Descending Paper Chromatography.pdf
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Descending chromatography is a technique where the mobile phase moves downwards due to gravitational force. It works on the principles of adsorption and partition chromatography. To perform it, an adsorption filter paper, mobile phase solvent, glass chamber, and capillary for spotting are used. The analyte mixture is spotted on the filter paper and the mobile phase moves downwards, separating the analyte components and forming spots on the paper. Descending chromatography can be used to study fermentation, check purity of pharmaceuticals, detect adulterants, and determine drugs in humans and animals.
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Baked foods are items cooked by dry heat in an oven, including bread, pastries, pies, and biscuits. The earliest bread was made around 8000 BC in Egypt using yeast. Key ingredients in baked goods include flour, eggs, milk, butter or shortening, leavening agents like baking powder or soda, and sugar. The baking process converts ingredients like flour and water into a light, airy final product through chemical reactions aided by enzymes. Bread and other baked foods provide important nutrients like calcium, fiber, protein, iron, and vitamins.
Research: HOTS
The document discusses how choices should be based on needs and demands. It outlines that our basic needs include food, water, health, fuel, agriculture, and safety. These needs are achieved through technology, knowledge, skill, and finance. Demands are based on factors like age, time period, culture, socioeconomics, and literacy. The document suggests that the next dimension of research and entrepreneurship should focus on addressing issues like water scarcity, monsoon-dependent agriculture, and fuel needs.
Start up desirables
Startup is defined as a business working to solve problems or meet demands through products or services when the solution or path to success is unclear. Successful startups like Instagram grew rapidly from 0 to $1 billion in revenue in just two years. Startups operate under conditions of uncertainty according to Ries, while McClure defined them as companies confused about their product, customers, and revenue. There are three types of startup ideas: providing existing products to new areas, developing new technologies or products, and improving existing products.
Factors influencing entrepreneurship
Dr. R.Kalaivani from the Department of Biotechnology at Bon Secours College for Women in TamilNadu presented on key factors related to entrepreneurship. Some factors discussed included self-efficacy, education level, technology transfer, and societal culture. Political factors like legal restrictions and market forces such as industry structure and barriers to entry can influence entrepreneurial opportunities. Successful entrepreneurship requires arrangements for funding and resources, the willingness to commit and take risks, and the necessary abilities including skills, knowledge, and experience. Competitive strategies, independence, institutional support, and innovation clusters within an entrepreneurial ecosystem are also important.
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- 1. z DESCENDING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY By; P.Rajeshwari I, M.Sc Biotechnology
- 2. z DEFINITION: ▪ Descending chromatography is a techniquein which the mobile phase movesto the downside. ▪ Paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography is the technique in which Descending chromatography is used. ▪ Ascending chromatography is one of the chromatography technique used in which mobile phase run in upward direction opposite to the descending chromatography
- 3. z PRINCIPLE: ▪ In descending chromatography, the mobile phase runs to the downside because of the gravitational force. ▪ It works on the principle of adsorption chromatography and the partition chromatography. ▪ The term descending is given because the separation or the development of the chromatogram is taking place towards down.
- 4. z DIAGRAM:
- 5. z PROCEDURE: ▪ To perform the Descending chromatographyAdsorption filter paper/TLC plate, solvent as mobile phase, glass chamber with lid or beaker with lead, fine capillary for spotting is required. ▪ Descending chromatography set up is opposite to the ascending chromatography. The mobile phase tank is set at the top of the assembly. It is a quite complex setup than the Ascending chromatography.
- 6. z ▪ The mobile phase tank is placed at the top side of the assembly as shown in the diagram. The chamber needs to be saturated before the separation takes place. ▪ The spotting procedure in descending chromatography is the same as the Ascending chromatography. Syringe or glass capillary spotting of the mixture of the analyte is a place on the stationary phase at the marked place. ▪ After the spotting of the analyte, adsorption paper or the thin layer plate is attached at the top side in the chamber.
- 7. z ▪ The mobile phase gradually moves from the upper side to the downside. Along with the mobile phase spot of the analyte also moves with the mobile phase and its componentswill separate out ▪ The spot with a mixture of analyte travel through the mobile phase and separation of the analyte is observed on the paper in the form of the spot after drying. ▪ Reagent in case visual inspection of the spot is not possible (To visualize the spot).
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