The document discusses different types of foundations used in building construction. It describes shallow foundations such as pad, strip, and trench foundations which are suitable for light structural loads on soil with good bearing capacity. Deep foundations discussed include pile foundations which use long cylindrical structures to transfer loads to deeper strong layers of soil or bedrock. A raft foundation spreads loads over a wide reinforced concrete slab.

1. Group Members:
 Jacky Tiong Lee Song (0332971)
 Darren Lee Kar Chun (0332112)
 Kia Jason (0331624)
 Jason Goh Han Yuan (0336283)

2. Definition :
A lower portion of building structure .
Purpose :
Transfer load to the earth.
Sub-structure :
a) Ground beams
b) Ground floor column
c) Ground floor slab
d) Foundation
Major part of a building

3. Dead LoadLive Load Wind Load

4. Gravity Load Wind Load

5. DEEP FOUNDATION
SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
1 2
PILE FOUNDATION
END BEARING
FRICTION
STRIP FOUNDATION
TRENCH FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATION
RAFT FOUNDATION

6.  Particle stick closely to each other.
 Experience shrinking & expanding
 Water level cause strength of soil to
differ.
 Foundation should be 1 meter below
the ground level.
 High moisture content
Examples :
Sandy soil, clay, silt
Cohesive Soil

7.  Particle not sticking to each other.
 Water are easy to flow through.
 High value – Strong foundation
Examples :
Gravel, sand
Non-cohesive Soil

8.  Mixture of fine gravels, clays and
sands
 Great content of small stones
 High sustainability even under
influence of water
 Sufficiently reliable for low-depth
foundations

10.  Thickness not less than 150mm
 Provide a continuous support to linear
structure built centrally above them.
 Suitable for soil that has good bearing
capacity
 Suited to light structural loadings
(domestic building)
 Cheapest but weakest
 Simple, traditional and cost-effective

11.  Concrete thickness is more thicker.
 Avoids bricklaying below the ground.
 Concrete is poured to within 150mm of the surface
of the ground.
 Minimises the excavation required.
 Reduces the width of the foundation.
 Time saving
 It is used when the soil condition is loose or the
construction site is in area with high water table.
 Creates access problems such as drainage and
other services.

12.  Also known as isolated foundation
 Support localised single-point loads
 Support ground beams
 Most economic plan shape: square
 The thickness is not less than 150mm
or the projection from column
 Stronger by adding reinforcement bar
 Size of foundation can be reduced by adding steel
reinforcement towards the bottom of foundation running in both directions

13.  Also referred as map foundation or raft
footings
 Formed by reinforced concrete slabs of
uniform thickness
 Spread the load imposed
 Using less material
 Include steel reinforcements to prevent
cracking.
 Expensive because it covers wide area.

15.  A cylinder of strong material that is push into
the ground to act as a steady support for
structure to build on top of it.
 Pile + Pile Cap = Pile foundation
 “A foundation is described as ‘piled’ when its
depth is more than three times of its
breadth.” - Atkinson, 2007
 High bearing capacity.
 Can be used in different condition of
soil.(Prevent excessive settlement)

16.  Shaft pass through soft deposits of soil.
 The bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of
especially strong soil or rock. (bedrock)
 Pile acts as a column and safely transfers
the load to the strong layer.
 The key principle is that the bottom end rests
on the surface which is the intersection of a
weak and strong layer.

17.  Transfers the load of the building to the soil
across the full height of the pile, by friction.
 Obtain support by adhesion / skin friction of
the soil.
 The amount of load a pile can support is
directly proportionate to its length.
 Combination pile foundation = friction + end bearing foundation

18. Pile
foundation
Raft
foundation
Pad foundation
Trench foundation
Strip foundation
Strength

19. Categories Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
Depth Less than 3 meters More than 3 meters
Cost Cheaper Expensive
Feasibility Easier to construct Construction process is more
complex
Advantages - Construction materials are
available
- Less labour needed
- Simple construction procedure
- Provides lateral support and
resist uplift
- Can carry huge loads
Disadvantages - Possibility of settlement
- Weak against lateral loads
- More expensive
- Skilled labour needed
- Complex procedure
- Can be time consuming