In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
Part 1 of the tutorial on the Lithium Battery Explorer provides an overview of Li-ion battery technology and the properties that are relevant to battery researchers.
Interested viewers should refer to the following publications for more details:
1) Review: G. Ceder, G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong. Recharging lithium battery research with first-principles methods. MRS Bulletin, 2011, 36, 185--191.
2) Computational Electrode Assessment: G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong, B. Kang, C. Moore, R. Doe, and G. Ceder. Phosphates as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: An Evaluation Based on High-Throughput ab Initio Calculations. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(15), 3495-3508.
3) Predicting Battery Safety: S. P. Ong, A. Jain, G. Hautier, B. Kang, & G. Ceder. Thermal stabilities of delithiated olivine MPO4 (M=Fe, Mn) cathodes investigated using first principles calculations. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(3), 427--430.
Part 1 of the tutorial on the Lithium Battery Explorer provides an overview of Li-ion battery technology and the properties that are relevant to battery researchers.
Interested viewers should refer to the following publications for more details:
1) Review: G. Ceder, G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong. Recharging lithium battery research with first-principles methods. MRS Bulletin, 2011, 36, 185--191.
2) Computational Electrode Assessment: G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong, B. Kang, C. Moore, R. Doe, and G. Ceder. Phosphates as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: An Evaluation Based on High-Throughput ab Initio Calculations. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(15), 3495-3508.
3) Predicting Battery Safety: S. P. Ong, A. Jain, G. Hautier, B. Kang, & G. Ceder. Thermal stabilities of delithiated olivine MPO4 (M=Fe, Mn) cathodes investigated using first principles calculations. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(3), 427--430.
The presentation gives the brief introduction of battery management systems its functions like cell protection, SOC, SOH monitoring and its applications in various fields like Smart Batteries, Battery storage power stations and electric vehicles.
Charging and Discharging Control of Li Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Appli...ijtsrd
This paper presents the detailed simulation and analysis of a battery charging and discharging control for electric vehicle EV application using proportional and integral control. A lithium Ion battery model in MATLAB is considered for this study. The purpose of study is to perform a detailed analysis of the charging and discharging operation and observe the behavior of the key parameters of the battery. To realize these two voltages sources have been used, i.e., one is the battery itself and the other is the DC voltage source. The two different voltage source is feeding to a common load. The DC voltage source feeds the load when the battery is in charging mode. When the battery supply is available then it is discharging to feed the load and its control is designed to generate the reference pulses for DC DC converter. The two scenarios have been simulated and results are recorded which shows the effective operation of charging and discharging of a battery source. Ashutosh Sharma | Lavkesh Patidar "Charging and Discharging Control of Li-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51935.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/51935/charging-and-discharging-control-of-liion-battery-for-electric-vehicle-applications/ashutosh-sharma
Ultracapacitors can be defined as a energy storage device that stores energy electrostatically by polarizing an electrolytic solution.
Unlike batteries no chemical reaction takes place when energy is being stored or discharged and so ultracapacitors can go through hundreds of thousands of charging cycles with no degradation.
Ultracapacitors are also known as double-layer capacitors or supercapacitors.
Why spend the time and money to develop and manufacture a custom lithium-ion battery pack when off-the-shelf battery packs are radially available? Custom battery packs can be designed to fit the unique needs of an end product’s size and shape, temperature, power, voltage, runtime, and interface requirements, which generic battery packs cannot meet.
Supply chain issues can be avoided with better control of all the components and “end-of-life” surprises prevented. Custom battery packs come with a host of design and manufacturing challenges. Each battery is unique and must be designed and fully tested for the intended application.
In addition, regulatory testing is mandatory to ensure that the new design can safely withstand environmental abuses expected and unexpected in the field.
For more information on our custom battery pack solutions, visit https://www.epectec.com/batteries.
This is the academic presentation by Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha for Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Device course in National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. The slides based on an academic paper in Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 by Stefano Passerini and Bruno Scrosati with other 10 papers as supporting information and images.
Find the answers to the top 3 questions battery users ask:
What are the capacity and the condition of the
battery now?
When will it need to be replaced?
What can be done to improve / not reduce its life?
The presentation gives the brief introduction of battery management systems its functions like cell protection, SOC, SOH monitoring and its applications in various fields like Smart Batteries, Battery storage power stations and electric vehicles.
