The photo-oxidation of Rhodamime B was carried out
in the presence of H2O2/ Fe2+ ion using UV light. The effects of
dye concentration, pH, H2O2 dose and Fe2+ dose. These
parameters strongly influenced the degradation of the dye. As
expected, the increase of initial dye concentration decreased the
percentage decoloration. Likewise increasing H2O2, Fe2+
concentration also increased the dye decoloration up to a certain
limit after which it starts decreasing. The optimum operating
conditions of the method were found to be [Dye] = 10mg/l; [H2O2]
= 300mg/l; [Fe2+] = 250 mg/l at pH 2. Under these conditions, a
maximum of 92% decoloration of the dye was achieved. The
actual breakdown of the dye was confirmed using HPLC
analyses.
This document provides an overview of catalysis by organometallic compounds. It discusses that organometallic compounds are widely used as homogeneous catalysts in industrial processes and research. Nobel Prizes have been awarded for discoveries in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. Examples of important organometallic catalysts discussed include Wilkinson's catalyst, Noyori's catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation, and Ziegler-Natta catalysts for polymerization of olefins. The mechanisms of homogeneous hydrogenation and different types of catalysis such as homogeneous versus heterogeneous are also summarized.
The document provides information about electroanalytical methods of analysis. It defines electroanalytical methods as techniques that study analytes by measuring potentials or currents in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte. It discusses various types of electroanalytical techniques including potentiometry, voltammetry, and Karl Fischer titration. It provides details on the principles, instrumentation, applications, and advantages of these analytical methods.
Amperometry refers to the measurement of current under a constant applied voltage and under these conditions it is the concentration of analyte which determine the magnitude of current.
In Amperometric titrations, the potential applied between the indicator electrode (dropping mercury electrode) and the appropriate depolarizing reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode) is kept constant and current through the electrolytic cell is then measured on the addition of each increment of titrating solution. It is a form of quantitative analysis.
Otherwise called as Polarographic or polarometric titrations.
Electrochemistry 1 the basic of the basicToru Hara
This document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including the interface between electrode and electrolyte, thermodynamics and kinetics of electrode reactions, and overpotential. The interface contains an electric double layer consisting of an inner monomolecular layer, an outer diffuse region, and an intermediate layer. Overpotential arises from factors like activation energy needed for electrode reactions, concentration gradients that develop at the electrode surface, and resistance of the electrolyte. Overpotential is composed of ohmic drop, activation overpotential, and diffusion overpotential.
Potentiometry is a method of analysis that determines the concentration of an ion or substance by measuring the potential developed at a sensitive indicator electrode immersed in the solution. There are two main types of indicator electrodes: metallic electrodes where redox reactions occur on the surface, and membrane electrodes where charge exchange occurs across a selective surface. Reference electrodes such as silver/silver chloride are used along with indicator electrodes to complete the circuit and allow measurement of potential. Potentiometry can be used for direct concentration measurements or titration applications such as acid-base, precipitation, complexation, and redox reactions.
This document provides an overview of the application of phase rule to a three component system of acetic acid, chloroform, and water. It defines key terms like phases, components, and degrees of freedom. It explains Gibbs phase rule and how it applies to a three component system. Specifically, it discusses how the water-acetic acid-chloroform system can be represented on a triangular phase diagram, with acetic acid enhancing the miscibility of water and chloroform. The document outlines how the system transitions from two heterogeneous phases to a single homogeneous phase as the amount of acetic acid is increased.
This document provides an overview of catalysis by organometallic compounds. It discusses that organometallic compounds are widely used as homogeneous catalysts in industrial processes and research. Nobel Prizes have been awarded for discoveries in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. Examples of important organometallic catalysts discussed include Wilkinson's catalyst, Noyori's catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation, and Ziegler-Natta catalysts for polymerization of olefins. The mechanisms of homogeneous hydrogenation and different types of catalysis such as homogeneous versus heterogeneous are also summarized.
The document provides information about electroanalytical methods of analysis. It defines electroanalytical methods as techniques that study analytes by measuring potentials or currents in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte. It discusses various types of electroanalytical techniques including potentiometry, voltammetry, and Karl Fischer titration. It provides details on the principles, instrumentation, applications, and advantages of these analytical methods.
Amperometry refers to the measurement of current under a constant applied voltage and under these conditions it is the concentration of analyte which determine the magnitude of current.
In Amperometric titrations, the potential applied between the indicator electrode (dropping mercury electrode) and the appropriate depolarizing reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode) is kept constant and current through the electrolytic cell is then measured on the addition of each increment of titrating solution. It is a form of quantitative analysis.
Otherwise called as Polarographic or polarometric titrations.
Electrochemistry 1 the basic of the basicToru Hara
This document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including the interface between electrode and electrolyte, thermodynamics and kinetics of electrode reactions, and overpotential. The interface contains an electric double layer consisting of an inner monomolecular layer, an outer diffuse region, and an intermediate layer. Overpotential arises from factors like activation energy needed for electrode reactions, concentration gradients that develop at the electrode surface, and resistance of the electrolyte. Overpotential is composed of ohmic drop, activation overpotential, and diffusion overpotential.
Potentiometry is a method of analysis that determines the concentration of an ion or substance by measuring the potential developed at a sensitive indicator electrode immersed in the solution. There are two main types of indicator electrodes: metallic electrodes where redox reactions occur on the surface, and membrane electrodes where charge exchange occurs across a selective surface. Reference electrodes such as silver/silver chloride are used along with indicator electrodes to complete the circuit and allow measurement of potential. Potentiometry can be used for direct concentration measurements or titration applications such as acid-base, precipitation, complexation, and redox reactions.
This document provides an overview of the application of phase rule to a three component system of acetic acid, chloroform, and water. It defines key terms like phases, components, and degrees of freedom. It explains Gibbs phase rule and how it applies to a three component system. Specifically, it discusses how the water-acetic acid-chloroform system can be represented on a triangular phase diagram, with acetic acid enhancing the miscibility of water and chloroform. The document outlines how the system transitions from two heterogeneous phases to a single homogeneous phase as the amount of acetic acid is increased.
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that involves measuring the current in a cell with a gradually increasing negative potential applied between a polarizable working electrode, usually a dropping mercury electrode, and a non-polarizable reference electrode. It can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of electroreducible or electrooxidizable elements. The current-voltage curve obtained is called a polarogram, from which the half-wave potential and diffusion current can be determined for qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. Key components of the polarograph include the dropping mercury electrode, rotating platinum electrode, and reference electrode. Factors like concentration, temperature, viscosity, and capillary characteristics affect the diffusion current.
This document discusses potentiometric analysis and its applications. Potentiometry involves measuring the potential difference between electrodes placed in a sample solution as the concentration of ions changes, such as during acid-base, redox, complexometric, and precipitation titrations. Some key applications of potentiometry include determining electrolyte levels in clinical samples, analyzing ions in environmental samples like water, and measuring properties in various industries like food processing, detergent manufacturing, and agriculture.
The pptx on complexometric titrations, EDTA titration, Why EDTA is used in complexometric titration, Classification of EDTA titration, EDTA titration curve etc.
