This form of chromatography is based on a thin film formed on the surface of a solid support by a liquid stationary phase. Solute equilibrates between the mobile phase and the stationary liquid. Components within a mixture are separated in a column based on each component's affinity for the mobile phase. If the components are of different polarities and a mobile phase of a distinct polarity is passed through the column, one component will migrate through the column faster than the other.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
HPLC Principle,Instrumentation and ApplicationAlakesh Pradhan
HPLC Chromatography and its principle
Liquid chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC )
The components of the high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC).
The separation process.
The chromatogram
This presentation contains all the topics related to column chromatography. That includes introduction, principle,apparatus, experimental aspects of column chromatography, application of column chromatography, advantage and disadvantage of column chromatography with reference.
HPLC Principle,Instrumentation and ApplicationAlakesh Pradhan
HPLC Chromatography and its principle
Liquid chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC )
The components of the high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC).
The separation process.
The chromatogram
This presentation contains all the topics related to column chromatography. That includes introduction, principle,apparatus, experimental aspects of column chromatography, application of column chromatography, advantage and disadvantage of column chromatography with reference.
The movement of molecules from one phase to another is called partitioning.
If two immiscible phases are placed adjacent to each other, the solute will distribute itself between two immiscible phases until equilibrium is attained; therefore no further transfer of solute occurs.
• Chromatography is a method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of these is called a stationary phase and the other is a mobile phase which moves on stationary phase in a definite direction
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Chromatography
Chromatography is based on the Greek word
chroma, for colour. This technique is
extensively used to separate mixtures into
their components, purify compounds and also
to test its purity.
Chromatography works on the same principle
as extraction, but one phase remains
stationary and the other flows past.
3. Chromatography
The stationary phase is the phase that stays in
place inside the column and is usually viscous liquid
chemically bonded to the inside of a capillary column
or onto the surfacee of solid particles packed into the
column.
The mobile phase is the solvent moving through
the column and is either liquid or gas.
Fluid entering the column is the eluent, while fluid
leaving the column is the eluate.
Elution is the process of passing liquid or gas
4.
5. Adsorption Chromatography
Adsorption chromatography is a process
of separation of components in a mixture introduced
into chromatography system based on the relative
differences in adsorption of components to the
stationary phase present in the
chromatography column.
This adsorption chromatography applies to only solid-
liquid or solid-gas chromatography. Because the
adsorption phenomenon is inherent property of solids
and hence it is used with only solid stationary phase
chromatographies.
8. Adsorption Chromatography
1. Column Chromatography
It involves the separation of a mixture over a column of adsorbent (stationary phase)
packed in a glass tube.
The mixture adsorbed on adsorbent is placed on the top of the adsorbent column
packed in a glass tube.
An appropriate eluant which is a liquid is allowed to flow down the column slowly
The most readily adsorbed substance are retained near the top and the others come
down to various distance in the column
9. 1. _
2. Thin Layer Chromatography
This is separation of substances of a mixture over a thin layer of an adsorbent coated on
glass plate.
A thin layer about 0.2mm thick of an adsorbent (silica gel or alumina) is spread over a
glass plate of suitable size.
The plate is known as thin layer chromatography plate or chromaphate.
The solution of the mixture to be separated is applied as a small spot about 2cm above
one end of the TLC plate.
10. Partition Chromatography
Definition:
This form of chromatography is based on a thin film
formed on the surface of a solid support by a liquid
stationary phase. Solute equilibrates between the
mobile phase and the stationary liquid.
11. Partition Chromatography
Partition chromatography is process of
separation whereby the components of the
mixture get distributed into two liquid phases due
to differences in partition coefficients during the
flow of mobile phase in the chromatography
column.
This mode of partition chromatography applies to
Liquid-liquid, liquid-gas chromatography and not
to solid-gas chromatography. Because partition is
the phenomenon in between a liquid and liquid or
liquid and gas or gas and gas. But not in solid
involvement.
12. Partition Chromatography
Priciple:
Separation of components of a sample mixture occurs
because of partition. Stationary phase is coated with a liquid
which is immiscible in mobile phase.
Partition of component of a sample between sample and
liquid/gas stationary phase retard some components of
sample more as compared to others. This gives basis for
separation.
