A solvent can be any substance, that turns into a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. The solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or gas.
BY AMIT SHAH & SOHAM MULE, F.Y.B. PHARM, KMKCP.
PTC (PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS) A SMALL TOPIC IN 2ND SEMESTER OF B.PHARM IN POC - 1 UNDER THE TOPIC SN REACTIONS. PTC FAVOURS SN2 REACTIONS.
THE PERICYCLIC REACTION THE MOST COMMON TOPIC INCLUDE THE SYLLABUS OF MANY SCIENCE STUDY INCLUDING BSC, MSC , PHARMA STUDY, AND MORE HENCE WE ARE COVERED ALL THE DATA OF IT HOPE THIS WILL MAKE READER EASY.
Solvation can be defined as any stabilizing interaction of a solute (or solute moiety) and the solvent. These interactions can be weak, purely electrostatic, as is the case with non-polar solutes and solvents, or more significant, involving the interactions between dipole moments or between dipoles and formal charges.
Contributed by: Anton S. Klimenko (Undergraduate), Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 2016
BY AMIT SHAH & SOHAM MULE, F.Y.B. PHARM, KMKCP.
PTC (PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS) A SMALL TOPIC IN 2ND SEMESTER OF B.PHARM IN POC - 1 UNDER THE TOPIC SN REACTIONS. PTC FAVOURS SN2 REACTIONS.
THE PERICYCLIC REACTION THE MOST COMMON TOPIC INCLUDE THE SYLLABUS OF MANY SCIENCE STUDY INCLUDING BSC, MSC , PHARMA STUDY, AND MORE HENCE WE ARE COVERED ALL THE DATA OF IT HOPE THIS WILL MAKE READER EASY.
Solvation can be defined as any stabilizing interaction of a solute (or solute moiety) and the solvent. These interactions can be weak, purely electrostatic, as is the case with non-polar solutes and solvents, or more significant, involving the interactions between dipole moments or between dipoles and formal charges.
Contributed by: Anton S. Klimenko (Undergraduate), Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 2016
TRANSITION METAL CATALYSIS , THE DIFFERENT METALS OF TRANSITION USED AS CATALYTIC REAGENT WITH ITS PROPERTIES , THEIR CHARGE TRANSFER ITS REACTION INCLUDING COPPER, PALLADIUM FOLLWED BY HECKMAN, ULLMAN COUPLING REACTION, GILLMAN REACTION, HECK REACTION
TRANSITION METAL CATALYSIS , THE DIFFERENT METALS OF TRANSITION USED AS CATALYTIC REAGENT WITH ITS PROPERTIES , THEIR CHARGE TRANSFER ITS REACTION INCLUDING COPPER, PALLADIUM FOLLWED BY HECKMAN, ULLMAN COUPLING REACTION, GILLMAN REACTION, HECK REACTION
[GUIDE] Vigilance sommeil - Guide prévention et santé AG2R LA MONDIALE
Guide de sensibiliation aux troubles du sommeil.
Nous passons, en moyenne, 25 années de notre vie à dormir.
L’évolution des rythmes de vie peut engendrer une diminution des temps de sommeil voire une détérioration de la qualité de ce temps de repos et de récupération.
Pourquoi est-il important de bien dormir ?
Quels sont vos besoins de sommeil ?
Quand faut-il consulter ?
Des élélements de réponse ici.
Secure development environment @ Meet Magento Croatia 2017Anna Völkl
Software development can sometimes be a mess: live database dumps needed for testing lying around, development files being forgotten or accidentally transferred to the live environment, untested code being written and deployed in a hurry. It's easy to mess up and fail, often without noticing for a long time. In this talk we'll have a look at how to bullet-proof your development workflow. It covers best practices and tools which you should use in your daily work that will improve the overall security and also speed up software development.
http://hr.meet-magento.com/en/speaker/anna-volkl/
Diagnóstico SEO Técnico con Herramientas #TheInbounderMJ Cachón Yáñez
¿Cómo exprimir las herramientas SEO en análisis las distintas áreas del SEO?
Herramientas, guías paso a paso e insights de interés para que las herramientas no te manejen a ti
Twitter gives B2B marketers a powerful opportunity to access broad networks of brands, companies and decision makers on Twitter. Supported by the latest research, we demonstrate why Twitter is not optional and why private and publicly listed brands are missing out on a solid opportunity if they do not incorporate Twitter into their marketing mix.
We demonstrate that Twitter is not optional for brands engaged with B2B marketing. We include the most recent data from multiple leading sources, including The Social Media Examiner, Inc.; Twitter, Inc.; Regalix, Inc. and others.
Twitter provides private and publicly-listed brands an opportunity to engage with broad networks of other brands, firms and key decision makers that also use Twitter. We note that Twitter's active user base is comprised of 250 million plus users and is growing.