This document discusses ligand substitution reactions in octahedral complexes. It describes the main mechanisms of ligand substitution including dissociative (SN1), associative (SN2), and concerted (interchange) pathways. It also discusses hydrolysis reactions and anation reactions as types of ligand substitutions. Specific examples are provided of acid and base hydrolysis in octahedral cobalt complexes, and factors that influence the reaction mechanisms and rates are outlined.
The presented slides gives brief description about supported catalysis process, its mechanism, advantages with examples. The given presentation also helpful for those who are seeking for details on preparation of supported catalysts with different types of catalysis process. This presentation also covers some applications of supported catalysts use in various chemical reactions.
A solvent can be any substance, that turns into a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. The solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or gas.
Labile & inert and substitution reactions in octahedral complexesEinstein kannan
The first part includes a definition of labile and inert. lability and inertness on the basis of VB theory and CFT and also factors affecting inertness and lability of the complexes.
And also the second part includes Substitution Reactions in Octahedral Complexes like mechanisms and their evidence.
The document discusses homogeneous catalysis where the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. It provides examples of important homogeneous catalytic reactions like hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and hydrocyanation. Hydrogenation involves using metal catalysts like palladium, platinum, or nickel to reduce double and triple bonds. Hydroformylation uses cobalt or rhodium catalysts to add a formyl group and hydrogen to an alkene to produce an aldehyde. Hydrocyanation employs nickel phosphite catalysts to add hydrogen cyanide to an alkene to yield a nitrile, with an important application being the production of adiponitrile.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how infrared radiation lies between visible light and microwaves. Infrared spectroscopy works by detecting the vibrations of bonds between atoms in molecules as they absorb infrared light. An FT-IR uses an interferometer to measure an infrared spectrum with advantages of high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution compared to other methods. The document outlines applications of infrared spectroscopy such as pharmaceutical analysis and environmental monitoring.
This document discusses how activity coefficients can explain the effect of inert salts on solubility and acid dissociation constants. It provides examples showing that a precipitate is more soluble and a weak acid dissociates more when the ionic strength is increased by adding an inert salt. This is because the activity coefficients of the ions are less than 1 and decrease with increasing ionic strength, making the activities higher than concentrations. The Debye-Huckel equation can be used to calculate activity coefficients based on ionic charge and strength.
Dynamic Stereochemistry and What role does conformation plays on stereochemistry is being exemplified in this presentation. Useful for the Undergraduate and Postgraduates students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Chemical Sciences
The document discusses molecular orbital theory and its application to transition metal complexes. It describes how atomic orbitals of matching symmetry combine to form molecular orbitals, with equal numbers of bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electrons fill the molecular orbitals starting with the lowest energy orbitals. Ligand interactions such as π-accepting and π-donating affect the splitting of orbitals and influence the metal's oxidation state.
1. 31P NMR spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify phosphorus-containing compounds. It is conceptually similar to 1H NMR.
2. Chemical shifts in 31P NMR are reported relative to 85% phosphoric acid as the external standard. Chemical shift values depend on factors like bond angles, electronegativity of substituents, and p-bonding character.
3. Coupling constants in 31P NMR are generally larger than in 1H or 13C NMR but follow the same principles. 1J couplings of 1000 Hz are observed, and coupling decreases with increasing bonds between nuclei.
Phase-transfer catalysts facilitate the transfer of reactants between immiscible liquid phases, allowing reactions to occur. They are commonly used quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts. The catalyst transports one reactant from the aqueous phase to the organic phase where it can undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This allows reactions to be carried out using cheaper and more environmentally friendly reagents like NaOH instead of organic solvents. Phase-transfer catalysis finds applications in industries like pharmaceuticals, perfumes, polymers, and pesticides by enabling mild reaction conditions.
It include all the thermal methods widely used in large and small scale industries with detailed applications and examples for explanations.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy uses the same apparatus as atomic absorption spectroscopy but measures the emitted radiation from excited atomic species rather than absorbed radiation. It can determine the concentration of elements present using either line sources like lasers or hollow cathode lamps, or continuous sources like xenon arc lamps. Interferences can occur from chemical reactions interfering with atomization, ionization of analytes, overlapping spectra from other elements or molecules, and background emission or scattering. These issues can be addressed through techniques like chemical separation, modulation of the detector, and background correction methods.
To estimate the amount of zinc as zn2 p2o7 in the given solution of zinc sulp...Mithil Fal Desai
1. The document describes a procedure to estimate the amount of zinc (Zn) in a solution containing zinc sulfate and copper sulfate.
2. Zinc and copper ions are separated by selectively precipitating copper as copper sulfide by bubbling hydrogen sulfide gas through an acidic solution.
3. Zinc ions are then precipitated as ammonium zinc phosphate by adding diammonium hydrogen phosphate in a basic solution.
4. The precipitate is ignited to form zinc pyrophosphate, which is weighed to calculate the amount of original zinc in the solution.
This document discusses supersaturation and solubility. It defines key terms like solubility, saturated solutions, and supersaturated solutions. Supersaturation occurs when the concentration of a solute is higher than the solubility limit. This drives crystallization. The document presents different ways to express the level of supersaturation, like concentration driving force and relative supersaturation. It provides an example calculation for sucrose in water. Finally, it notes that concentration units like g/kg solution can impact supersaturation values.
1. Castor is an important crop grown in India and other tropical countries. India is the largest producer and supplier of castor seed and oil.
2. Research has focused on developing hybrid varieties of castor through creating male sterile lines and evaluating hybrids for yield and other traits.
3. Further research is needed to develop hybrids adapted to rainfed conditions, improve pollination systems, identify heterotic loci, and address issues with genomic instability in wide hybrids. New end uses for castor oil and derivatives also need to be explored.
Dye lasers use an organic dye as the lasing medium, usually in liquid solution, which allows lasing over a wide range of wavelengths. The dye molecules absorb light, becoming electronically excited into a singlet state, and then fluoresce to emit stimulated radiation. Within microseconds, the molecules transition to a triplet state where they absorb light and inhibit lasing. Flashlamp or external laser pumping provides enough energy before triplet absorption occurs. Dye lasers require pumping light, mirrors to oscillate fluorescence, and a prism or grating to tune the wavelength output.
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that involves measuring the current in a cell with a gradually increasing negative potential applied between a polarizable working electrode, usually a dropping mercury electrode, and a non-polarizable reference electrode. It can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of electroreducible or electrooxidizable elements. The current-voltage curve obtained is called a polarogram, from which the half-wave potential and diffusion current can be determined for qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. Key components of the polarograph include the dropping mercury electrode, rotating platinum electrode, and reference electrode. Factors like concentration, temperature, viscosity, and capillary characteristics affect the diffusion current.
This document discusses potentiometric analysis and its applications. Potentiometry involves measuring the potential difference between electrodes placed in a sample solution as the concentration of ions changes, such as during acid-base, redox, complexometric, and precipitation titrations. Some key applications of potentiometry include determining electrolyte levels in clinical samples, analyzing ions in environmental samples like water, and measuring properties in various industries like food processing, detergent manufacturing, and agriculture.
The pptx on complexometric titrations, EDTA titration, Why EDTA is used in complexometric titration, Classification of EDTA titration, EDTA titration curve etc.
This document discusses ligand substitution reactions in octahedral complexes. It describes the main mechanisms of ligand substitution including dissociative (SN1), associative (SN2), and concerted (interchange) pathways. It also discusses hydrolysis reactions and anation reactions as types of ligand substitutions. Specific examples are provided of acid and base hydrolysis in octahedral cobalt complexes, and factors that influence the reaction mechanisms and rates are outlined.