Charging and Discharging Control of Li Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Appli...ijtsrd
This paper presents the detailed simulation and analysis of a battery charging and discharging control for electric vehicle EV application using proportional and integral control. A lithium Ion battery model in MATLAB is considered for this study. The purpose of study is to perform a detailed analysis of the charging and discharging operation and observe the behavior of the key parameters of the battery. To realize these two voltages sources have been used, i.e., one is the battery itself and the other is the DC voltage source. The two different voltage source is feeding to a common load. The DC voltage source feeds the load when the battery is in charging mode. When the battery supply is available then it is discharging to feed the load and its control is designed to generate the reference pulses for DC DC converter. The two scenarios have been simulated and results are recorded which shows the effective operation of charging and discharging of a battery source. Ashutosh Sharma | Lavkesh Patidar "Charging and Discharging Control of Li-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51935.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/51935/charging-and-discharging-control-of-liion-battery-for-electric-vehicle-applications/ashutosh-sharma
Ultracapacitors can be defined as a energy storage device that stores energy electrostatically by polarizing an electrolytic solution.
Unlike batteries no chemical reaction takes place when energy is being stored or discharged and so ultracapacitors can go through hundreds of thousands of charging cycles with no degradation.
Ultracapacitors are also known as double-layer capacitors or supercapacitors.
Why spend the time and money to develop and manufacture a custom lithium-ion battery pack when off-the-shelf battery packs are radially available? Custom battery packs can be designed to fit the unique needs of an end product’s size and shape, temperature, power, voltage, runtime, and interface requirements, which generic battery packs cannot meet.
Supply chain issues can be avoided with better control of all the components and “end-of-life” surprises prevented. Custom battery packs come with a host of design and manufacturing challenges. Each battery is unique and must be designed and fully tested for the intended application.
In addition, regulatory testing is mandatory to ensure that the new design can safely withstand environmental abuses expected and unexpected in the field.
For more information on our custom battery pack solutions, visit https://www.epectec.com/batteries.
This is the academic presentation by Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha for Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Device course in National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. The slides based on an academic paper in Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 by Stefano Passerini and Bruno Scrosati with other 10 papers as supporting information and images.
Find the answers to the top 3 questions battery users ask:
What are the capacity and the condition of the
battery now?
When will it need to be replaced?
What can be done to improve / not reduce its life?
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
This project represents a way of developing an
interface to detect driver drowsiness based on continuously
monitoring eyes and DIP algorithms. Micro sleeps that are short
period of sleeps lasting 2 to 3 seconds are good indicator of
fatigue state. Thus by continuously monitoring the eyes of the
driver by using camera one can detect the sleepy state of driver
and timely warning is issued.
Aim of the project is to develop the hardware which is very
advanced product related to driver safety on the roads using
controller and image processing. This product detects driver
drowsiness and gives warning in form of alarm and as well as
decreases the speed of vehicle.Along with the drowsiness
detection process there is continuous monitoring of the distance
done by the Ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor detects the
obstacle and accordingly warns the driver as well as decreases
speed of vehicle.
A study on the photoperiodic control of flower in rice
is advancing and rice has become an of short day plant. Many
genes used in flowering time determination in rice have been
identified by many methods. The conclusion from these
molecular studies is a remarkable conservation of genes which
play an important role in the control of flowering time in rice.
The rice photoperiod sensitivity gene Hd3a was originally
detected as a heading date related quantitative trait locus found
on chromosome 6 of rice. High resolution linkage mapping of
Hd3a was carried using a huge segregating population derived
from advanced backcross progeny between a japonica variety,
Nipponbare, and an indica variety, Kasalath. Researchers
revealed that there are three (3) pathways for the day length
regulation of flowering in rice, short day activation pathway and
long day suppression pathway lastly the long day activation
pathway. Some genes where used in multiple pathways and
others are specific to a particular pathway. There regulation also
depends on the developmental stages. Rice may be an ideal plant
to study the night break effect on flowering. In the near future
there is need for better understand the controlled of flowering in
rice at the genetic level.
Objective: To assess the effect of a kinesitherapeutic
program of special exercises for treatment of pain intensity and
endurance of the extensor trunk muscles in patients with
chronic lumbalgy.
Methods: The study included 110 patients with chronic
lumbalgy, equally distributed in two treatment groups.
Participants in the experimental group performed the
recommended special exercises 3 times a week at home, while
those in the control group only followed the guidelines of a
physician. At the beginning of the study and 12 months later,
the pain intensity of all the participants was assessed by means
of Visual Analog Scale.
Results: In contrast to the participants in the control
group, those in the experimental group at the end of observation
were reported to experience a significant reduction in pain
intensity.
Conclusions: Treatment with specific exercises proved
more effective in terms of pain complaints in patients with
chronic lumbalgy.
Under nutrition is often an invisible and silent
emergency.2 It recognizes that hunger and malnutrition are rooted
in poverty, deprivation, and under development, and that they are
the result of inadequate access to the basic requirements for
nutritional well-being, including safe and adequate food, care,
health, education and a clean environment.1 Present study was
designed to find the efficacy of the nutritional intervention for the
recovery of impaired carbohydrate metabolism and correlation of
weight and height with PP-Sugar and BMI after nutritional
rehabilitation.105 test and 100 control SAM children without
infection, of 1 to 5 years of age and either sex were enrolled. Test
group was given treatment of nutritional intervention therapy,
providing 2.5 to 3gm Protein and 90-100 kcal / kg body
Weight/day, for the three months.