When used effectively and in combination with communication strategy and tools, Twitter represents the optimal platform for deploying ongoing messaging. When viewed as a communications hub, Twitter is unrivaled through its ability to integrate other channels and information sources and to coordinate their priority and emphasis. Twitter is effective at relaying information on channels that include Websites, Press releases, Instragram, Facebook, Snapchat, URLs, and any other linkable source of information, and driving traffic to these same sources.
We note that press releases and awareness in general can be difficult for some brands and companies to generate but that Twitter is a proven solution.
Sky Alphabet is a social media marketing agency that utilizes Twitter to achieve growth, awareness and sales objectives through integrated forms of traditional and digital communications driven by Twitter. We understand that Twitter is "not easy" because of its unrelenting requirement for fresh and relevant content, but it is this same requirement that makes Twitter the ideal platform for brands, companies, people and products that are prepared to express themselves through such an advanced channel.
Author: Steve Yanor Aug 2016. @skyalphabet
Research sources: Regalix, Inc. Twitter, Inc. Social Media Examiner, Inc.
PHP framework or CMS -Which one is best for website ? WebConnect Pvt Ltd
Websites can be build in many ways but the two major ways are CMS & PHP framework. The choice of platform for developing website depends upon your requirement, budget, etc like you can go for CMS if you want to build any E-commerce or blogging website. PHP frameworks can be customized more as compared to CMS. On other hand, CMS are more user-friendly. Smartinfosys.net always give proper attention before developing any website in choosing platform to make sure that their client's get hassle free experience.
All of the major car and truck introductions from the 2017 Geneva Motor Show as reviewed by AutoForecast Solutions. Over 70 new vehicles introduced by over 20 global manufacturers.
Understanding the importance of having 'greenlighters' in your life that will never let you fail is important for the success of both business and life
Solubility, Solubility Expressions, BCS Classification, Solute solvent interaction, Classification of solvents, Types of solutions, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquid, Raoult's law, Ideal and Non-ideal solutions, association and solvation
Solubility & distribution phenomenon is useful for pharmacy student to understand the concept on solubility & distribution when study the physical pharmacy.
What is solubility in physical pharmacy?
Solubility is the concentration of a solute when the solvent has dissolved all the solute that it can at a given temperature. A useful definition of solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at equilibrium.Solubility is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for achieving required pharmacological response [12]. Poorly water soluble drugs often require high doses in order to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations after oral administration.
Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a characteristic property of a specific solute–solvent combination, and different substances have greatly differing solubilities.
Corrosion Technology Forum – A two-day conclave discusses about corrosion prevention opportunities in the four major industries across geographies. Discusses various issues related to corrosion control, mitigation and methodologies to assess the damage due to corrosion.
Get 15% off on subscription now!! Chemical today magazine is a book for chemistry or chemical industry professionals which covers all influential topics, exotic concept &, fantastic appearance has attracted tons of readers over the globe.
Since the beginning of history recorded, human beings have sought to mask or augment their own body odor by applying perfume, which imitates nature’s pleasant smells. Many natural and man-made materials have been utilized or extracted to make perfumes. No perfume smells
Distillation is a method that can be utilized to take out an unadulterated liquid from a combination of liquids. It works when the liquids have distinguished boiling points. Distillation is typically used to detach ethanol, which is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks - from water.
Few things about Acetic acid you must knowrita martin
Acetic acid which is also known as Ethanoic acid is a colorless organic acid with chemicals formula C2H4O2 is liquid with strong and distinctive pungent and sour smell. Acetic acid got its name from a word “Acetum”, which is a Latin word for vinegar.
Tin is the 49th most rich element in the earth’s crust, having 2 parts per million compared with 75 parts per million for zinc, 50 parts per million for copper, and 14 parts per million for lead.
Calcium carbonate or CaCO3 is one of chemical compound found in the rocks as a mineral calcite and aragonite mostly particularly as a limestone, chalk or a marble.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. These pairs of electrons are known as bonding pairs or shared pair
4 vital things about zinc that you should knowrita martin
Zinc designated with the chemical symbol of Zn and an atomic number of 30. The number of electrons per shell is 2, 8, 18 and 2. The two valence electrons of zinc are in charge of shaping bonds with different atoms, which is determined by its electron affinity, electro-negativity and ionization energies.
Toluene Biodegration Using Jet Loop Reactorrita martin
Toluene aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is a solvent in paints, lacquers, thinners, glues, correction fluid, carbon nanotubes and nail polish remover used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV stands for: Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV
Why the statue of liberty is colored blue greenrita martin
Statue of Liberty is its own special colour because of its unique environmental conditions. It's not a simple single reaction between copper and oxygen to generate a green oxide, like you may think. The copper oxide continues to react to make copper carbonates, copper sulphide, and copper sulphate.