The presented slides gives brief description about supported catalysis process, its mechanism, advantages with examples. The given presentation also helpful for those who are seeking for details on preparation of supported catalysts with different types of catalysis process. This presentation also covers some applications of supported catalysts use in various chemical reactions.
A solvent can be any substance, that turns into a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. The solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or gas.
Labile & inert and substitution reactions in octahedral complexesEinstein kannan
The first part includes a definition of labile and inert. lability and inertness on the basis of VB theory and CFT and also factors affecting inertness and lability of the complexes.
And also the second part includes Substitution Reactions in Octahedral Complexes like mechanisms and their evidence.
The document discusses homogeneous catalysis where the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. It provides examples of important homogeneous catalytic reactions like hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and hydrocyanation. Hydrogenation involves using metal catalysts like palladium, platinum, or nickel to reduce double and triple bonds. Hydroformylation uses cobalt or rhodium catalysts to add a formyl group and hydrogen to an alkene to produce an aldehyde. Hydrocyanation employs nickel phosphite catalysts to add hydrogen cyanide to an alkene to yield a nitrile, with an important application being the production of adiponitrile.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how infrared radiation lies between visible light and microwaves. Infrared spectroscopy works by detecting the vibrations of bonds between atoms in molecules as they absorb infrared light. An FT-IR uses an interferometer to measure an infrared spectrum with advantages of high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution compared to other methods. The document outlines applications of infrared spectroscopy such as pharmaceutical analysis and environmental monitoring.
This document discusses how activity coefficients can explain the effect of inert salts on solubility and acid dissociation constants. It provides examples showing that a precipitate is more soluble and a weak acid dissociates more when the ionic strength is increased by adding an inert salt. This is because the activity coefficients of the ions are less than 1 and decrease with increasing ionic strength, making the activities higher than concentrations. The Debye-Huckel equation can be used to calculate activity coefficients based on ionic charge and strength.
Dynamic Stereochemistry and What role does conformation plays on stereochemistry is being exemplified in this presentation. Useful for the Undergraduate and Postgraduates students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Chemical Sciences
The document discusses molecular orbital theory and its application to transition metal complexes. It describes how atomic orbitals of matching symmetry combine to form molecular orbitals, with equal numbers of bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electrons fill the molecular orbitals starting with the lowest energy orbitals. Ligand interactions such as π-accepting and π-donating affect the splitting of orbitals and influence the metal's oxidation state.
1. 31P NMR spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify phosphorus-containing compounds. It is conceptually similar to 1H NMR.
2. Chemical shifts in 31P NMR are reported relative to 85% phosphoric acid as the external standard. Chemical shift values depend on factors like bond angles, electronegativity of substituents, and p-bonding character.
3. Coupling constants in 31P NMR are generally larger than in 1H or 13C NMR but follow the same principles. 1J couplings of 1000 Hz are observed, and coupling decreases with increasing bonds between nuclei.
Phase-transfer catalysts facilitate the transfer of reactants between immiscible liquid phases, allowing reactions to occur. They are commonly used quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts. The catalyst transports one reactant from the aqueous phase to the organic phase where it can undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This allows reactions to be carried out using cheaper and more environmentally friendly reagents like NaOH instead of organic solvents. Phase-transfer catalysis finds applications in industries like pharmaceuticals, perfumes, polymers, and pesticides by enabling mild reaction conditions.
It include all the thermal methods widely used in large and small scale industries with detailed applications and examples for explanations.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy uses the same apparatus as atomic absorption spectroscopy but measures the emitted radiation from excited atomic species rather than absorbed radiation. It can determine the concentration of elements present using either line sources like lasers or hollow cathode lamps, or continuous sources like xenon arc lamps. Interferences can occur from chemical reactions interfering with atomization, ionization of analytes, overlapping spectra from other elements or molecules, and background emission or scattering. These issues can be addressed through techniques like chemical separation, modulation of the detector, and background correction methods.
To estimate the amount of zinc as zn2 p2o7 in the given solution of zinc sulp...Mithil Fal Desai
1. The document describes a procedure to estimate the amount of zinc (Zn) in a solution containing zinc sulfate and copper sulfate.
2. Zinc and copper ions are separated by selectively precipitating copper as copper sulfide by bubbling hydrogen sulfide gas through an acidic solution.
3. Zinc ions are then precipitated as ammonium zinc phosphate by adding diammonium hydrogen phosphate in a basic solution.
4. The precipitate is ignited to form zinc pyrophosphate, which is weighed to calculate the amount of original zinc in the solution.
This document discusses supersaturation and solubility. It defines key terms like solubility, saturated solutions, and supersaturated solutions. Supersaturation occurs when the concentration of a solute is higher than the solubility limit. This drives crystallization. The document presents different ways to express the level of supersaturation, like concentration driving force and relative supersaturation. It provides an example calculation for sucrose in water. Finally, it notes that concentration units like g/kg solution can impact supersaturation values.
1. Castor is an important crop grown in India and other tropical countries. India is the largest producer and supplier of castor seed and oil.
2. Research has focused on developing hybrid varieties of castor through creating male sterile lines and evaluating hybrids for yield and other traits.
3. Further research is needed to develop hybrids adapted to rainfed conditions, improve pollination systems, identify heterotic loci, and address issues with genomic instability in wide hybrids. New end uses for castor oil and derivatives also need to be explored.
Dye lasers use an organic dye as the lasing medium, usually in liquid solution, which allows lasing over a wide range of wavelengths. The dye molecules absorb light, becoming electronically excited into a singlet state, and then fluoresce to emit stimulated radiation. Within microseconds, the molecules transition to a triplet state where they absorb light and inhibit lasing. Flashlamp or external laser pumping provides enough energy before triplet absorption occurs. Dye lasers require pumping light, mirrors to oscillate fluorescence, and a prism or grating to tune the wavelength output.
Dye lasers use an organic dye dissolved in a liquid as the active lasing medium and can produce a wide range of wavelengths. They work on the principle of population inversion using a pumping source like a flash lamp or other laser to excite the dye molecules. The major components are the active dye medium, pumping source, and resonator mirrors, with one mirror sometimes replaced by a diffraction grating to allow tuning of the output wavelength. Dye lasers offer tunability but have limitations in lifetime and output power.
Production of Industrial Alcohols (Grain Motor Fuel Alcohol, Alcohols, Higher Aliphatic, Alcohol from Wheat Straw, Monohydric Alcohols, Trihydric and Polyhydric Alcohols, Methanol from Coal, Heptahydric Alcohols, Perseitol, Volemitol, Allitol, Dulcitol, Erythritol, Leaf Alcohol, Hexynol, Methyl Pentynol)
Production of industrial alcohol is an age old practice. But with time, the usage areas as well as production techniques have gone through a major transformation. Industrial alcohol is distilled ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), normally of high proof, produced and sold for other than beverage purposes. It is usually distributed in the form of pure ethyl alcohol, completely denatured alcohol, especially denatured alcohol and proprietary solvent blends. Ethyl Alcohol is the common name for the hydroxyl derivative of the hydrocarbon ethane .Industrial alcohol is distilled ethyl alcohol normally of high proof, produced and sold for other than beverage purposes. Industrial alcohol finds its applications in many chemical industries, pharmaceutical industries, Ink Industries and various allied applications. Much of this alcohol is obtained synthetically from ethylene. However, its production from microbial fermentation using variety of cheap sugary substrates is still commercially important.
