The presentation contains principles, and the impacts on city forms with respect to different movements- like the Park movement, linear city concept, Settlement house movement, city beautiful, and the garden city movement.

1. Prepared by: Adesh | Akarsha | Anoushka | Arunabh | Himani | Madhur | Mitali | Prem | Ronit | Satendra | Sugandh

2. IMPACT OF RENAISSANCE ON CITY FORMS
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING I PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
WHERE?
• Renaissance began in Florence, Italy in the early fifteenth century,
encompassing Rome and Milan, Netherlands, and spread to the rest
of Europe and after 125yrs it reached France.
• The Renaissance began to spread after 1500s to England, Germany,
France, Spain, Poland, and the Netherlands.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Renaissance means “re-birth” in French.
• During the renaissance there was a rebirth of interest in ancient
Greek and Roman elements.
• Emphasis on geometry, proportion, symmetry and regularity of parts.
• Use of semi-circular arched and hemi-spherical domes.
CITY PLANNING PRINCIPLES:
• Originally a Roman camp, laid out on a grid pattern, the later rapid
growth of the city was along roads beyond the grid, and was
disorderly.
• The five great district churches, Santa Maria Novella, Santa Croce, Il
Carmen, Santissima Annunciata, and Santa Espirito, became the focal
points around which the life of the city was organized.
• The street system was as such that it interconnected the major church
buildings , with a careful integration of new and old buildings ,
throughout the renaissance.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS OF THE CITIES
(BUILDINGS):
• Symmetrical arrangement of windows and doors.
• Extensiveuse of Classical columns and pilasters.
• Triangular pediments.
• Square lintels.
• Arches.
• Domes.
• Niches with sculptures.
EXAMPLE;
• St. Peter's Basilica is a
Late Renaissance church
located within Vatican
City.
• Designed principally by
Donato Bramante,
Michelangelo, Carlo
Maderno and Gian
Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's
is the most renowned
work of Renaissance
architecture and remains
the largest church in the
world.
INFERENCES:
• The period was more appearance
oriented.
• It’simpactonthelocaltownplanning
resultedinSub-urbanisation
• Industrial development initiated
growth of cities.
ST. PETER’S BASILICA

3. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON CITY FORMS
Period between 18th & 19th century
England, US, and other European countries
major changes and growth in the fields of :
• agriculture
• manufacturing
• transportation
• language ,art
• education
• family
• economic
• political conditions of the times.
Major economic impact :shift from
agricultural based economy to
manufacturing, Industries rose from late
1880s to early 1900.
Issues with industrial revolution -human
waste disposal-lack of sewers, no water
supply, crowded housing led to spread to
diseases, pollution by industries, a solution
to these problems in the late 19th century led
to the evolution of new city forms- Utopian
cities.
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING I PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
New zoning, land use patterns came. An outward growth
of the city outward of a city and integration of transport.
ZONE 1: CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
ZONE 2: ZONE OF TRANSITION
ZONE 3: WORKING CLASS
ZONE 4: MIDDLE CLASS or Zone of better
residences
ZONE 5: COMMUTERS
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
SECTOR THEORY
Manchester (1760-1830)
Population grew from 10,000- 89,000. Hub of
cotton manufacture-advantage of the stream,
narrow streets, residences and factories, along
the river, human residues and factory pollutants
were added into the streams, availability of coal,
hit badly by the cholera epidemic of 1831–32.
The first Industrial city
SOURCES: https://www.bl.uk/picturing-places/articles/industry-and-empire-the-townplans-of-the-19th-century, https://manchesterhistory.net/manchester/history/earlyhistory.html,
The 18th And 19th Century Industrialization Process as The Main Aspect of City Creation and Its Impact On Contemporary City Structures: The Case of Lodz
CHICAGO & ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION

4. THE PARKS MOVEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING I PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
DESIGN FEATURES --
• NATURAL FEATURES - The natural features and land form in much of the park appear natural, it is in fact almost entirely landscaped.
• The park contains several natural-looking lakes and ponds that have been created artificially by damming natural seeps and flows.
URBAN PARKS MOVEMENT –
• Urban parks formalized as public space.
• Response to worsening urban conditions
• Links with public health
• Aligned with democratic ideals, open to all
CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK –
• It is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City with 843 acres of landscaped area with both man made as well as natural features.
• The park was designed in the year 1858, by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux won a design competition
to improve and expand the park with a plan they titled the "Greensward Plan".
• Parks for the public
• Move away from formalized, rationalized geometric designs, more organic instead
• Parks as the ‘lungs of the city’, bringing clean air and sunlight into dirty industrial city
• Parks provided recreational opportunities and an ‘outlet’ for the stresses of city life
• MAN-MADE FEATURES - Central Park is full of attractions, from green meadows to sprawling waters, gardens and unique bridges,
music and performance centers, educational facilities, classical architecture and more.
• There are many visitors attraction spots created in the park which include Arsenal, Ballplayers House, Belvedere Castle,
Bethesda Terrace and Fountain, Blockhouse, Burnett Memorial Fountain, Delacorte Theater, Diana Playground etc.
• ART & ARCHITECTURE - Cleopatra's Needle: A red granite obelisk. Each obelisk is approximately 68 feet tall and weigh about 180 tons.
• Strawberry Fields: 1ha landscaped section was designed by the landscape architect Bruce Kelly in which the mosaic, in the style
of Portuguese pavement, bounded by shrubs and mature trees and woodland slopes, all designated a "quiet zone".
• The Gate: A group of gates comprising a site-specific work of art by Bulgarian artist inspired by the traditional Japanese Torii Gates.
The Mall, CP, New York Cleopatra’s needle - Obelisk Ariel view of Lakes and natural forest Strawberry field Central park map, 1870

5. THE LINEAR CITY
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING I PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
CONCEPT
An urban plan for an elongated urban formation
consisting
• A series of functionally specialised parallel
sectors
• Development running parallel to a river — the
planning done so that dominant wind blows
from the residential areas to the industrial
strip
• Planned along an axis, mode of transport
deciding the settlement and development for
a city
• Useful to plan a city with natural or artificial
restrictions, e.g. lake, river, mountains, etc.
• Supports a static growth without a static/focal
point — the axis.
Fig 1. Ciudad Lineal by Soria y
Mata for Madrid, Spain (1882)
Source: Boileau,1959
CHARACTERISTICS (W.R.T. MADRID)
SECTORS IN A LINEAR CITY
• A purely segregated zone for
railway lines,
• A zone of production and
communal enterprises, with
related scientific, technical and
educational institutions,
• A green belt or buffer zone with
major highway,
• A residential zone, including a
band of social institutions,
• A band of residential buildings
and a "children's band"
OBJECTIVES OF A LINEAR SETTLEMENT
a) To develop less populated
suburbs
b) To integrate nature within the city
c) To preserve individualism
d) To support corridor-like expansion
of cities or connection between
cities
e) To resolve transportation issues,
in terms of trip length
f) Length of streets: 200 m; Width:
20 m
Source: Collins,1959
Source: (Boileau, I.,
La Ciudad Lineal,
Town Planning
Review, Oct. 1959
g) Connection of
different house blocks to
the main street (Fig. 2)
h) Growth of the city
parallel to the main
street
Fig. 2
INFERENCES
• Development along an axis; axis usually
being transport artery and other
communications of transport and
infrastructure
• Greater flexibility of structures while
introducing connectedness with nature
and natural landscape
• High accessibility to services
• Useful for limited growth
• Do not
share
central
functions,
hence do
not form
cities
Fig 3. Soria's project
for a tramway around Madrid

6. SETTLEMENT HOUSE MOVEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING I PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
Settlement Movement-3 R‘s
First Settlement Houses
Toynbee Hall in London, founded in 1883
by Samuel and Henrietta Barnett.
Neighborhood Guild, founded by Stanton
Coit, in 1886.
The Movement Spreads
• East Side House in 1891 in New York City
• Boston's South End House in 1892
• University of Chicago Settlement
• Chicago Commons (both in Chicago in 1894)
• Hiram House in Cleveland in 1896
• Hudson Guild in New York City in 1897
• Greenwich House in New York in 1902.
Famous Settlement Houses
Hull House in Chicago, founded in 1889 by
Jane Addams with her friend Ellen Gates
Starr.
Lillian Wald and the Henry Street
Settlement in New York
The settlement house, an approach to
social reform with roots in the late 19th
century and the Progressive Movement,
❖ Between the late 1880s and the end
of World War I, the settlement
house movement was an influential
Progressive-era response to the massive
urban social problems of the day.
❖ The United States was in a period of
rapid growth, economic distress, labor
unrest, unemployment, low wages, unfair
labor practices, and squalid living
conditions.
❖ The movement was mostly present in the
U.S. and Great Britain, but a movement of
"Settlement" in Russia existed from 1905
to 1908.
❖ Soon over 100 others are founded in
American cities.
❖ Goals: educating, elevating and saving the
poor (condescending attitude) gradually
evolved into something more responsive
and scientific.
❖ Residents surveyed slum populations,
organized housing studies.
❖ Famous tenement studies around 1901:
Lawrence Veiller (NY) and Robert Hunter
(Chicago).
Research
Reform
Residence

7. THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING I PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
• The City Beautiful
movement emerged
at a time in U.S.
history when the
country experienced
rapid urbanization.
• Most city dwellers
perceived that cities
were ugly,
congested, dirty,
and unsafe.
• As cities grew, an
increasingly rapid
condition enhanced
by an influx of
immigrants at the
end of the 19th
century- public
space was being
usurped leading to
increased
congestion.
WHY? ORIGIN
• With the
construction of the
fair’s temporary
city, the so-called
White City where
visitors were
treated to a
harmony of
Neoclassical and
Baroque
architecture from
the collaborative
designs of
architects from the
École des Beaux-
Arts in Paris.
• The landscape for
the Exposition
included lagoons
and big green
expanses and was
designed by
Frederick Law
Olmsted.
HOW?
• Through the City Beautiful Design,
Burnham believed that it can provide
‘breathing spaces’ for healthy activities to
those citizens who could not afford to
travel and heavily reliant on the city to
provide recreational and cultural
enrichment.
WHAT IS IT ABOUT?
WHO?
The Burnham Plan of Chicago focused on 6 major elements
The Palais Garnier (1861-75) Beaux-Arts building decoration
A regional highway system
Diagramming of both radial and circumferential roads for the region extending 120 km from the city
center
Civic and cultural centers
The most iconic image of the plan
was the new civic center in the
area around Congress & Halsted
Streets. At the east end of
Congress Street, Burnham
proposed a cultural center
New Outer parts
Preservation of natural zones and
expansion of the city's park and
boulevard system
Improvement of Railway terminals
Completion of railroads and pool usage of tracks for
greater efficiency in freight handling. Consolidation of
Chicago's six intercity railroad passenger terminals
into new complexes, allowing the expansion of the
business district.
Reclaiming and
improving the lake-front
"The Lakefront by right
belongs to the people,
not a foot of its shores
should be appropriated
to the exclusion of the
people." -Burnham
Systematic arrangement of streets
New wider arterials and diagonal streets
were prescribed to relieve traffic congestion
and beautify the fast growing city.

8. THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING I PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
• Garden City idea spread rapidly to
Europe and the United States
• Under the auspices of the
Regional Planning Association of
America, the garden-city idea
inspired a “New Town,” Radburn,
N.J. (1928–32) outside New York
City
• The congestion and destruction
accompanying World War II
greatly stimulated the garden-city
movement, especially in Great
Britain
• Britain’s New Towns Act (1946)
led to the development of over a
dozen new communities based on
Howard's idea
• The open layout of garden cities
also had a great influence on the
development of modern city
planning
• Most satellite towns fail to attain
Howard's ideal
• Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of
Tomorrow (1902)
• “Three Magnets”
• Town (High Wages, Opportunity,
And Amusement)
• Country (Natural Beauty, Low
Rents, Fresh Air)
• Town-country (Combination Of
Both)
• An ideal, self-contained community of predetermined
area and population surrounded by a greenbelt
• Intended to bring together the economic and cultural
advantages of both city and country life while at the
same time discouraging metropolitan sprawl and
industrial centralization
• Land ownership would be vested in the community
(socialist element)
• The garden city was foreshadowed in the writings of
Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and James Silk
Buckingham, and in the planned industrial communities
of Saltaire (1851), Bournville (1879), and Port Sunlight
(1887) in England
• Howard organized the Garden-City Association (1899) in
England and secured backing for the establishment of
Letchworth and Welwyn
Garden City Legacy in the U.S
Garden City: A Utopian Model
Classic Examples of
Garden Cities
Letchworth, England
•Founded 1903
Welwyn, England
•Founded 1920