IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM A BULK DRUG MANUFACTURING IND...Journal For Research
A study has been carried out on aerobic biological treatment of a bulk drug industrial effluent which is highly acidic in nature and shows high value of BOD5 (≈ 36000 mg/l), COD (≈ 84000 mg/l). Chemical treatment conducted for neutralizing the pH followed by biological treatment using a lab-scale reactor with acclimatized bacterial consortia isolated from natural soil has confirmed its feasibility for biological treatment. About 99% removal of COD from starting value of around 8000 mg/l has been achieved. The COD value in different hydraulic retention time (HRT) has been brought down to less than 100 mg/l in treated effluent, showing high removal of dissolved organics by aerobic biological treatment.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
Poster presented at a conference "Water Research at University of Oulu"Tero Luukkonen
Poster presented at a conference "Water Research at University of Oulu". The poster presents some disinfection results with peracetic acid in wastewater and sludge matrixes.
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM A BULK DRUG MANUFACTURING IND...Journal For Research
A study has been carried out on aerobic biological treatment of a bulk drug industrial effluent which is highly acidic in nature and shows high value of BOD5 (≈ 36000 mg/l), COD (≈ 84000 mg/l). Chemical treatment conducted for neutralizing the pH followed by biological treatment using a lab-scale reactor with acclimatized bacterial consortia isolated from natural soil has confirmed its feasibility for biological treatment. About 99% removal of COD from starting value of around 8000 mg/l has been achieved. The COD value in different hydraulic retention time (HRT) has been brought down to less than 100 mg/l in treated effluent, showing high removal of dissolved organics by aerobic biological treatment.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
Poster presented at a conference "Water Research at University of Oulu"Tero Luukkonen
Poster presented at a conference "Water Research at University of Oulu". The poster presents some disinfection results with peracetic acid in wastewater and sludge matrixes.
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Enhancing the adsorption of disinfection by products onto activated carbon us...Ahmed Hasham
The removal of contaminants from consumable waters by the traditional water treatment techniques is highly difficult. Disinfection of water alludes to the inactivation or pulverization of unsafe living pathogenic beings, which living in the water. Occurrence of disinfection by products (DBPs) during disinfection normally demonstrates lethal impacts on human health. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has the oldest history of decreasing of organic matters, but its role is reducing by time. TiO2 is used to accelerate the removal of the DBPs. TiO2 nanoparticles have good adsorption phenomena on the removal of those organic compounds at various pHs and temperatures and give good results. This study proved that TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the efficiency of GAC to remove DBPs from water. While the elimination of trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) using 0.5 g of GAC was determined as 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2% respectively, the elimination of them by 0.1 g of TiO2 nanoparticles :GAC (1:1) was estimated as 100, 96 and 100%, respectively.
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Investigation on the Effect of TiO2 and H2O2 for the Treatment of Inorganic C...inventy
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is regularly used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent because of its high efficiency against many bacteria and viruses present in seawater along with its cheaper cost. Now a days, with the increase in the environmental concerns concerning the use of chlorination for the disinfection or bleaching of treated water related to the formation of potentially harmful chloro-organic by products through reactions with natural organic matter (NOM), it is preferred to implement a process with environmentally friendly chemicals for water treatment processes. About This report aim to study the possibility of reducing the inorganic carbon present in seawater by oxidization reaction of seawater with TiO2 and H2O2. Investigated and a comparison between thin film method and suspension method with a reactor system in conjunction with a light concentrating system has been done.
Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Evaluation of the levels of haloacetic acids in gharbiya governorate, egypt[#...Ahmed Hasham
The occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking
water disinfection by-products are formed when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or
bromide/iodide present in a raw water source. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent
classes of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as being subject to World
Health Organization guidelines due to their potential health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4
sites monthly over one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of HAAs in
Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5
µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7 µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L,
the minimum values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer 2017., The
HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well
as WHO 2012) standards for drinking water
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
Enhancing the adsorption of disinfection by products onto activated carbon us...Ahmed Hasham
The removal of contaminants from consumable waters by the traditional water treatment techniques is highly difficult. Disinfection of water alludes to the inactivation or pulverization of unsafe living pathogenic beings, which living in the water. Occurrence of disinfection by products (DBPs) during disinfection normally demonstrates lethal impacts on human health. Granular activated carbon (GAC) has the oldest history of decreasing of organic matters, but its role is reducing by time. TiO2 is used to accelerate the removal of the DBPs. TiO2 nanoparticles have good adsorption phenomena on the removal of those organic compounds at various pHs and temperatures and give good results. This study proved that TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the efficiency of GAC to remove DBPs from water. While the elimination of trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) using 0.5 g of GAC was determined as 61.7, 69.8 and 83.2% respectively, the elimination of them by 0.1 g of TiO2 nanoparticles :GAC (1:1) was estimated as 100, 96 and 100%, respectively.