See more
https://goo.gl/iqdg2F
https://goo.gl/NHBS12
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Alcohol, Manufacture of Alcohols, Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol Production, Method for Production of Alcohol, Alcohol From Corn, Manufacturing of Alcohol, Alcohol Beverage Production, Ethanol Production, Fuel Ethanol Production, Alcohol Fuel Production from Grain, Fuel Ethanol Plants, Detergent Alcohols, Natural Detergent Alcohols, Production of Detergent Range Alcohols, Natural Alcohols Manufacture, Process for Producing Unsaturated Alcohols, Production of Unsaturated Alcohols, Ziegler Process, Alcohols, Higher Aliphatic, Synthetic Process, Production of Ethanol From Wheat Straw, Production of Bioethanol From Wheat Straw, Wheat Ethanol Production, Monohydric Alcohol, Preparation of Monohydric Alcohols, Polyhydric Alcohol, Production of Polyhydric Alcohols, Process for Producing Polyhydric Alcohol, Methanol from Coal, How to Produce Methanol From Coal, Coal to Methanol Process, Coal Based Methanol Production, Production of Methanol from Coal, Methanol Production, Methanol Production Plant, Ethanol Production From Maize, Production of Ethanol From Maize, Production of Motor Fuel Grade Alcohol, Waste Water Treatment, Industrial Fermentation and Alcohol, Fungal Amylase Production, Grain Production, Grain Processing, Lubricants and Petroleum
The document summarizes an experiment involving pulsed lasers and dye lasers. It describes using an Nd:YAG laser to measure beam properties like diameter and divergence. It then discusses focusing the laser to ionize air and measure energy. The second part describes generating a second harmonic with a KDP crystal and measuring the divergence of radiation from the crystal. The goal is to characterize laser properties and compare half width angles of different wavelengths.
Castor is an oilseed plant which is earning attention on researchers in recent days. Because of this, the gemplasms of ancient varieties were now recovered and grown in trial fields for getting genetically superior variety.
As a result, in Castor and Tapioca research station there a variety named YRCH (Yethapur Ricinus Communis Hybrid) with all desired traits which are essential for a plant both phenotypically and genetically was developed.
If it can go wrong – it will
If something looks odd – it is
Apparent safe systems can fail
Issues include
Metal dusting
Methanol or hydrogen fires
Intent changes
Methanation
“Safe Systems”
present, past and future prosepcts of castor and its hybrid seed productionSidhant Chaudhary
This document summarizes the present status, history, and techniques for hybrid seed production of castor. It discusses that India is the leading producer of castor, with Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh being the major growing states. It then describes the two main techniques for hybrid seed production in castor - genetic male sterility and pistillate mechanisms. The pistillate mechanisms include N-type, S-type, and NES pistillate lines. The document concludes by outlining future needs for castor such as developing high yielding hybrids with improved traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Dye lasers use organic dyes dissolved in liquid solvents as the lasing medium, which allows them to produce tunable laser outputs across a wide range of wavelengths from 320nm to 1200nm. They operate by pumping dye molecules into excited electronic states using another light source, such as from an argon-ion or flashlamp, after which stimulated emission produces the laser beam. Dye lasers are commonly used in research applications requiring tunable laser sources, such as spectroscopy, atomic physics, photochemistry, and pollution monitoring.
This document discusses pulsed dye lasers used to treat vascular lesions. It describes how pulsed dye lasers work using selective photothermolysis to target hemoglobin in blood vessels. The optimal wavelength of 585nm is absorbed by oxyhemoglobin and penetrates deeply while being less absorbed by melanin. Treatment involves determining the minimum purpuric dose, testing the dose on a small area, and pulsing overlapping spots to effectively cover the treatment area. Post-treatment care includes sunscreen for 6 months and antibiotics until purpura resolves. Complications are generally minor and self-resolving. Examples are provided of port wine stains, telangiectasias, rosacea, and leg veins successfully treated with
(A) By active media
Solid state laser - crystal, or glass, doped with impurities, e.g. ruby laser, Ti:sapphire laser, semiconductor laser.
Gas laser - e.g. He-Ne laser, Ar+ laser, CO2 laser, N2 laser, HCN laser.
Dye laser - active medium: dye molecules in liquid solvent (sometimes in solids also).
(B) By mode of operation
CW
Pulsed
(C) By pumping and laser levels
3-level laser
4-level laser
This document discusses the evolution of mobile phone technology from 0G to 6G. It provides details on the key features and technologies of each generation. 6G is described as providing terabit transmission speeds, zero distance connectivity, and availability in 2020. It will utilize technologies like smart antennas, ultra wideband radio, and fiber optic networks to allow for incredible data throughput and reduced lag for applications like gaming. The document concludes that 6G will be both user-centric and service-centric, representing the next step in connecting people worldwide through wireless networks.
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
Treatability Study of Leachate by Fenton OxidationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Fenton oxidation to treat fresh leachate. The researchers determined the optimal conditions for Fenton oxidation through a series of experiments varying pH, ferrous sulfate dosage, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and reaction time. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 99.1% for turbidity, 86.3% for hardness, 85.1% for COD, and 99.3% for color under optimal conditions of pH 2.5, 1.5 g/L ferrous sulfate dosage, 3 mL/L hydrogen peroxide dosage, and a 40 minute reaction time. The study demonstrated that Fenton oxidation is an effective and feasible method for treating leachate.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
This document summarizes several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and their effectiveness in treating wastewater. It discusses processes like Fenton, H2O2/UV, photocatalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ozone/UV, and ozone/H2O2/UV. It explains the chemical reactions involved in each process and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes biological wastewater treatment methods, focusing on suspended growth systems like sequencing batch reactors. The AOPs can mineralize toxic organic compounds, and combining them with biological treatment allows complete biodegradation.
The document summarizes a study on the photo-oxidative degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP), a toxic and refractory organic pollutant, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidizing agent and ultraviolet (UV) light. The degradation of PNP was found to be faster with a combination of UV light and H2O2 compared to using either method alone. A higher intensity 125W UV lamp achieved complete degradation within 2 hours, while an 8W lamp required 5 hours. Degradation rate increased under neutral to alkaline conditions compared to acidic pH. Hydroxyl radicals generated from the UV-induced photolysis of H2O2 were the primary oxidizing agents that attacked
Advanced oxidation processes use strong oxidizing agents like hydroxyl radicals to break down organic compounds in water. Hydroxyl radicals are generated through reactions between oxidants like ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and UV light. These radicals then react with and mineralize organic pollutants into simpler substances like carbon dioxide and water. Combining different oxidants and UV light can improve the effectiveness of advanced oxidation by increasing hydroxyl radical production and allowing for complete oxidation of resistant compounds. Operating costs are primarily determined by the oxidants and energy requirements for processes involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or UV light generation.