Their blood sugar, BMI, weight and height were measured before
and after the nutritional therapy. Before the nutritional
intervention treatment P values for F and PP blood glucose, BMI,
Weight and height were insignificant suggestive of similar baseline
characteristics at enrollment. After nutritional intervention
treatment P values for F and PP blood glucose, BMI, Weight and
height were significant suggestive.
The r value of Pearson correlation coefficient for Sugar PP in the
study group was, showing poor positive correlation with height and
r value for BMI in the study group was showing poor negative
correlation with height.
The r value of Pearson correlation coefficient for Sugar PP in the
study group was, showing poor negative correlation with weight
and r value for BMI in the study group was showing poor positive
correlation with weight.
Depending on results the investigators conclude that for the speedy
recovery of the impaired carbohydrate metabolism in SAM
children it is the most effective food supplement.
Disinfectants play an important role in health careassociated
infection control by either minimizing or preventing
microorganism dissemination. This article to study the
morphological changes which may be related to the lose of
antibiotic resistance after disinfectant exposure using SEM.
Showed all isolates resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin,
cephalexin, tetracycline, doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol,
trimethoprim cefotaxime and erythromycin, while one of burn
isolates was susceptible for gentamicin, chloramphenicol and
trimethoprim, and 15 of burn, 6 of wound, 5 of ear, and all urine
isolates were susceptible to gentamicin using Kirby-Bauer
method.
The MICs of four common in use disinfectants (Hexatane,
Dettol, Savlon and Povidone – Iodine) were determined for all
isolates. The results showed that the MICs of Hexatane ranged
from (64–512) µg/ml, Dettol (2048–16384) µg/ml,
Savlon (4096:40960)–(32768:327680) µg/ml and for Povidone –
Iodine MICs were (8192–32768) µg/ml. It has been found that
burn and urine isolates were more resistant to disinfectants than
wound and ear isolates. According to the effect of subMICs of
disinfectants at different exposure patterns on antibiotic
resistance, the results showed lose of resistance to tetracycline,
doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and
trimethoprim in %72, %72, %68, %22, %28 and %36 of isolates,
respectively. The results of SEM micrograph showed normal
morphology and small sized bacteria with nub formation on some
of them when exposed to dettol, and shape changes in cells with
bulging in exposed to Povidone-iodine, while elongation and
deformation were recorded in some cells in exposed to
Savlon(chlorohexidine/ cetrimide) and Hexatane (chlorohexidine/
gluconate), respectively.
Diabetic retinopathy is the cause for
blindness in the human society. Early detection of it prevents
blindness. Image processing techniques can reduce the work of
ophthalmologists and the tools used to detect Diabetic
Retinopathy Patients. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the
most advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy, and is classified by
the growth of new blood vessels. These blood vessels are
abnormal and fragile, and are susceptible to leaking blood and
fluid onto the retina, which can cause severe vision loss. First,
vessel-like patterns are segmented by using Ridge Strength
Measurement and Watershed lines. The second step is measuring
the vessel pattern obtained [5][10]. Many features that are
extracted from the blood vessels such as shape, position,
orientation, brightness, contrast and line density have been used
to quantitative patterns in retinal vasculature. Based on the seven
features extracted, the segment is classified as normal or
abnormal by using Support Vector Machine Classifier [6][8]. The
obtained accuracy may be sufficient to reduce the workload of an
ophthalmologist and to prioritize the patient grading queues.
- In the present scenario carbon emission and sand
mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to
environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem.
Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on
environment, using byproducts like copper slag as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. Different researchers have also
revealed numerous uses of copper slag as a replacing agent in
determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of
studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement
of fine aggregate from copper slag in concrete
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
Urine samples collected from hospitalized
male and female patients belonging to different age groups
suffering from urinary tract infections were used in the present
study. The samples were subjected to isolate the strains of E.coli.
The isolates were found to be capable of producing biofilm and
Extended Spectrum β –Lactamases (ESBLs) especially of CTX –
M - type. Both male and female affected individuals exhibited
high incidence of E.coli in the urine samples. The overall results
indicated that the biofilm producing E.coli strains with β –
lactamase activity had highest antibiotic resistance
This research aimed at studying the main factors
affecting the sustainability of Donor funded projects, in Darfur,
with particular emphasis on the Area Development Scheme
(ADS) in Umm Kaddada Locality/ North Darfur State, as case
study. Different Methods were used to collect the related data.
