“Integrating historic walls within management systems”

1. Integrating historic walls within
management systems
Professor Michael Turner
UNESCO Chair in Urban Design and Conservation Studies
Bezalel Academy for Arts and Design, Jerusalem
Walled cities – open societies
Managing the Historic Walls of World Heritage
Urban Settlements
Siena, January 2017

2. The wall of Siena divides the
well- governed city from its
countryside. Ambrogio
Lorenzetti’s fresco in the
plazzo pubblico, painted in c.
1340, shows tightly packed
houses and shops (three
cloth workers are busy on
the left), which had already
crept up the wall by 1262.
The gate bears the city
emblem, the wolf with
Romulus and Remus,
borrowed by the Sienese
from Rome. Outside as the
banner proclaims, people
work the fields and travel in
safety; note the paved high
road and the fortified villa-
farm on the hill.
© the City Assembled - Spiro Kostof

3. Values
beliefs (standards), which
have significance for a
cultural group or an
individual, often including,
but not being limited to
spiritual, political, religious
and moral beliefs.
places may have a range of
values for different
individuals or groups and
values are continually
renegotiated.
Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999
Code on the Ethics of Co-existence in Conserving Significant Places, 1999
9thcenturyBCreliefofanAssyrian
attack-Nimrod;publicdomain
AviewoftheBerlinWallin1986;
Wikipedia-Noir

4. Layering
Continuity
Technologies
Sustainability
Tradition
Pilgrimage
Values
• form and design;
• materials and substance;
• workmanship
• use and function;
• mass and scale
• colour and texture
• grain and vegetation
• traditions, techniques and management
systems;
• location and setting;
• language, and other forms of intangible
heritage;
• spirit and feeling; and
• other internal and
external factors.
Interpretation
Attributes
existentialism
historicism

5. The citadel and town of Aleppo (Syria),
as illustrated by Alexander Drummond in
the mid- 18th century.
© the City Assembled - Spiro Kostof
Citadel

6. Diyarbakır Fortress and
Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape
Located on an escarpment of the Upper Tigris
River Basin that is part of the Fertile Crescent,
the fortified city of Diyarbakır and the
landscape around has been an important
centre since the Hellenistic period, through the
Roman, Sassanid, Byzantine, Islamic and
Ottoman times to the present.
©DiyarbakırMetropolitanMunicipality

7. Tower of London
The massive White Tower is a
typical example of Norman
military architecture, whose
influence was felt throughout
the kingdom. It was built on the
Thames by William the
Conqueror to protect London
and assert his power. The Tower
of London – an imposing
fortress with many layers of
history, which has become one
of the symbols of royalty – was
built around the White Tower.
©VincentKoHonChiu©TimSchnarr

8. Longobards in Italy
Places of the Power (568-774 AD)
The Longobards in Italy, Places of Power, 568 - 774 AD comprises seven groups of
important buildings, including fortresses, churches, and monasteries, throughout
the Italian Peninsula.
©ElioeStefanoCiol
©PhotographicarchiveMuseiCivicid’ArteeStoriadeBrescia

9. Fort Jesus, Mombasa
The Fort, built by the Portuguese in 1593-1596 to
the designs of Giovanni Battista Cairati to protect
the port of Mombasa, is one of the most
outstanding and well preserved examples of 16th
Portuguese military fortification. The Fort's layout
and form reflected the Renaissance ideal that
perfect proportions and geometric harmony are
to be found in the human body. The property
covers an area of 2.36 hectares and includes the
fort's moat and immediate surrounding
©LuciaIglesias

10. Hwaseong Fortress – military architecture
When the Joseon King Jeongjo
moved his father's tomb to
Suwon at the end of the 18th
century, he surrounded it with
strong defensive works, laid out
according to the precepts of an
influential military architect of
the period, who brought together
the latest developments in the
field from both East and West.
The massive walls, extending for
nearly 6 km, still survive; they are
pierced by four gates and
equipped with bastions, artillery
towers and other features.
© Lucia Iglesias

11. Jericho - Rahab
© Wikipedia – public domain
Frederick Richard Pickersgill
© Wikipedia – public domain
Living in the walls

12. Living in the walls

13. Authenticity and integrity
Carcassonne, 1985, 1997 and Rhodes, 1989

15. The integration of historic walls within broader
site management systems/plans

16. CONTEXT
loosing tradition
and continuity
• VOLUMES AND SHAPES
• MATERIALS
• ICONIC ARCHITECTURE
A GLOBAL PROCESS
from the World Heritage Centre presentation Lhasa Ensemble of Potala Palace

17. Toulouse (France),
the space
surrounding St.-
Sernin as it
appeared ca. 1800
and as redesigned
by J. P. Virebent in
1827. The place as
actually built,
beginning in the
mid 19th centaury Is
far less perfect in
form. (after
Mardaga)
Basilica of St-Sernin
© the City Assembled - Spiro Kostof
Dismembering