The radiolytic mineralization of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, an emerging contami...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:The ability of high-energy ionizing radiation has been demonstrated for environmental remediation processing. γ-rayswere applied to treat a solution of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT). 2-MBT (125 µM) was decomposed and mineralized by the γ-radiation. The absorbed doses for 50 and 90% 2-MBT degradation were 0.170 and 0.650 kGy, respectively. Organic by-products were almost fully mineralized when high-absorbed doses in the range of 5-60 kGy were applied. Sulfate radicals (SO4 ●– ) produced through the rapid reaction of persulfate ions (S2O8 2– ) with hydrated electrons(eaq − ; keaq − /S2O8 2– = 1.1 × 1010 M −1 .s−1 ) had a significant effect on the 2-MBT mineralization yield. Because of 2-MBT decomposition,sulfate ions (SO4 2− ) were formed, and thepH and dissolved oxygen concentration were decreased. The degradation efficiency decreased when HCO3 –was added to the 2- MBT solution. No significant effects of NO3 – and Cl– ions on 2-MBT radiolytic eliminationwere observed
This document summarizes a study on the photocatalytic degradation of two azo dyes (Remazol Orange and Remazol Red) using anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles under solar radiation. The maximum degradation achieved for each dye was 91% for Remazol Orange and 85% for Remazol Red after 180 minutes of irradiation at an initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L and 200 mg/L of TiO2 catalyst at pH 3.0. Characterization of the TiO2 nanoparticles confirmed the anatase phase and revealed a nanoscale spherical morphology. Effects of irradiation time, dye concentration, catalyst loading, and pH on the degradation were also investigated.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using modified beech sawdust. Some key findings include:
- Maximum Pb removal efficiency of 91.3% occurred at pH 5, while minimum efficiency of 28.04% occurred at pH 7. Maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3841 mg/g.
- As the initial Pb concentration increased from 1 to 7 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 91.3% to 33.88%. Increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 8 g/L improved removal efficiency from 50% to 97.3%.
- Removal efficiency had a decreasing trend after equilibrium was reached
Investigation on the Effect of TiO2 and H2O2 for the Treatment of Inorganic C...inventy
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is regularly used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent because of its high efficiency against many bacteria and viruses present in seawater along with its cheaper cost. Now a days, with the increase in the environmental concerns concerning the use of chlorination for the disinfection or bleaching of treated water related to the formation of potentially harmful chloro-organic by products through reactions with natural organic matter (NOM), it is preferred to implement a process with environmentally friendly chemicals for water treatment processes. About This report aim to study the possibility of reducing the inorganic carbon present in seawater by oxidization reaction of seawater with TiO2 and H2O2. Investigated and a comparison between thin film method and suspension method with a reactor system in conjunction with a light concentrating system has been done.
This document summarizes a study on using electrocoagulation to remove tartrazine dye from simulated wastewater. Tartrazine dye is commonly used in foods, drugs, and textiles but is hazardous. The study investigated the effect of parameters like electrolysis time, dye concentration, pH, and potential on decolorization efficiency. Iron and steel electrodes were used in an electrolytic cell with NaCl electrolyte to treat wastewater samples. Results showed that absorbance decreased with increased time, and maximum removal capacity was achieved. pH was also affected by concentration and time. However, potential changes did not significantly impact absorbance. Overall, electrocoagulation was found to be an effective process for removing the azo dye
This document summarizes a study on degrading the mono-azo dye Orange II in an aqueous solution using cast iron filings. The study found that over 90% degradation of Orange II was achieved at all pH levels tested using an optimum cast iron dosage of 28.56 g/L. Over 95% degradation was achieved for a range of initial Orange II concentrations from 50-500 mg/L. Cast iron filings showed higher degradation efficiencies than pure elemental iron, achieving over 99% degradation using lower dosages and reaction times. The results suggest that cast iron filings can effectively treat textile effluent containing dyes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Final Photocatalysis Lab Report (1) (1)Henry Hsieh
The document summarizes an experiment analyzing the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on the methylene blue degradation kinetic constant. When 5mL and 10mL of hydrogen peroxide were added, kinetic constants of 0.07 min-1 and 0.12 min-1 were obtained, respectively, indicating faster degradation with more hydrogen peroxide. However, decreasing kinetics from excess hydrogen peroxide was not observed due to the limited concentration range studied. Absorbance measurements and kinetic plots were used to determine the degradation constants.
A critical review on the recent progress in application of electro-Fenton pro...plalak6330
One of the greatest engineering challenges of this century is development of new technologies for removing
emerging hazardous contaminants from water.sources. Electro-Fenton (EF) as one of the most promising ap
proaches of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has received widespread attention for its excellent performance
in the removal of recalcitrant pollutants due to generation of strong oxidizing species like hydroxyl radicals
(•OH). However, the practical application of classical homogeneous EF process is hampered by a narrow pH
range (2–4) and production of sludge at higher pH values. The information obtained so far highlights the need to
enhance the removal efficiency and reduce the reaction time of EF process under neutral pH conditions. Herein,
this review summarizes efficient approaches in recent years (2017–2023) applied in EF system with the aim of
overcoming the low pH implementation barrier, such as application of heterogeneous catalysts in EF process
(HEF), cathode modifications, using chelating agents, and hybridizing the EF with other treatment methods,
including adsorption, membrane, and photo/catalysis. These strategies can accelerate the iron cycle and Fe3+
reduction; therefore, more H2O2 and •OH can be generated. Promoting the H2O2 utilization efficiency can
provide more oxidative species, which leads to higher degradation and mineralization of contaminant. On the
other hand, some strategies by preventing the Fe3+precipitation at higher pH values help the system work in a
wider pH range. In the final section, the challenges of these plans are discussed and perspectives for future
research are proposed to improve the practicability and feasibility of the EF for wastewater treatment.
Keywords:
Neutral pH
Electro-Fenton process
Wastewater treatment
Heterogeneous catalysts
Cathode modification
Chelating agents
1) Indigenous microbes in sediment from the Sellafield nuclear facility utilized hydrogen from Fe(0) corrosion as an electron donor, reducing pressure in live microcosms by 46% compared to sterile controls.
2) The microbes were capable of reducing various terminal electron acceptors including Mn(IV), Fe(III), and SO4
2-
, demonstrating their ability to influence redox conditions.
3) Bioreduction of radionuclides is expected to similarly immobilize them, as microbes reduce soluble forms to less mobile states.
Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
REMOVAL OF COLOR AND COD FROM C.I.ACID RED 52 AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY NaOCl AND H...IAEME Publication
The document investigates the removal of color and COD from an aqueous solution of the textile dye C.I. Acid Red 52 using chemical coagulation, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Coagulation was ineffective at removing color. NaOCl achieved 87% color removal and 53% COD removal at pH 9.5. H2O2 achieved 98% color removal and 67% COD removal at pH 12. The document proposes mechanisms for the oxidative degradation and decolorization of the dye by these advanced oxidation processes.