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Investigation on the Effect of TiO2 and H2O2 for the Treatment of Inorganic C...inventy
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is regularly used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent because of its high efficiency against many bacteria and viruses present in seawater along with its cheaper cost. Now a days, with the increase in the environmental concerns concerning the use of chlorination for the disinfection or bleaching of treated water related to the formation of potentially harmful chloro-organic by products through reactions with natural organic matter (NOM), it is preferred to implement a process with environmentally friendly chemicals for water treatment processes. About This report aim to study the possibility of reducing the inorganic carbon present in seawater by oxidization reaction of seawater with TiO2 and H2O2. Investigated and a comparison between thin film method and suspension method with a reactor system in conjunction with a light concentrating system has been done.
Biochemical Process as a means to Control and Mitigate Industrial Wastewate...Mohammad Dain Shah Munna
Biochemical Process as a means to Control and Mitigate Industrial Wastewater
Mohammad Dain Shah Munna
Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
University of Chittagong
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012...Helalley Helalley
Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should not be present
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
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Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
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- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
N26080086
1. Hannah Briers, Paul J. Sallis, Ali Yuzir, Norhayati Abdullah, S. Chelliapan / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.080-086
Chemical Oxidation Process For The Treatment Of Antibiotic
Wastewater
Hannah Briers*, Paul J. Sallis*, Ali Yuzir**, Norhayati Abdullah*** and S.
Chelliapan****
*Environmental Engineering Group, School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, University of Newcastle
upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
**Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310, Skudai, Malaysia.
***Department of Biotechnology Industry, Faculty of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia.
****UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(International Campus), Jalan Semarak, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abstract
There is growing concern from the magnitude of the effects and propose ideas to
scientific community that pharmaceutical minimise these adversities. This „cradle to grave‟
compounds are not treated sufficiently by strategy has resulted in vast amounts of data and
current wastewater treatment methods and several proposals for future improvements in
therefore trace amounts of such compounds are manufacturing processes and the treatment of
being identified in surface water, ground water wastewaters resulting from these processes5. Only a
and sewage effluents. Advanced oxidation small minority of these proposals, however, have
processes (AOPs) are now being proposed for the actually been put in to practice.
specific treatment of industrial wastewaters and The presence of trace concentrations of
wastewaters containing pharmaceutical products. pharmaceuticals in surface water, groundwater and
The AOP treatment for the antibiotic wastewater wastewater has been recorded in recent years with
was researched following an anaerobic digestion. such frequency that it has become a matter of some
Various combinations of AOPs were considered environmental concern 6. Various different
using ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), compounds have been found in varying
ultra-violet (UV) and Fenton’s reagent. Chemical concentrations including; antibiotics, beta-blockers,
oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon anti-ulcer drugs, analgesics and anti-inflammatory7.
(TOC) and sulphate analysis were carried out to Birth control pills and caffeine have also been found
evaluate the efficiency of the AOPs. Results in trace concentrations8. Neither the extent of the
showed that the UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3 AOPs exposure of drugs to the environment nor the
were considered to be most effective for this proportion of subsequent effects is known presently.
particular wastewater. A 70% COD removal and
a 56% TOC removal were recorded for the Most drugs are designed to be persistent
UV/H2O2 processes, a 66% COD removal and a and can therefore affect the biological systems
56.6% TOC removal were recorded for the resulting in the easy penetration of bio membranes
UV/H2O2/O3 processes. Sulphate concentrations and persistent biodegradation in order to be effective
increased during all AOPs due to oxidation of as possible. Environmental engineers are developing
hydrogen sulphide (H2S). methods of reducing pharmaceutical concentrations
through improved wastewater treatment methods
Key words: Advanced oxidation process, and improvements in the biodegradability of
antibiotic wastewater, chemical oxidation, sulphate pharmaceutical wastewater effluents2.