These include the Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA),
observations and interviews with officials in the Central
Beneficiaries Organizations using stratified random sample of
seven village sanduq societies out of 51 societies. Descriptive and
analytical methods were used to analyze the data collected. The
results achieved revealed that despite the withdrawal of the
foreign assistance, the project existed and performed some
activities. Such results are attributed to the approach adopted by
the project which promotes the direct involvement of
beneficiaries in all project phases. Such results are also attributed
to the formation of the mechanism of project sustainability from
the previous government counterparts before the cession of the
foreign support, with continuous financial support from the State
Ministry of Finance. The results achieved also revealed that there
was a lack of progress in the implementation of some activities,
such as that of the central and grass-root beneficiaries’
organizations and the range and pasture. Such results were
attributed to the lack of alternative national support that can
cover the void left by the withdrawal of the external support, the
discontinuous of supervision for the central and grass-root
beneficiaries’ organizations, as well as the absence of effective
professional executive management for the central beneficiaries’
organization.
The present investigation is based on commodity
derivative and its influence in indian market. Its also represents
how the Commodity derivative of india effects globel word. It
also forcast the scope of commodity derivative trading as well as
future assets based on impact of futures trading on commodity
prices. The Market Microstructure is also analysed and
Futuristic the markets
Finite Element Analysis is used to simulate crushing of an automotive battery pack as per ISO 12405-3:2014 standard and crashworthiness performance of the battery pack was performed to optimize the structure.
Energy conservation opportunities to improve efficiency of process and qualit...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In recent years Lithium-Ion batteries made a revolutionary impact on portable electronic applications. In the manufacturing of
Lithium-Ion batteries to improve efficiency of manufacturing process it is mandatory to identify energy conservation
opportunities. In this paper, analysis made in order to conserve energy in various processes like Electrode manufacturing, Battery
cell manufacturing, Battery module mounting and Battery pack assembly for Lithium-Ion battery production. The possible and
viable options to improve the quality and efficiency in Lithium-Ion battery manufacturing are explained in detail. Specifically,
energy conservation opportunities in drying systems in battery cell manufacturing and other energy conservation opportunities
are explained in detail. The advantage of using variable speed drives, capacitor banks and motor selection based on duty cycle
are explained. The various fault sources in the overall process and measuring methods are discussed. During production of
Lithium-Ion batteries various parameters causing contamination in battery elements are discussed in detail with contamination
control solutions.
Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation And Management, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Manufacturing Process,
Contamination Control, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing
An Indonesian Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Cell Ferro Phosphate for Electr...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In general, the process of developing new standards had problems in early the
development process. In particular to identify what steps are necessary to develop new
standards. Methodology of writing this article was conducted using the methodology of
Framework for Analysis, Comparison and Testing of the Standard (FACTS). The results of this
paper are the new standard for the Indonesian National Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Cell
Ferro Phosphate for Electric Vehicle Alications. The standard of development data is can be use
by automotive industrial and also for the government to decide new policy on electric vehicle
especially in Indonesia.
Today power electronics play an important role in the electric industry. Power electronic converters are an inseparable component in power systems. One of these converters is DC/AC inverter that is widely used in power systems, industrial applications, electric motor drive and electric vehicles. Due to the tense situation with the complexity that exists in these applications, inverters are exposed to failure. The fault occurring in inverter can cause disturbance and damaging harmonics, cut some industrial processes to in the power system or in the case of electric vehicles, causing irreparable damage. For this reason, detecting faults in the inverter is very important. In this paper, open circuit fault of IGBT in an electric vehicle has been examined. We use three-phase current and wavelet transform to identify the state of the system and we can extract current waveform characteristics. We use neural network algorithm for fault detection and classification. An electric vehicle in 5 different speeds and 5 different torque and a total of 220 failure modes have been studied and tested. The results show the method has been succeeded to detection all forms of defined faults.
CarE-Service Battery Disassembling, Remanufacturing and Recycling techniques ...OlgaRodrguezLargo
Presentation of the disassembling, remanufacturing and recycling techniques in CarE-Service Project during the First Exploitation Webinar of the project held on 9th December 2020 by Envirobat
Recent joint surgery studies reveal increased
revisions and resurfacing of the metal on metal hip joints. Metal
on metal hip implants were developed more than thirty years ago
and their application has been refined because of availability of
advanced manufacturing techniques and partly by advancements
in material science and engineering. Development of composite
materials may provide greater durability to metal-on-metal hip
implants .This review article is a study of the latest literature of
metal-on-metal hip implants and its various modeling techniques.
