between commerce and culture
3.Artistic form for commercial buildings projects
4.He summarized his ideas on office building
design as :” The tall office building artistically
considered”

114. Examples:
Schlesinger & Mayer Department Store
Location: Chicago, Illinois (1899-1904)
Rich, artfully- crafted ornament on the ground floor
Well illuminated, open display area

115. Schlesinger & Mayer Department Store

118. Guaranty Building
Location; Buffalo, New York (1894-1896)
The structure is steel, sheathed with terra cotta
The imposing scale of the building and the
regularity of the window placements served as an
expression of the large scale refined and orderly
office work that took place within it.
Light decorations and ornamentation observed
the severity of the structure

119. Guaranty Building
Location; Buffalo, New York (1894-1896)

120. Guaranty (Prudential) Building: decoration over entrance
(1895-1896, Louis H. Sullivan)

124. Lobby ceiling light detail. Guaranty Building.

125. Louis Tiffany, Lotus Table Lamp, 1905