There are various methods that have been
Introduction proposed to treat wastewater containing
Extensive research in to the occurrence and pharmaceutical drug extracts or drinking water
fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment has been supplies that may contain trace quantities of such
carried out in recent years1. The aim of the majority contaminants9. These methods include membrane
of this work is to identify particularly persistent filtration, granular activated carbon (GAC) and
substances, the quantities they occur in surface various “in series” methods using combinations of
waters and wastewater effluents and the eventual floatation and filtration. Although these methods
long-term effects they may have in the aquatic have been successful in some cases for some
environment2-4. To complete this research the long pharmaceuticals, there is great interest in a new
and complicated life-cycle of these products had to theory utilising advanced oxidation processes
be fully examined in order to understand the (AOPs) as either a pre-treatment or co-treatment
80 | P a g e
2. Hannah Briers, Paul J. Sallis, Ali Yuzir, Norhayati Abdullah, S. Chelliapan / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.080-086
stage of the wastewater treatment process10. This Results and discussion
method has not only been highly successful in Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide
reducing contaminant concentrations, it has also COD Removal
been deemed suitable for treatment of high strength The results show a general pattern of
industrial wastewaters containing particularly increasing COD removal with increased H2O2 dose
persistent compounds. (Figure 1). T-tests show there is a significant
The AOPs use a combination of strong difference between samples with initial and H2O2
oxidising agents such as O3, H2O2, UV and Fenton‟s added. It is evident, however, that an optimum dose
reagent11. When used individually or in combination exists which needs further examination when
(e.g. O3 with H2O2) they can provide an efficient combining H2O2 and O3 with UV. The results appear
alternative for treatment of pharmaceutical to show that at concentrations of 6 and 20 mgL-1,
wastewater 12. This particular study examines percentage reduction of COD is highest at values of
pharmaceutical wastewater from the production of 50% for each. However, the standard deviations,
an antibiotic. Various AOPs were applied to the calculated from the means of these experiment show
wastewater in order to determine significant effects that there is no significant difference between the
of each individual or combined process. The COD removal efficiency for 6 to 20 mgL-1 of H2O2.
evaluation of these processes took in to account Therefore, H2O2 concentrations of 6 and 20 mgL-1
overall efficiencies of the processes and also were both further examined when considering UV
economic measures and practical measures for combined AOPs to investigate which concentration
applying such treatment methods in practice. is most effective; the upper limit or the lower limit.
The aim of this research was to investigate At H2O2 doses of 60 mgL-1 a marked increase
treatment methods for the antibiotic wastewater of 53% is witnessed (not shown on Figure 1)
using (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ultra-violet denoting an inhibitory effect. This is caused by the
(UV) and Fenton‟s reagent. H2O2 accumulating in water and acting as a radical
scavenger hence suppressing the removal of COD14.
Material and Methods The increase in removal efficiency between the
The apparatus for O3, UV, H2O2 and initial (zero) H2O2 dose and 2 – 30 mgL-1 doses
Fenton‟s reagent were set-up according to the proves that O3 as an individual AOP is not as
following specifications: O3 generator Model BA- efficient as when combined with other oxidants. The
023 UK, measured using Standard Method 2350E formation of hydroxyl radicals will be greatly
„O3 /Demand Requirement - Semi Batch Method‟, accelerated by the addition of H2O2 until a
O3 output was set at 1.6% with flow rate of 1 Lmin-1 maximum (optimal) is met. The overall process of
at 200V; Fenton‟s reagent: Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4) radical oxidation is much faster than direct oxidation
– 6% solution, H2O2 – 30 % solution; H2O2: 30% by O3 which has a much lower oxidation potential.
w/v; UV: Pond-Clear UV6 Model UK with 6W The lowest COD value achieved here is 960 mgL-1.
bulb and 254nm. This is still a high value if this AOP is to be
The antibiotic wastewater was taken from considered the final method of treatment.
an effluent anaerobic reactor treating real
pharmaceutical wastewater and contains the Figure 1
following characteristics: COD, 1931 mgL-1; TOC,
148.6 mg.L-1; sulphate, 102.2 mgL-1 and pH, 8.2. TOC Reduction
Around 500ml samples of wastewater used in each TOC removal efficiency (Figure 2) steadily
experimental run and subjected to 3 h reaction increased with increased H2O2 dose and few
period. Control sample (time zero) was also inhibitory effects were witnessed as in the case of
examined. “Free pH‟ used in each case and all COD, the highest removal efficiency being 31.8% at
experiments were repeated 3-fold and average 60 mgL-1 of H2O2. The lower percentage removal
values taken. may be due to certain resistant organic compounds
All chemical analysis was performed which may not be oxidised during TOC analysis and
according to standard methods13: COD using therefore any data recorded is a slight underestimate.