Numbers of methods are used for convergence and numerical
solution to investigate the performance of metal-on-metal hip
implant for accurate stable solution. This paper presents analysis
done by various researchers on metal-on-metal hip implants for
wear, lubrication, fatigue, bio-tribo-corrosion, design, toxicity
and resurfacing. After in vivo and in vitro studies, it is found that
all these methods have limitations. There is a need of more
insight for lubrication analysis, geometry of bearings, materials
and input parameters. The information provided in this work is
intended as an aid in the assessment of metal-on-metal hip joints.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
- In this paper, we introduce a practical mechanism of
compressing a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal
according to Barker code with 13 chips in presence of additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) by using a digital matched filter
(DMF) corresponding to time domain convolution algorithm of
input and reference signals using Cyclone II EP2C70F896C6
FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development
board DE2-70 with the following parameters: frequency of
BPCM signal fIF=2 MHz, sampling frequency
f MHz SAM 50
,pulse period
T 200s
, pulse width
S 13sc
, chip width
CH 1sc
, compressing factor
KCOM 13
, SNRinp=1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 and processing
gain factor SNRout/SNRinp=11.14 dB.
The results of filter operation are evaluated using a digital
oscilloscope GDS-1052U to display the input and output signals
for different SNRinp.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase
disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to
reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel
inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV
inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and
provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a
path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic
capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground.
Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added
advantage without adding any extra components.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Microstrip patch antennas are the most common form
of printed antennas. They became very popular due to their low
profile geometry, light weight and low cost. A Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna with probe feed and substrate used is
Arlon AD260 has the relative permittivity of which is 2.6 is
designed and simulated using high frequency structure simulator
(HFSS). All the Parameters of this microsrip patch Antenna such
as bandwidth, S - parameter, Reflection loss and VSWR has been
found and plotted. The main objective of this work is to consider
the reactive loading effect on the patch and its effect towards the
improvement of the antenna characteristics, particularly the
radiation characteristics in principle plane (E and H) is
examined. As per theoretical approach reactive loading creates
either capacitive loading or inductive loading. Due to this effect
the antenna performance may be degraded or enhanced in terms
of efficiency, isolation, gain, impedance matching etc. The results
of this designed antenna are compared with the existing Micro
strip antenna
This study presents the “overview of TCP
performance on satellite communication networks”, aimed at
satellite characteristics, their effects on throughput selected link
control protocols and various method proposed for enhancing
TCP throughput on satellite networks. Literature reviews on
satellite link characteristics and their effects on TCP operation in
satellite communication networks. Different improve strategies
that have been proposed to enhance TCP data throughput on
satellite links. The choice of frame size (n in bits) and window size
(W in number of frames) used to improve data throughput on
satellite links were considered in this study. Also, the role of
sliding window flow control protocol was considered. However,
the sliding window method ensures that traffic congestion on the
networks is minimized and also, increases the TCP throughput in
satellite communication networks
- This study presents the evaluation and
parametric modeling of voltage drop in power distribution
networks. The issues of voltage drop in power distribution
networks has become a recurrent decimal in power distribution
sector, which has avert effects on electronics appliances, which
result in incessant fire out in offices and residential buildings.
Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC) injection
substation both in Ekpoma and Benin City were investigated for
a period of three months (1ST February to 30TH April, 2014). Data
were obtained from both technical staff and prospect power
consumers in that area with the help of questionnaires. Causes of
various voltages drop in six power distribution injection
substation sectors were obtained from both residential and
industrial areas with the corresponding time (hour).
Mathematical modeling was developed for voltage drop. Firstly,
it was observed from BEDC power system that there were no
technical reports recorded on voltage drop cases and due to lack
of technical record, this aspect has witnessed a low response time
from the technical sector to eradicate. It is observed that voltage
drop occurrences and response time before repairs has similar
exponential pattern, which justify the neglect of voltage drop.
Voltage drop in both residential and industrial areas were
considered
More from International Journal of Technical Research & Application (20)
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
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LI-ION BATTERY TESTING FROM MANUFACTURING TO OPERATION PROCESS
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 4 (July-August 2015), PP. 58-61
58 | P a g e
LI-ION BATTERY TESTING FROM
MANUFACTURING TO OPERATION PROCESS
Topic number: Renewable Power Sources, Power Systems and Energy Conversion
Cristina Pitorac
cpitorac@gmail.com
Abstract-In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
I. INTRODUCTION
Battery manufacturing is a new process in continuous
development, which must become faster and cheaper, so
that electric vehicles could succeed on the automotive
market. Chemistry sensitive cells will not allow reducing
cost and time to influence their quality, which must
remain at the highest standards. The solution is the
automation and integration of production lines, as well as
efficient processes during manufacturing and post
manufacturing tests.
II. LI-ION BATTERY TESTING FROM MANUFACTURING TO
OPERATION PROCESS
A. Testing thebatterycellduring manufacturing
The Manufacturers of Li-Ion cells ensure the quality
and safety of their product in the future operation by the
large number of tests performed during cell fabrication.
Electrode manufacturing
Material mixing Coating Calendering
Process
main anode material:
carbon
main cathode material:
lithium
covering the
electrodes anode
copper cathode
aluminum
drying the
solvent in the
drying tunnel
minimizing
porosity
Goal
homogeneous
distribution of
particles
homogeneous
coating
thickness:15
0µm-300 µm
homogeneity,
high precision
material
properties
Difficulties
Unwanted dissolution
of particles
coating
thickness
tolerance 1-2
µm
surface
cracking
material
The most important quality parameters checked after this
step are the homogeneity and structure of the resulting
mixture.