Similar to DEGRADATION STUDIES OF RHODAMINE B IN THE PRESENCE OF UV/H2O2 /FE2+ (20)
This document summarizes research on metal-on-metal hip implants. It discusses how metal-on-metal hip implants were developed over 30 years ago and have been refined through advances in manufacturing and materials science. It reviews various modeling techniques used to analyze the performance of metal-on-metal hip implants, including finite element analysis, numerical solutions of Reynolds' equation, and multi-grid methods. The document finds that while metal-on-metal implants offer strengths like strength and low wear rates, more research is still needed to fully understand factors like lubrication, materials used, geometry, and input parameters in order to minimize failures and revision surgeries.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a digital matched filter (DMF) to compress a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal encoded with a 13-chip Barker code. The DMF was implemented on an FPGA using a digital convolution algorithm in the time domain. The DMF design included a direct digital frequency synthesizer to generate the BPCM signal, a digital noise generator to add noise, and digital delay lines and shift registers to perform the convolution. Test results showed the input and output signals on an oscilloscope for different signal-to-noise ratio levels. The DMF achieved a processing gain of 11.14 dB.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
This document reviews the use of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. It summarizes 12 previous studies that investigated replacing sand with copper slag at various percentages. The key findings of the studies are:
- Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete generally increase when replacing up to 40% of fine aggregate with copper slag.
- Workability of concrete mixes also tends to increase with copper slag replacement due to its physical properties.
- Copper slag concrete shows improved resistance to sulfate attack compared to traditional concrete.
- Maximum strength gains are observed around 20-40% fine aggregate replacement with copper slag. Beyond 50% replacement, strengths start to decrease.
- Copper slag
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the quality of drainage water in Al-Shamiya al-sharqi drain in Diwaniya city, Iraq for use in irrigation. 10 water samples were collected from locations along the drain and analyzed for various chemical parameters. An Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) was used to assess the water quality, taking into account parameters like EC, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and SAR that most affect water quality for irrigation. The IWQI was then integrated with a GIS system to map the water quality. The results found that 52% of the drainage water fell in the "Low restriction" category, 47% was "Moderate restriction" and 1% was
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase
disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to
reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel
inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV
inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and
provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a
path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic
capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground.
Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added
advantage without adding any extra components.
More from International Journal of Technical Research & Application (20)
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
DEGRADATION STUDIES OF RHODAMINE B IN THE PRESENCE OF UV/H2O2 /FE2+
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 123-127
123 | P a g e
DEGRADATION STUDIES OF RHODAMINE B IN
THE PRESENCE OF UV/H2O2 /FE2+
Saadiyah Ahmed Dhahir*, Khulood Abed AL-Saade**, Iqbal Salman AL-Jobouri*
*
Department of chemistry, college science for women, University of Baghdad, Iraq
**
Department of chemistry, college of science, University of Baghdad, Iraq
sadiataher@yahoo.com, sadiataher@gmail.com, sadiataher@csw.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Abstract: The photo-oxidation of Rhodamime B was carried out
in the presence of H2O2/ Fe2+
ion using UV light. The effects of
dye concentration, pH, H2O2 dose and Fe2+
dose. These
parameters strongly influenced the degradation of the dye. As
expected, the increase of initial dye concentration decreased the
percentage decoloration. Likewise increasing H2O2, Fe2+
concentration also increased the dye decoloration up to a certain
limit after which it starts decreasing. The optimum operating
conditions of the method were found to be [Dye] = 10mg/l; [H2O2]
= 300mg/l; [Fe2+
] = 250 mg/l at pH 2. Under these conditions, a
maximum of 92% decoloration of the dye was achieved. The
actual breakdown of the dye was confirmed using HPLC
analyses.
Keywords: Rhodamine B; Degradation; Decolorazation;
UV/H2O2/Fe2+
I. INTRODUCTION
The relationship of industrial activity an environmental
pollution is a serious topic and matter of great concern in
modern times. Wastewater discharge from industrial units is a
large problem for conventional treatment plants in the entire
world. The release of these wastewaters in natural
environments is not only hazardous to aquatic life but also in
many cases mutagenic to humans (1,2)
Many efforts have been
devoted to develop technologies that are able to minimize the
hazardous effects caused by industrial activities.
Numerous chemicals such as dyes are extensively
employed to impart color to various industrial products. There
are many kinds of dye savailable in the market. Based on their
chemical structure or chromophores, 20 to 30 different groups
of dyes can be classified. Anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, tri
arylmethane and azo dyes are quantitatively the most
important groups. The azo dyes, characterized by having an
azo group consisting of two nitrogen atoms, are the largest
class of dyes used in textile industry (3)
.Within the azo dyes
one can have a wide types of dyes, namely acid, reactive,
disperse, vat, metal complex, mordant, direct, basic and
sulphur dyes.
Among these, the most used are the reactive azo dyes.
Additionally, these dyes are the most problematic pollutants of
textile waste waters. This fact occurs because after the reactive
dyeing process is finished, more than 15% of the textile dyes
is lost in wastewater stream during dye in goperation
(4)
.Dyestuffs wastewater can be removed by chemical and
physical methods including adsorption, photocatalytic
oxidation (5,6)
coagulation-flocculation and electrochemical
methods ((7)
.In recent years, advanced oxidation processes
(AOPs) have been intensively investigated for the treatment of
waters and waste waters. AOPs, defined as processes
generating hydroxyl radicals (OH•
), are considered to be
promising alternatives to conventional processes due to their
efficiency in oxidizing a great variety of organic contaminants
(8)
.The Fenton and photo-Fenton systems have been widely
applied in the treatment of non biodegradable wastewater in
the field of AOPs (9,10)
.Oxidation with Fenton’s reagent is
based on ferrous ion andhydrogen peroxide, and exploits the
reactivity of the hydroxyl radicals produced in acidic solution
by the catalytic decomposition of H2O2.(11)
Fe2+
+H2O2→ Fe3+
+OH−
+OH•
(1)
Hydroxyl radicals may be scavenged by reaction with
anotherFe2+
:
OH•
+ Fe2+
→ OH−
+Fe3+
(2)
Fenton reagent appears to be a very powerful oxidizing
agent. Besides, the process is simple and non-expensive,
taking place at low temperatures and at atmospheric pressure.
(12)
The chemical sare readily available at moderate cost and
there is no need for special equipment. In photo-Fenton
process in addition to the above reactions the formation of
hydroxyl radical also occurs by the following reactions (Eq.
(3)). (13)
Fe3+
+H2O+hν→ OH•
+ Fe2+
+H+
(3)
The rate of organic pollutant degradation could be
increased by irradiation of Fenton with UV or visible light
(photo-Fenton process). The illumination leads not only to the
formation of additional hydroxyl radicals but also to recycling
of ferrous catalyst by reduction of Fe3+.
In this way, the
concentration of Fe2+
is increased and the overall reaction is
accelerated. Among the AOPs, the oxidation using Fenton’s
reagent and photo-Fenton’s
Reagent has been found to be a promising and attractive
treatment method for the effective degradation of dyes.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
A. Materials
Rhodamine B (CI name Basic violet 10) was obtained
from Fluka and used as such. Deionized water was used to
make the dye solutions of desired concentration.The molecular
formula of Rhodamine B C28H31ClN2O3 is and formula weight
is 479.02 g/mol .The structure of the Rhodamine B (14)
is
shown in Fig.1
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 123-127
124 | P a g e
Figure1: Structure of Rhodamine Bdye
Other reagents namely,hydrogen peroxide (35%
W/V),FeSO4.7H2O,HCl and NaOH were of A.R. grade(from
Merck)
B. Degradation Procedure
Photo-Fenton reaction were carried out at room
temperature using in a circular pyrex glass cell volume 75ml,
the photochemical degradation of Rh B dye were studied
taking 60 ml of 25 mgl-1
of dye and 5ml of different
concentration of FeSO4.7H2O and H2O2.The reaction
mixture was translate to the photo reactor and was irradiated
with deuterium lamp.