The stationary phase immobilizes the liquid surface layer,
which becomes stationary phase. Mobile phases passes over
the coated adsorbent and depending upon relative solubility in
the coated liquid, separation occurs. The component of
sample mixture appear separated because of differences in
their partition coefficient.
13. This form of
chromatography is
based on a thin film
formed on the
surface of a solid
support by a liquid
stationary phase.
Solute equilibriates
between the mobile
phase and the
stationary liquid.
14.
15. Gas Liquid Chromatography
A form of chromatography in which the mobile phase
is a gas and the stationary phase is a liquid, usually
on small beads packed in a long column
Used to separate and analyze compounds
Sample has to be able to be vaporized without
decomposition
Based on boiling point/vapor pressure
Typical uses:
Testing purity of particular substance
Separation of different components of a mixture
Prepare pure compounds from a mixture
16. Mobile phase
Inert carrier gas (usually He or N)
Stationary phase
Layer of liquid or polymer on inert solid support
Inside a glass or metal tubing (COLUMN)
17. • Compound is injected with syringe into sample
injector
• Compound is carried by carrier gas and vaporized
• Vaporized sample interacts with walls of column
– Some samples interact more some less
• Due to interaction samples elute at different times
– Retention times
– Comparison of retentions times is what is useful
• A detector monitors the outlet stream from the
column
18.
19.
20. Carrier Gas Pressure Regulator and Flow
Meter
H2 : It has a distinctly better thermal conductivity
and lower density. Demerits are its reactivity with
unsaturated compounds and hazardous explosive
nature
He : It has an excellent thermal conductivity, low
density, inertness and it permits greater flow
rates. It is highly expensive
N2 : It offers reduced sensitivity and is
inexpensive
Air : It is employed only when the atmospheric
O2 is beneficial to the detector separation.
21. Sample Injection System
(a) Liquid Samples : They are usually injected by
hypodermic syringes through a self-sealing silicon-
rubber septum into a preheated-metal-block flash
evaporator. The sample is vapourize as a ‘plug’ and
carried right into the column by the respective carrier
gas. Sample size ranges between 1–10 μl.
(b) Solid Samples : These are either dissolved in volatile
liquids (solvents) or temporarily liquefied by exposure
to infrared heat.
(c) Gas Samples : They are best handled and injected by
gas-light syringes or a gas-sampling valve, usually
termed as a stream-splitter.
22.
23. Separation Column
Types:
Packed
Packed columns contain a finely divided, inert, solid
support material (commonly based on diatomaceous
earth) coated with liquid stationary phase. Most
packed columns are 1.5 - 10m in length and have an
internal diameter of 2 - 4mm.
Capillary a.k.a Open Tubular
Capillary columns have an internal diameter of a few
tenths of a millimeter.
Wall-coated open tubular (WCOT)
Support-coated open tubular (SCOT)
24. Wall-coated columns consist of a capillary
tube whose walls are coated with liquid
stationary phase. In support-coated columns,
the inner wall of the capillary is lined with a
thin layer of support material such as
diatomaceous earth, onto which the stationary
phase has been adsorbed.
SCOT columns are generally less efficient
than WCOT columns.
Both types of capillary column are more
efficient than packed columns.
28. Detector
Types of selectivity:
Non-selective detector - responds to all
compounds except the carrier gas
Selective detector - responds to a range of
compounds with a common physical or chemical
property
Specific detector - responds to a single
chemical compound
29.
30.
31.
32. Liquid-Liquid Chromatography
Components within a mixture are separated in
a column based on each component's affinity
for the mobile phase. So, if the components
are of different polarities and a mobile phase
of a distinct polarity is passed through the
column, one component will migrate through
the column faster than the other. Because
molecules of the same compound will
generally move in groups, the compounds are
separated into distinct bands within the
column. If the components being separated
are colored, their corresponding bands can be
seen.
33.
34. Other varieties of Liquid
Chromatography
Partition Chromatography
Liquid-Solid Chromatography
Ion Exchange or Ion Chromatography
Size Exclusion Chromatograhy
Affinity Chromatography
Chiral Chromatography
Plate Theory or Rate Theory