The resulting material will be wrapped with copper foil
for the anode side and with aluminum foil for the cathode
side, and after drying will be checked the height,
thickness, contour and surface / coating of the resulted
electrode. In addition will be tested also the porosity of the
material with a porosimeter, the particle distribution in the
electrode with a SEM / EDX (Scanning Electron
Microscope / dispersive spectroscopy X-ray energy) and
the micromechanical properties of the electrodes measured
with nanoindentation devices.
In the final step the electrode will be pressed so that the
porous structure and his mechanical properties will be
improved. With calendering step will be also obtained
an increase of the energy storage capacity of the electrode.
Cell manufacturing
Drying
To do
Drying the electrode materials in
the drying chamber with 0.5%
Humidity
Goal
Reduction of the residual
humidity
Difficulties
Cutting
To do Film cutting
Goal High precision cutting
Difficulties
Avoid the formation of burned
portions and avoid ripping the
edges
Assembly
To do
Cell assembly: housing
integration, electrodes contacting,
housing seal
Goal Stacking process at full speed
Difficulties Positioning accuracy ~0.1 mm
Filling
To do
Cell filling with electrolyte, seal
and cell cleaning in the drying
chamber
Goal
Rapidly and homogeneously
filling of cell
Difficulties
Toxic reaction with the air
humidity, variable absorptivity
Goals formation
Formatting
To do
Cell activation: charging-
discharging process with storage
from 2 to 4 weeks with gradual
voltage rising
Goal
Optimal functioning of cell:
preparation for ranking
Difficulties
High time and costs parameters;
high risk of fire
The material processing for the anode and cathode are
determining, besides own characteristics of the electrodes,
also the performance of the resulted batteries obtained from
the manufacture process.
The process of mixing consists of basic materials
blending (active materials, additives, adhesives) in a solvent
(water in the anode and NMP (N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone) to
the cathode).
Ranking
To do
Cell ranking after discharge,
resistance and capacity measuring
Goal Identical cells in battery packs
Difficulties Maximal deviation of 5%
Packaging To do Cell sorting
Goal Transport costs reduction
Difficulties
Li-Ion Cell specification, high
risk in case of cell damaging
During the manufacturing process Li-Ion cells undergo
extreme quality requirements. Thus requires the integration
of measurement process performed after ISO / TS 16949.
The manufacturing process of the cells, from design to series
production lasts up to 5 years.
Year Production Phase Sample
Cells
number
1 Concept A ~1000
2 Concept development B ~5000
3 Series development C >10000
4 Pre-series development D >10000
5 Series production > 1 million
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 4 (July-August 2015), PP. 58-61
59 | P a g e
The necessary data for production of the battery cells,
such as: specifications, tolerances, process parameters,
reactions plan, test methods, etc. are included in the control
plan of the manufacturing process. Control plan exists for
each component (anode, cathode, and separator). Each
fabricated cell has a history that can be traced with the help
of an identification number during the manufacturing
process.
The production of battery cells is an extremely difficult
process that requires a large number of quality
measurements. For example in the production of cathodes
are described 70 measurements and 25 tests that will be
made during the manufacturing process. The difficulty
consists in that augmented cell tests may be performed only
at the end of the manufacturing process.
For a correct product development during the
manufacturing process of the electrode is essential, in
addition to quality control the implementation of
characterization methods. The quality controls ensures the
reproduction of the manufacturing process and minimize the
number of rejects cells. The production machines/processes
and process parameters must be correlated with the
intermediate and final product parameters and also with the
operating parameters of the resulted electrochemical battery.
The test results of mechanical, electrical and
electrochemical parameters characterization of electrodes are
showing the correlation between machines / processes of
production and operating characteristics of resulted cell.
Tests
Material
mixing
Suspension
Phase
electrical conductivity
flow ability
adsorption
BET isotherm
X-ray refractometry
spectroscopy
Powder dispersion stability
Phase rheology
particle size distribution
mass concentration
energy and surface tension
Coating
Electrode
phase
Mechanical:
Adhesion
Nanoindentation
Structure:
Porosimetry
Computed tomography
Optical:
SEM
EDX
Electrical:
AFM conductivity (atomic
force microscope)
Current transit conductivity in
4 points
Electrochemistry:
Tests of strength and long life
impedance spectroscopy
Process Measurements:
Coating thickness
Karl Fischer titration method
TGA Thermogravimetric
analysis
Ultrasound scan
Calendering
Micro- and nanostructure of the electrodes
determine the kinetics of transport of ions and electrons in
the cell, the key to maximizing the energy density and power
of the battery. It is necessary to adjust these structures
depending on the type of vehicle in that will be implemented
the resulted battery (EV, PHEV and HEV).