In attempt to determine the effect of Fe2+
concentration on
photo-Fenton reactions the amount of Fe2+
added was changed
between 50-350 mg/1 while 35% H2O2, 25mgl-1
for dye and
pH was kept constant. Then to determine the effect of H2O2
concentration on photo-Fenton reaction the amount of H2O2
added changed between (35% to 25%) while 300 mgl-1
Fe2+
, 25
mgl-1
for Rh B dye and pH was kept constant. The effect of
initial dye concentration was also investigated between 10-
100mgl-1
when H2O2 concentrations; Fe2+
concentration and
pH were fixed from above experiments. The optimum
dosages, which gave better results in color removal, were
selected based on the results of the preliminary experiments.
Firstly, the H2O2 was added to the dye solution and then the
pH was adjusted to the desired value by the addition of a few
drops of either HCl or NaOH solutions. Following the pH
adjustment using pH-meter, the Fe2+
were quickly added to the
dye solution.
At various intervals, samples were quickly withdrawn for
spectrometric analysis before and after UV irradiation. The
absorption spectra of the prepared solutions were recorded
using Shematzu spectrophotometer. The color and
decolorization ratios were measured with spectro-photometric
technique and calculated according to the literatures(15)
. This
was done by monitoring the absorbance change at λmax of
maximum peaks for each dye. The estimation of
decolorization degree (DD %) was done according to the
relation:
DD%=
Where, Ai is the initial intensity of color and At is the
intensity of color at t time of the degradation.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. UV-VIS spectra of CR dyes.
The photo-Fenton oxidation experiments were followed
for decolorization photo-Fenton oxidation experiments using
UV-VIS spectra and the decolorization of dye was recorded in
term of change in intensity of characteristics peaks. Fig.2
shows the UV-V is spectra of 10ppm of Rhodamine B.
Figure 2: UV-Visible absorption spectrum for Rhodamine
B dye 10 mgl-1.
B. Effect of pH on Fenton process
The influence of pH on the decolorization was
investigated by keeping the Fe2+
concentration and oxidant
concentration constant, pH of the solution is an important
parameter for oxidation of pollutants in Fenton's reaction,
Kang et al. reported that the photo-Fenton process is more
effective under acidic conditions, and higher pH values are
reported to be unsatisfactory for the oxidation of organic
pollutants (16, 17)
. At pH more than 4, the generation of OH̊ gets
slower because of the formation of the ferric hydroxo
complex. The complex would further form [Fe(OH)4] when
the pH value is higher than 9.0(18)
On the other hand at very
low pH values (<2.0) hydrogen ionsacts as OH̊ radical-
scavengers. The reaction is slowed down due to the formation
of complex species [Fe(H2O)6]2+
, which reacts more slowly
with peroxide compared to that of [Fe(OH)(H2O)5]2+
. In
addition, the peroxide gets solvated in the presence of high
concentration of H+
ions to form stable oxonium ion [H3O2]+
.
An oxonium ion makes peroxide electrophilic to enhance its
stability and presumably substantially reduce the reactivity
with Fe2+
ion. Therefore, the initial pH value has to be in the
acidic range (2-4) to generate the maximum amount of OH̊ to
oxidize organic compounds (In this study, optimum pH value
was determined for RhB dye. During this determination, pH
was adjusted between (2-6) and the efficiencies of color
removal were followed. Maximum percentage color removal
was obtained at pH 2.0 for Rhodamine B (Fig.3).
Figure: 3 Effect of pH on the decolorization percentage
(DD%) ofRhodamine Bdye at (25mgl-1
), [H2O2:
FeSO4]=100: 100 mgl-1
C. Effect of initial Fe2+
concentration
Dye degradation efficiency by photo Fenton process is
influenced by the concentration of Fe2+
ions which catalyze
hydrogen peroxide decomposition resulting in OH̊ •
radical
production and consequently the degradation of organic
molecule as previously referred in equations (1-3). According
to the literature (19)
increasing ferrous salt concentration,
degradation rate of organic compound also increases certain
3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 123-127
125 | P a g e
level where further addition of iron becomes inefficient. The
effect of Fe2+
concentration on color removal was examined
by changing the Fe2+
concentration between 25-300 mgl-1
,
while keeping the concentration of H2O2, pH and dye
concentration constant [H2O2]=100mgl-1
, 25 mgl-1
for each
dye, pH=2.0 .( Fig.4) show that as Fe2+
doses were increased
from 25-250mgl-1
, the removal %increased from 11% to 92%
at 270 minutes. Hence, it can be said that higher ferrous doses
lead to the generation of more OH̊ radicals. It also shows that
higher ferrous doses not only make the redox reaction
complete but also cause coagulation resulting in improved
removal. At higher doses, the efficiency decrease indicating
that H2O2 becomes the limiting factor for further OH̊
generation.(20,21)
.
Fig.4- Effect of Fe+2
concentration on the degradation
degree of Rh B dye in presence of 100mgl-1
H2O2 and pH=2
D. Effect of initial H2O2 concentration
Concentration of hydrogen peroxide is one of the
operating parameters that significantly influence the final
mineralization extent. With further increasing hydrogen
peroxide concentration degradation efficiency also increases
with the achievement of certain optimal Fenton reagent ratio.
With further increasing of hydrogen peroxide concentration,
degradation efficiency is decreasing due to the scavenging
nature of hydrogen peroxide towards OH̊ radical eq. (1-3)
when it is present in higher concentration (22, 23)
. As a result the
formation of perhydroxyl radical are significantly less reactive
species than hydroxyl radicals and thus it directly influence
the efficiency of dye hydration. To determinate the optimum
H2O2 dose, studies were activated at constant Fe2+
dosage as
250 mgl-1
for Rh B dye at pH=2.0, 25mgl-1
concentration dye
at varied dosages of H2O2 from 100-300mgl-1
. The better
removal efficiencies obtained at 300mgl -1
. (Fig.5)
Figure: 5 Effect of H2O2 concentration on the degradation
percentage of Rh B dye in presence of 250mgl-1 Fe+2
at
pH=2
E. Effect of the initial dye concentration
Initial concentration of the dye plays a major role and has
a significant influence on the degradation rate as a shown in
Fig.6. the degradation percentage in each time increased with
Rh B dye concentrations decreased and reach the highest value
(92.2), this observed in the rate can be explained in the
following way: (i) as the dye concentration is increased the
rate of generation of hydroxyl radicals will not increase
proportionally, (ii) high dye concentration can reduce the UV.
Light penetration in to the depth of the solution which
decreases the rate of generation of hydroxyl radicals; (iii) due
to insufficient availability of oxidizing agent the degradation
rate may further decrease; (iv) at high dye concentration Fe+2
ions gets shielded from absorbing UV light resulting in the
abrupt termination of photo oxidation reaction; (v) there may
be other reactions initiated at high concentration of the dye
like dimerization, complex formation etc., which further
complicates the reaction mechanism (24,25)
.
Figure 6: Effect of initial dye concentration (RhB) at
optimum condition [Fe+2
]=250mgl-1 and [H2O2]=300 mgl-1
and pH=2.