Standard Method 5220C Closed Reflux Titrimetric The TOC removal efficiency for O3 as a single AOP
Method, total organic carbon (TOC) using Standard was 7.6% and it is therefore evident that the addition
Method 5310A and sulphate analysis by Dionex of H2O2 increases efficiency in this case. T-tests
DX-100 Ion Chromatograph. Duplicate readings indicate that there is a significant difference between
taken for each sample and then averaged. Statistical sample means demonstrating that TOC values
analysis using standard deviations of the means for decrease with increased H2O2 concentrations.
each AOP were calculated to assess any significant
differences in the data. T-testing carried out on 0 – Figure 2
60 mgL-1 O3/H2O2 and a 2-sample t-test was used to
evaluate any significant difference between 6 - 20 Sulphate Analysis
mgL-1 H2O2/UV.
81 | P a g e
3. Hannah Briers, Paul J. Sallis, Ali Yuzir, Norhayati Abdullah, S. Chelliapan / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.080-086
The wastewater examined had a low efficiency show more clearly the effect UV has on
original content of sulphate at 102.2 mgL-1. The TOC reduction. Figure 7 shows that under UV and a
odour of the untreated wastewater was particularly H2O2 dose of 6 mgL-1, a 56.0% TOC removal can be
strong. It had undergone anaerobic digestion achieved. This is slightly increased to 56.6% with
previously and so it was evident that the anaerobic additional O3 treatment. T-tests show a significant
micro-organisms had reduced any sulphate to difference between samples UV/H2O2 6 mgL-1 and
sulphide meaning a strong hydrogen sulphide UV/H2O2 20 mgL-1. Once more the TOC removal
odour/gaseous emission. The AOP results in an efficiency overall are higher than with only the H2O2
increased level of sulphate, with a maximum 45% and O3 combination processes. TOC values of less
increase at 60 mgL-1. Levels of 159.9 to 184.5 mgL-1 than 70 mgL-1 are recorded via O3/H2O2/UV
were recorded after 3 h contact time (Figure 3). combined AOPs. These levels may be lowered with
longer reaction times with UV and O3.
Figure 3
Figure 6
Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Figure 7
Having found two possible optimum
concentrations of H2O2 when combined with O3 (6 Sulphate Analysis
and 20 mgL-1), it is possible to investigate the Figure 8 shows that the greatest increase
efficacy of this system and examine whether the (%) in sulphate is produced when UV, H2O2 and O3
addition of UV can have a positive effect on COD are combined (with 6 mgL-1 of H2O2); an increase of
and TOC reduction and further investigate sulphate 44% is witnessed. The COD and TOC values
increase data. Figure 4 shows the comparative COD indicate that increase levels of oxidation are
data and by calculating the COD removal efficiency achieved by the addition of UV. This is evident by
for each sample and taking the mean, the effect UV comparing the UV-combined AOP sulphate results
has as an AOP can be seen more clearly. with the O3/H2O2 AOP sulphate results where
The results show clearly that UV with 6 slightly higher figures are witnessed under UV
mgL-1 H2O2 produces the greatest COD reduction treatment than O3/H2O2. Interestingly, UV as a
overall at 70% (Figure 5). Second to this is the UV, single treatment does not increase sulphate levels as
H2O2 6 mgL-1 and O3 system at 66%. It is evident significantly as with other AOPs.
from the graph that the lower dose of H2O2 (6 mgL-1)
has a more positive effect on the efficiency of the Figure 8
AOP than the higher dose (20 mgL-1). This implies
that an optimum dose also exists when H2O2 is Fenton’s Reagent
combined with UV. Statistically, no significant Due to time constraints, the Fenton‟s
difference was apparent between the means of reagent reaction was applied to the wastewater and
samples UV/H2O2 6 mgL-1 and UV/H2O2 20 mgL-1. stirred continuously for three hours; ideally longer
It is apparent, however, due to the nature of the data reaction times are required with the end-point of the
set that a difference does exist if the small % reaction signified by a distinct colour change15. The
differences between all samples investigated are reaction was duplicated for purposes of accuracy. A
taken in to account. third experiment could not be undertaken at this
Generally, the COD removal efficiency is stage. Fenton‟s reagent has shown the ability to
much higher with the addition of UV than with reduce COD levels to 890 mgL-1; a 54% decrease.