Power density is determined of ions and electrons
transport. The coating thickness and the irreversible capacity
loss will determine the energy density. The temperature
density determines the battery life time.
Putting into operation of a power cell is
recommended to be done with gradual increase of power,
especially after storage for several months. During
formatting, the cell will be "activated" and subject to a series
of tests, including OCV test, after which it will accumulate
certain quality and operating parameters with which will
decide if the cell will be or will be not included in the
successive steps of the battery manufacturing.
The cell formatting includes:
Charge discharge cycle
Altering
EOL Test
Ranking
Storage tests
Loading and unloading processes of the cells change
local concentrations inside cells. Thus, loss of voltage during
these processes is also dependent on the range-concentration
inside the cell battery, giving importance to characterize
voltage depending on the time t and the applied current I.
The higher the current, the higher the voltage loss and lesser
measured final capacity.
Formatting / aging / testing and correct diagnosis are
quality factors that directly influence the production cost
reduction, safety and lifetime of the battery cell.
Sources of error are mainly:
- Side reactions
- Water
- Homogeneity
- Self discharge
- Short circuit
- Inserts of Li
A testing scenario could be:
- 1st altering phase 28h/25 grdC
- Pre-charging
- 2nd altering phase 24h/25 grdC
- 1st ranking
- 3rd altering phase 15 days/ 25 grdC
- 2nd ranking
- Final audit
- Storage test
B. Cell testing after manufacturing
The problem of testing cells after the process of production
is that it is sealed, not allowing the application of sensors
inside it.
Technically possible external measurements temperature
(T), voltage (U) and current (I) are easy to perform and
provides information, following the application of
calculation formulas, about the power, energy, capacity and
operational status of the SOH of the cell. It can also carry
out measurements, such as post-mortem microscopy, ion
chromatography, porosimetry.
A stationary classical analysis is to define the curve
dependency toward voltage and cell capacity. This analysis
is used to determine the maximum capacity of the cell
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depending on the current I and analysis of capacity loss
during aging, resulting in calculation of SOH.
Battery cells will be subject to:
Thermal performance tests - shows the influence of
ambient temperature on cell performance tested.
Capacity tests are generally power test carried out at
temperatures between -30 ° C and 50 ° C.
Cold start tests - check tested cell power at low
temperatures (-30° C)
Capacity Tests - check the ability of cells to
discharge at different current rates
Pulse power tests - determine the dynamic response
of the cell under test by applying pulses of loading
and unloading in order to determine its strength and
available energy
Self-discharge tests - characterized the capacity loss
of lithium based cells without being used. Li-Ion
cells have a longer life of 10 years with a self-
discharge rate of 2-3% per month.
Energy efficiency tests - determine the energy
capacity of the battery by applying certain specific
energy profiles.
Cyclic life tests- demonstrates that the cell may be
subject to different paternal and levels of energy use
of available capacity.
Calendar life Tests - demonstrates the degradation
of a cell for a certain length of time with a
minimum use.
Reference performance tests - set of tests that are
performed periodically over the life of the cell to
describe the state and its degradation during testing.
For operational safety reasons, in addition to the above
described tests, will be effectuated a series of abusive tests
describing the risk situation such as: short-circuit, overload,
accident, overheating and so on.
C. Li-Ion battery pack testing
The analyzed problems in the case of batteries are
related to power, energy, borders of functioning and
response to external system of the battery. Based on the
basic measurements (U, I, T) will be derived the values for
the characteristic parameters such as SOC, SOH, energy
density, power density, capacity etc. Because the battery
cooling will be effected by means of a Tub, will be very
important and writing papers temperatures.
Because the battery cooling will be effectuated trough
an exterior system it will be very important to determine the
temperature map.
Batteries and battery module(s) shall be subject of the
following tests:
- Impedance spectroscopy tests - special tests that
verify the thermal behavior of the controller modules of the
battery
- Thermal tests - check the battery behavior at
various temperatures (-30 ° C <->52 ° C) the performance
of lithium based cells decreases with temperature
- Level combined testing of cell life - combines the
cyclization tests with the tests of storage at high
temperatures with the objective to validate the behavior of
the battery under stress conditions
- Vibration tests - vibration tests on x, y and z axes
help to identify the weaknesses points of the battery
construction. Vibration tests can be conducted also in
climatic chambers where temperature and humidity can be
strictly controlled
- Operating tests - tests to validate the operation of
the battery in normal conditions and extremes temperature.
In the case of battery system (battery + BMS) will be
checked the battery monitoring and control of the battery
trough BMS. Although each cell is different from the other,
the system works as a single unit, the cells are
simultaneously performing the same processes. In every
moment is important to identify the cell with the farthest
behavior from the others (the "bad" cell).