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
Diethyl ether can be prepared both in laboratories and on an industrial scale by the process called acid ether synthesis.
Ethanol is mixed with a strong acid like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).This strong acid dissociates in the aqueous environment producing H3O+(hydronium ions).
Production of ethyl acetate by esterificationrita martin
Ethyl acetate is synthesised via the Fischer esterification reaction from ethanol and acetic acid, typically in the presence of an acid catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. A solvent can be any substance, that turns into a solution by dissolving a solid,
liquid, or gaseous solute.The solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or
gas. In our daily life, we will find the best example of solvent, that is none other
than water. Solvent’s common uses ranges from dry cleaning agents, paint
thinners, nail polish removers, glues, spot removers, detergents and in personal
care products like perfumes
Examples of solvents
Toluene
Acetone
Methyl acetate
Hexane
Ethanol
What is solvents?
www.worldofchemicals.com
3. Solvents find various applications in chemical,
pharmaceutical, oil, and gas industries, including in
chemical syntheses and purification processes.
Most other commonly-used solvents are carbon-
containing chemicals.These are termed as organic
solvents. Solvents usually have a low boiling point and as a
result, they will evaporate easily or can be removed by
a various simple process called distillation, thereby leaving
the dissolved substance behind. Solvents are inert nature,
as they will not react chemically with the dissolved
compounds.These can also be used to extract soluble
compounds from a mixture, the most common example is
the brewing of coffee or tea with hot water.
www.worldofchemicals.com
4. The solvents are basically grouped into non-
polar, polar aprotic, and polar protic solvents.
Solvent effects on chemical reaction
Solvents can have an effect on various
properties of substances like solubility,
stability and reaction rates
www.worldofchemicals.com
5. A solute dissolves in a solvent only when it
forms favourable interactions with the
solvent.This dissolving process all depends
upon the free energy change of both solute
and solvent.This in turn free energy of
solvation is again depended upon several
factors.
www.worldofchemicals.com
6. Different solvents can affect the equilibrium constant of a reaction
by differential stabilisation of the reactant or product.The
equilibrium is shifted in the direction of the substance that is
preferentially stabilised. Stabilisation of the reactant or product
can occur through any of the different non-covalent interactions
with the solvent such as H-bonding, dipole-dipole interactions,
van der waals interactions etc.
In another instance, the ionisation equilibrium of an acid or a base
is affected by a solvent change.The effect of the solvent is not
only because of its acidity or basicity but also because of its
dielectric constant and its ability to preferentially solvate and
thus stabilise certain species in acid-base equilibria. A change in
the solvating ability or dielectric constant can thus influence the
acidity or basicity.
www.worldofchemicals.com
7. Solvents can affect rates through
equilibrium-solvent effects that can be
explained on the basis of the transition state
theory. In essence, the reaction rates are
influenced by differential solvation of the
starting material and transition state by the
solvent.
www.worldofchemicals.com
8. The solvent used in substitution reactions inherently
determines the nucleophilicity of the nucleophile. As
such, solvent conditions significantly affect the
performance of a reaction with certain solvent
conditions favouring one reaction mechanism over
another. For SN1 reactions the solvent's ability
to stabilise the intermediate carbocation is of direct
importance to its viability as a suitable solvent.The
ability of polar solvents to increase the rate of SN1
reactions is a result of the polar solvent's solvating the
reactant intermediate species, i.e., the carbocation,
thereby decreasing the intermediate energy relative
to the starting material.
www.worldofchemicals.com
9. The SN1 reaction is a substitution reaction in
organic chemistry. ‘SN’ stands for
nucleophilic substitution and the ‘1’
represents the fact that the rate-determining
step is unimolecular.The reaction involves a
carbocation intermediate and is commonly
seen in reactions of secondary or tertiary
alkyl halides under strongly basic conditions
or, under strongly acidic conditions, with
secondary or tertiary alcohols.
www.worldofchemicals.com
10. The SN2 reaction is a type of reaction mechanism that
is common in organic chemistry. In this mechanism,
one bond is broken and one bond is formed
synchronously. SN2 is a kind of nucleophilic
substitution reaction mechanism.
The case for SN2 reactions is quite different, as the
lack of solvation on the nucleophile increases the rate
of an SN2 reaction.
The reactions involving charged transition metal
complexes (cationic or anionic) are dramatically
influenced by solvation, especially in the polar media.
www.worldofchemicals.com
11. Follow this link to read article:
http://www.worldofchemicals.com/559/chemistry-articles/solvent-effects-on-chemical-reaction.html
www.worldofchemicals.com