H2O2 and O3 alone. It is apparent that if COD values The most efficient O3/H2O2 combined AOP
of lower than 1000 mgL-1 are required, UV must be achieved a 50% COD removal and the most
applied to ensure effective COD removal for this efficient UV - combined AOP achieved a 70%
particular wastewater. However, the key is removal. The efficacy of the Fenton‟s system is
accelerating the formation of the hydroxyl radicals. therefore slightly better than O3/H2O2 systems for
UV/H2O2/O3 is the strongest form of oxidation this particular wastewater. Further research on
although for this particular wastewater, UV and Fenton‟s reagent would allow for reaction times to
H2O2 is sufficient to increase the efficacy of the be further investigated and dose requirements
AOP. The final COD values recorded in this case (FeSO4, H2O2) to be experimented with, in order to
range from 580 to 700 mgL-1. Longer contact times find optimal levels. From the above results it can be
of the wastewater effluent with UV should allow for concluded that the four most efficient AOPs were as
COD values to be recorded at <500 mgL-1. follows: O3/H2O2 6 mgL-1, UV/ H2O2 6 mgL-1,
UV/O3/H2O2 6 mgL-1 and Fenton‟s reagent (Table 1).
Figure 4 Figure 9 shows that overall, considering COD
Figure 5 removal, TOC removal and sulphate increase, the
Total Organic Carbon AOP that is deemed to be most efficient is UV, O3
Figure 6 shows the pattern of TOC decrease and H2O2 6 mgL-1, followed closely by UV and
over time and the averaged values of TOC removal
82 | P a g e
4. Hannah Briers, Paul J. Sallis, Ali Yuzir, Norhayati Abdullah, S. Chelliapan / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.080-086
H2O2 6 mgL-1 alone. This is shown by an even AOPs the sulphur is converted to sulphates and it
distribution within the bars. was observed an overall increase in sulphate
concentration. The general pattern being; the more
Table 1 powerful the oxidation, the higher the concentration
Figure 9 of sulphate. In this case the most powerful AOPs are
UV/H2O2 and UV/O3/H2O2 which result in a
General discussion sulphate concentration increase of 56 and 56.6%,
The COD values overall show the amount respectively. This also explains the reduction in
of oxygen consumed in the oxidation of organic and odour due to the mineralization of hydrogen
oxidizable inorganic materials in the wastewater. sulphide to sulphate under aerobic/O2 rich
Although large COD removal efficiency were conditions experienced during AOPs.
achieved, the high initial COD value (1931 mgL-1)
means that the lowest COD value achieved via Conclusions
AOPs in this case, is only 560 mgL-1. This is still The treatment of the antibiotic wastewater
high if AOPs were applied post-anaerobic digestion with various different AOP combinations proved to
as the final stage of the wastewater treatment be successful in the removal of COD and TOC. An
process. The most efficient system proved to be UV increase in sulphate concentrations was also
combined with 6 mgL-1 of H2O2. The least efficient witnessed. H2O2 concentrations were experimented
system was O3 alone and O3 with 2 mgL-1 of H2O2. with for the O3/H2O2 combined AOP. It was obvious
As mentioned previously, an increase dose of 60 from the COD data that an optimal dose > 60 mgL-1
mgL-1 H2O2 exerted an inhibitory effect on the AOP. existed and 6 mgL-1 of H2O2 produced the most
There is a theory that O3 AOPs alone will be equally efficient COD and TOC removals overall. Although
as efficient as combined systems. This is due to the O3 is able to produce H2O2 alone by the breakdown
hypothesis that O3 can breakdown the organic waste of organic matter, it was concluded that the addition
which will yield H2O2 and therefore ozonation can of H2O2 artificially to the system greatly accelerated
take place without the extra addition of H2O2. The the formation of the hydroxyl radicals necessary for
results here show that O3 alone is not as effective the efficacy of the system and allowed shorter
without H2O2, for this particular wastewater. It is contact times.
possible that O3 ability to yield its own H2O2 is at a UV proved to be the most effective AOP
much slower rate than if H2O2 is added artificially to when combined with the optimum dose of H2O2 (6
the system. Overall, the increase in COD removal mgL-1) and O3/H2O2 together. The UV/H2O2 system
indicates an increase in the biodegradability of the proved to be most efficient with a 70% COD
antibiotic wastewater but it is evident that either: removal and 56% TOC removal. COD levels of
longer reactions times are required to further remove below 700 mgL-1 were achieved and TOC levels of
COD or further treatment of the wastewater is below 70 mgL-1 were achieved. Fenton‟s reagent
required following the AOP to further decrease the proved to have some positive effect on the
COD levels of the water e.g. flocculation. biodegradability of the antibiotic wastewater
The TOC percentage removals quantify the although it is evident that further experimentation is
proportion of organic material that has been required concerning reaction times and dosing
oxidised during the AOP. The largest TOC removal requirements (H2O2 and FeSO4). It was however one
efficiency was reported during the O3/H2O2/UV of the most successful AOPs and avoids the extra
APOs, where a 56.6% removal was recorded. This costs required for generation of UV and O3. COD
particular AOP has been proven to be particularly removals of 54% and TOC removals of 26% were
intense in the treatment of various different recorded.