The protocols of testing the battery performance are
developed in function of type of vehicle in which will be
implemented. Test procedures are generally adopted by
existing standards (FreedomCar Battery Testing, Battery
Testing Eucar etc.).
Phase Tests
BMS developing
HIL Testing
BMS verification and validation
Battery Pack developing Battery pack verification and validation
Battery module fabrication
Module cyclisation
Module balancing
Battery pack fabrication EOL testing
Battery pack cyclisation
Battery pack testing with different
driving cycles
Battery pack balancing
HIL Tests (Hardware in the Loop) allow, in the design
phase, the BMS testing under real operating conditions, so it
can be checked and validated. HIL tests are implying the
simulation of physical input quantities and digital
connections with external battery pack and the monitoring
system reactions during operation compared with project
requirements.
Testing during design phase involves trying its battery
pack under extreme temperature cycles of charging and
discharging, vibration, humidity, thermal shock, or various
combinations thereof. Such attempts include a series of
performance tests before and after the application of one or
more stressors on the battery pack.
Tests carried out during manufacture of battery
modules are dedicated to check the connections between the
cells of battery with the main points of interest their
resistance during charging and discharging cycles and their
behavior at high temperatures. Besides these tests will be
also checked the cooling system of the module, the sensors
and the cell balancing.
Testing the complete package of the battery (battery
pack + BMS) is made before final assembly point (End of
Line). At this point the tests ensure the smooth functioning
of battery system and its components and subsystems in use.
These tests involve checking the safety systems and the
operation and communication with BMS. After completing
the tests of functionality, the complete package of batteries is
subjected to charge discharge cyclization and different tests
with different driving profiles in order to validate its
functionality in real conditions on the electric/hybrid vehicle.
Complete battery packs are also subject to routine cell
balancing in order to bring each cell voltage to a nominal
value or to set the state of charge SOC to an appropriate
level for the delivery and storage.
III. TESTING AUTOMATION
An automatic test field will ensure the money save and
the time loss by programming and care of the test and test
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field. The system which need to be automatized is the one
formed from test bench, test object and the test procedure.
The test field is formed from one or more such systems. To
have a successfully automatized test field must be identified
the fall in which a new test has to be implemented.
The new test other will meet all three characteristics of
the test field system other will meet two of all three
characteristic other will meet only one of all three
characteristic other will meet none of all three characteristic,
moment in which is needed to be identified from which of
the three characteristic of the test field system is the new test
closer.
The test field is formed on one hand of the software,
and the other hand of the hardware. The hardware side
consist of test benches, measurement technique and test
object. The software side consist of the database of the test
field.
The database will contain the test bench data, the test
procedures and the characteristic data of the test objects.
According to the new test the database will be richer with the
new data which must be added in order to fulfill the new
needed test.
The test procedure data will contain all the test
programmed in the database. The test bench data order will
contain all the necessary data for the operation of the test
bench (cooling, safety, etc.). The test object data will contain
the characteristic data of the test object. This data will also
include the software data of the tested object (BMS, CAN
communication), test object data (manufacturer, weight,
power, etc.) and the test object type (nominal and limit
values)
Working with links to the original information will
allow in the field database to define only one time one new
information. This structure helps to shorten the time needed
programming test and automate them.
One schematic hardware structure of a test field is
shown above. These structure consist of a test bench. a user
PC, and test bench control PC and an energy system. The
energy systems is the heart of the structure because it
controls the charge and discharge of the battery and it
contains also an inverter due the operation will be dynamic
and stabile. The communication between User PC and PC
Control is type DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange). PC Control
has installed the real time operation system QNX. It contains
also a programmable controller SPS which is responsible for
ensuring operational safety and receiving signals sent by the
sensors and also actuators driving. The test results are also
saved on this computer. The user PC with windows system
will be used to programming the test procedures.
IV. CONCLUSION
Testing batteries is a process that requires time and
money. Improving the process of testing can be performed
after an international collaboration between testing centers.
The collaboration could result in standardizing the test and
analysis of results, which would directly influence the
developmental market electric vehicles. Standardized
testing procedures are crucial in comparing different
technologies.
REFERENCES
[1]. Dipl.-Ing. Markus Plöger, Dr.-Ing. Hagen Haupt, Dipl.-
Ing. Jörg Bracker, dSPACE GmbH, Germany ‘HIL
Testing of Battery Management Systems’ Automobil
Elektronik 10/2011
[2]. DHAMEJA, S. ‘Electric Vehicle Battery Systems’, 2001
[3]. USABC, ‘Electric vehicle battery test procedures
manual’, 1996 Seminar, ‘, 2014
[4]. FreedomCar, ‘FreedomCAR Battery Test Manual’, 2003
[5]. US Department of energy, ‘Battery Test Manual for Plug-
[6]. In Hybrid Electric Vehicles’, 2008
[7]. www.batteryuniversity.com