18. Urban heritage conservation evolution
• from monuments to include
living cities and cultural landscapes
• from restoration to the
management of change and regeneration
• from mono-disciplinary to
integrative and participatory planning
• from development to environmental
sciences and sustainability
from the World Heritage Centre presentation

19. Management systems
108. Each nominated property should have an appropriate management plan or
other documented management system which should specify how the
outstanding universal value of a property should be preserved, preferably
through participatory means.
110. An effective management system depends on the type, characteristics and
needs of the nominated property and its cultural and natural context.
Management systems may vary according to different cultural perspectives,
the resources available and other factors. They may incorporate traditional
practices, existing urban or regional planning instruments, and other
planning control mechanisms, both formal and informal.
111. In recognizing the diversity mentioned above, common elements of an
effective management system could include:
a) a thorough shared understanding of the property by all stakeholders;
b) a cycle of planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and
feedback;
c) the involvement of partners and stakeholders;
d) the allocation of necessary resources;
e) capacity-building; and
f) an accountable, transparent description of how the management
system functions.

20. A conceptual database for the role of historic walls
The changing historical role of the city walls
Intra-muros locked in or locked out?
Can we re-define the outstanding values of walls?
The attributes of the value- visual, functional
The present day situation – asset or liability?
Taking down walls- 19th - 21th
Fences make good neighbours (if there are open gates)

21. …….a buffer zone is an area
surrounding the nominated property
which has complementary legal
and/or customary restrictions
placed on its use and development
to give an added layer of protection
to the property.
This should include the immediate
setting of the nominated property,
important views and other areas or
attributes that are functionally
important as a support to the
property and its protection.
The area constituting the buffer
zone should be determined in each
case through appropriate
mechanisms.
Added layers of protection - buffer zones

22. Amersfoort (The
Netherlands) shows a
number of faces of the city
edge. The core is still
circumscribed by the traces
of its early wall, demolished
in the 15th century and
replaced by the muurhuizen,
or “wall-houses”, built from
the rubble. The mediaeval
gate was left standing.
Outside the core , linear
suburbs grew up along the
main roads. gradually the
intermediate spaces were
closed in, with houses,
schools and industry. A ring-
road skirts the planted line
of the later wall.
© the City Assembled - Spiro Kostof
Amersfoort - traces

23. a) Continued degradation of the vernacular architecture and timber houses;
b) Quality of repairs and reconstruction of the Old Walls and associated palace structures,
c) Uncontrolled development and absence of a World Heritage Management Plan;
d) Lack of coordination between national, municipal authorities and of decision-making bodies;
e) Potential impacts of new buildings and new development projects on the World Heritage
site, and the lack of impact studies before large-scale developments are implemented;
f) Potential impacts of the proposed new metro bridge across the Golden Horn as well as of the
Bosphorus Transition Tunnel Project for Motor Vehicles;
Case-study - Istanbul
Source: State of Conservation mission 2009: Impact assessment report provided by the State Party

24. Above, map was kindly realized at the request of and during the mission by the Site Management
Directorate shows the boundaries of the 4 World Heritage core areas (red hatched in green), the
proposed buffer zone (hatched in red), and the Historic Peninsula management plan area (hatched
in green) as approved by the Minister of Culture and Tourism in accordance to the Law 2863. What
the authorities consider to be the existing buffer zone is known as red hatched in red, with the
proposed extension according to 5 view points “enabling perceiving aesthetic and architecture
silhouette of the Historic Peninsula” as red hatching only.

25. General views from the Walled City of Baku:
new development surrounding the WH site behind its buffer zone
Case-study – Baku
turner

26. Case-study – views
Tower of London

27. Concepts and tools in the convention
• Walled Cities as
“Groups of buildings”
• Values in Statement of
Significance- OUV
• Core and buffer zones
• Vistas, axis, roofscapes
Walled Cities as “Sites”
OUV to include built landscape
values, geology, archaelogy,
natural features, intangibles
Redefine meaning and attributes
context and setting
Establish impact criteria -
visual, social, economic,
environmental,
from the World Heritage Centre presentation

28. INTRODUCTION
I DEFINITION
II CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE HISTORIC
URBAN LANDSCAPE
Urbanization and Globalization, Development, Environment
III POLICIES
IV TOOLS
Civic Engagement, Knowledge and Planning,
Regulatory Systems, Financial tools
V CAPACITY BUILDING, RESEARCH, INFORMATION and
COMMUNICATION
VI INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION
Action Plan and HUL support programme
HULa Recommendation

29. The Athens Charter
New Urban Agenda
Historic Urban Landscape