industrial wastewaters. The efficacy of the AOP is Sulphate concentrations increased during
largely dependent on the type of wastewater being all AOPs. The strong smell of the wastewater
treated. In this case, it is evident, that due to the effluent demonstrated a large concentration of
initial strength of the wastewater (i.e. high TOC and hydrogen sulphide present after the application of
COD levels), high strength or highly intense anaerobic digestion. Odour was reduced
treatments are required if TOC levels are to be considerably through advanced oxidation as the
removed to a suitable standard. During treatment hydrogen sulphide was converted to sulphate. This
with O3 and low concentrations of H2O2, the TOC was supported by the data recording a considerable
content of the samples was not reduced by any increase in sulphate concentration for each AOP.
significant amount; only 8.1% with O3 and H2O2 2
mgL-1. An increase in H2O2 concentration did Acknowledgments
increase TOC removal but it wasn‟t until the The authors thank University of Newcastle, UK and
introduction of UV that any significant changes in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for funding and
the wastewater samples were witnessed. facilitating this project.
In the post-anaerobic digestion, sulphur is
mainly present as sulphide and sulphites. During
83 | P a g e
5. Hannah Briers, Paul J. Sallis, Ali Yuzir, Norhayati Abdullah, S. Chelliapan / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.080-086
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Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.080-086
50 160
UV
45 140
Sulphate Increase
40 120 UV/Ozone
TOC (mg/l)
Sulphate % 100
35
Increase UV/H2O2 6mg/l
80
30
60 UV/H2O2 20mg/l
25
40
20 UV/H2O2 6mg/l
20
2 4 6 8 10 20 30 60 /Ozone
H2O2 Dose (mg/l)
0
0 60 120 180
Figure 3: Sulphate profile for O3 and varied Time (min)
concentrations of H2O2
Figure 6: TOC profile for UV combined AOPs
2500
70
2000
COD (mg/l)
60
1500
1000 TOC Reduction (%) 50
40
500
30
0
0 60 120 180 20
Time (min) 10
0
UV UV/Ozone
Advanced Oxidation Process
UV/H2O2 6mg/l UV/H2O2 20mg/l
UV/H2O2 6mg/l/Ozone UV UV/Ozone UV/H2O2 6mg/l UV/H2O2 20mg/l UV/H2O2 6mg/l /Ozone
Figure 4: COD profile for UV combined AOPs Figure 7: TOC reduction profile for UV combined
AOPs
74%
72% 50
Sulphate Increase (%)
COD Reduction (%)
70% 40
68%
30
66%
64% 20
62%
10
60%
58% 0
Advanced Oxidation Process Advanced Oxidation Process
UV UV/Ozone UV/H2O2 6mg/l UV UV/Ozone
UV/H2O2 20mg/l UV/H2O2 6mg/l/ Ozone UV/ H2O2 6mg/l UV/H2O2 20mg/l
UV/H2O2 6mg/l / Ozone
Figure 5: COD reduction profile for UV combined
AOPs Figure 8: Sulphate profile for UV combined AOPs
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7. Hannah Briers, Paul J. Sallis, Ali Yuzir, Norhayati Abdullah, S. Chelliapan / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.080-086
100%
80%
60%
% Reduction/Increase
40%
20%
0%
Ozone/H2O2 UV/H2O2 UV/H2O2 Fenton's
6mg/l 6mg/l 6mg/l/Ozone Reagent
COD TOC Sulphate
Figure 9: Comparative profile for the four most
effective AOPs
Table 1: Comparative data for four of the most
efficient AOPs
AOP COD TOC Sulphate
Removal Removal Increase
(%) (%) (%)
O3/H2O2 6 50 16.2 41
mgL-1
UV/H2O2 6 70 56 38
mgL-1
UV/O3/H2O2 6 66 56.6 44
mgL-1
Fenton‟s 54 26 43
reagent
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