F. Decolourization of dye during the course of reaction
Figure (7) depicts that as the reaction time increases, peak
553nm of Rh B disappear gradually and degradation was
complete after 180 minutes for Rh B dye. It indicatesthat the
main chromophores in the original dye solution are destroyed
with the Photo-Fenton reaction and proves that the dyes were
fully decomposed in the system.
Figure 7: Decolorization of RhB dye during the course of
reaction.
G. HPLC Chromatographic Analysis
The photo- Fenton degradation process was monitored by
HPLC chromatogram for (Rh B) dye degradation. Fig. 8
illustrated the HPLC chromatogram and showed the
absorbance peak, which appeared at retention time of 11.96
minutes for (Rh B) before irradiation, and after irradiation the
intensity of this peak are gradually decreased with irradiation
time increased.
4. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 123-127
126 | P a g e
A new absorbance peaks are appear after one hour of
irradiation with retention time (9.52, 8.57 min) as shown in
Fig. 8 Irradiation time of three hours show that no HPLC
peaks were detected (using optimum initial concentration of
Rh B dye 25mgl-1
). These results are in a good agreement with
results obtained from the UV Visible spectrum.
Figure 8: HPLC chromogram of RhB dye (A) before
photodegradation (B) after 60 min. (C) after 120 min. (D)
after 180 min (E) after 240min. Initial dye oncentration is
25mgl-1
[Fe2+
]=250mgl-1
, and H2O2=300mgl-1
, pH=2
IV. CONCLUSION
The results showed that photo-Fenton processesare
powerful method for degradation of Rhodamine B. The
degradation rate and percentage were influenced by the initial
concentration of theRhodamine B, the pH of solution, and the
amount of hydrogen peroxide and iron salt. The optimum
conditions for the degradation of Rhodamine Bin photo-
Fenton processes were observedat pH 2, 300 mg/l of
Fe2+
,250mg/l of H2O2 with 25 mg/l dye concentration. The
advantages of the photo -Fenton process as an oxidative
treatment are low cost, rapid degradation, and simple
handling. Therefore,H2O2/Fe2+/
UV system would be applied to
wastewater treatment works as a new developing methodology
for reducing levels of other dyes, especially in countries with
abundant solar light.
REFERENCES
[1] Hao, O.J., Kim, H. and Chiang, P.C. (2000) Decolorization
ofwastewater. Critical Review. Environ. Sci. Technol., 30:
449–505.
[2] Boeningo, M. (1994) .Carcinogenicity and metabolism
ofazodyes especially those derived from benzidine,DNHS
(NIOSH) Publication 80-119, US GovernmentPrinting
Office, Washington, DC.
[3] Jorgensen, S.V. (1999). Environmental management in the
21st century, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33: 376–379.
[4] Vaidya, A.A., Datye, K.V. (1982). Environmental pollution
during chemical processing of synthetic fibres.Colourage:
14 3–10.
[5] Dai, S., Zhuang, Y. Chen, Y. and Chen, L. (1995). Study
onthe relationship between structure of synthetic
organicchemicals and their biodegradability,
Environ.Chem:14 354–367.
[6] Martin, M.J., Artola, A., Balaguer, M.D. and Rigola, M.
(2003).Activated carbons developed from surplussewage
sludge for the removal of dyes from diluteaqueous
solutions, Chem. Eng. J., 94 231–239.
[7] Sarasa, M. P., Roche, M.P.,Ormad, E. Gimeno,A. Puig and
Ovellerio,J.L. (1998). Treatment of a wastewater resulting
from dyes manufacturing with ozone and chemical
coagulation. Water Res., 32:2721–2727.
[8] Qourzal, S., Tamimi, M., Assabbane, A., Ait-Ichou,Y.
(2005) . Photocatalytic degradation and adsorption of 2-
naphthol on suspended TiO2 surface in a dynamic reactor,
J. Colloid Interface Sci. 286: 621–626.
[9] Sabhi, S., Kiwi, J. (2001). Degradation of 2, 4-
dichlorophenol by immobilized iron catalysts, Water Res.
35: 1994–2002.
[10] Catastini, C., Sarakha, M., Mailhot, G.,and Bolte, M.
(2002). Iron(III) aquacomplexes as effective photocatalysts
for the degradation of pesticides in homogeneous aqueous
solutions, Sci. Total Environ. 298: 219–228.
[11] Chamarro, E., Marco, A. S. (2001). Use of Fenton reagent
to improveorganic chemical biodegradability, Water Res.
35: 1047–1051.
[12] Bidga, R.J. (1995). Consider Fenton’s chemistry for
wastewater treatment, Chem.Eng. Prog. 91: 62–66.
[13] Will,I.B.S., Moraes, J.E.F., Teixeira, A.C.S.C. R. (2004) .
Photo-Fenton degradation of wastewater containing
organiccompounds in solar reactors, Sep. Purif. Technol.
34: 51–57.
[14] Fatima H. AlHamedi, M.A.and Rauf, S.(2009).Degradation
studiesof Rhodamine B in the presence of
UV/H2O2.Desalination 239: 159–166
[15] JA. Bergendahl, TP. Thesis, Fenton'sOxidation of MTBE
with zero-valentiron.Water Res. 38 (2004) 327-34
[16] Gomathi, D.; Girish, K.; and Moham, R. (2009). Photo
Fenton like process Fe3+
/ (BH4)2 S2O8/ Ur for the
deyrodation of Diazo dye Congo red using low iron
concentration. Cent. Eur. J. Chem. 7 (3): 468-477.
[17] Ma, Y.S.; Chang, C.N.; Chao, C.R. (2012). Decolorization
of Rhodauim by aphoto-Fenton process; Effect of system
parameters and Kinetic study. International Journal of
Environment and Resource. 1 (2):73-80.
[18] Rathi, A.; Rajor, R.K. (2003). Pholodeyradation of direct of
direct yellow 12 Using UV/H2O2/ Fe2+
. J. Hazard. Mater.
102: 231-241.
[19] Neamtu, A.Y.; Siminiceanu, M.; Kettrup, A. (2004).
Decdorization of dispersered 354 azo dye in water by
several oxisation processes a comparative study. Dyes
pigments (60): 61-68.
5. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 123-127
127 | P a g e
[20] Abo-Farha, S.A. (2010). Comparative study of oxidation of
some Azo Dyes by different Advanced oxidation processes:
Fenton, Fenton-Like, photo- Fenton and photo- Fenton-
Like. Journal of American Science 6(10): 128-142
[21] Kusic, H.; Bozic, N. (2006). Fenton type processes for
minimization of organic content in coloured wastewater;
port I: processes optimization. Dyes Pigments: 1-8
[22] Marco, S.; Lucas, J. (2006). De Color. Zatjon of azodye
Reactive Black 5 by Fenton and photo- Fenton oxidation.
Science direct: 71: 236-244.
[23] Kavitha, K.P. (2005). Destruction of cresols by Fenton
oxidation process-Water Res. 39: 3062-3072
[24] Kwon, D.S.; Kang, J. (1999). Characterstics of P-
Chlorophenol oxidation by Fenton's reagent. Water Res. 33:
2110-2118.
[25] Gomathi, D.; Girish, K.; and Moham, R. (2009). Photo
Fenton like process Fe3+
/ (BH4)2 S2O8/ Ur for the
deyrodation of Diazo dye Congo red using low iron
concentration. Cent. Eur. J. Chem. 7 (3): 468-477.