Methods and Techniques for Construction Civil Engineering

2. Traditional construction is the way building parts are
assembled. Traditional construction uses building parts to
assemble and construct the building only once on-site.
Builders build from the ground up, and foundations, walls,
roofs, etc. are created at the construction site.
 Concrete Construction Methods
 Masonry Construction Methods
 Wood Framing Construction Method

3. This method is commonly
used in civil engineering because
of its strength and ability to
support weight.
Concrete is a thermal mass
material; instead of it consisting of
one material, it is a mix of fine
aggregate, cement, water, gravel,
and stones. These materials act as
the foundation of many structures
as well as in superstructure
construction

4. Masonry consists of building
structures from single units that are laid
and bound together with mortar.
This method makes use of various
materials such as concrete blocks, stones,
and bricks that are bound together.

5. Wood frame construction is one of
the most widely used methods to build
residential, commercial and industrial
buildings. Wood frames are not only very
economical to build but are also resistant to
extreme climatic variations, and offer
residents a high degree of comfort. Added to
that, wood frames are sustainable and
absorb carbon and offset greenhouse gasses.

7. Foundation is the lowest
part of the building or the civil
structure that is in direct contact
with the soil which transfers
loads from the structure to the
soil safely.
Two (2) Classification:
1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundation

8. The pad foundations are
shallow foundation that take and
spread point loads to the soil safely.
The pad foundation are preferred if
the soil at the site have sufficient
strength and is not too deep to
construct. The thickness of pad
foundations are generally uniform.
In some situations the upper
surface can be stepped or sloped.
The design of pad foundation is
simple and straight which makes

9. Plain Concrete Pad Foundation
Plain concrete pad foundations
are a non-reinforced foundation. For
non-reinforced pad foundation, the
thickness of the foundation should be
equal or more than the required
width of the foundation to safely
distribute the load. This type of
foundation can be used when the
loads from the superstructure are low.
Reinforced Concrete Pad Foundation
Reinforced concrete
enables relatively wide but
shallow foundations, often
designed to be square plan area
to make the reinforcing cage
easier to construct and place.

10. Steel Grillage
The steel grillage foundation consists
of steel beams placed in single or double tiers
and enclosed concrete.
Combined Column Pad Foundation
Combined pad foundations are
adopted close to a site boundary to
enable the balancing effect of an
internal column to be incorporated.

11. It is a continuous strip of
concrete placed below the load-
bearing walls. It spread the
weight of the load-bearing wall
evenly across the total area of
the soil. The footing can be made
in either plan concrete or
reinforced concrete.

12.  Raft foundation “mat
foundation” is actually a thick
concrete slab resting on a large
area of soil reinforced with
steel, supporting columns or
walls and transfer loads from
the structure to the soil.
Usually, mat foundation is
spread over the entire area of
the structure it is supporting.

13. When to use Raft Foundation
 The soil has a low bearing capacity.
 The load of the structure has to be distributed over a large area.
 Individual or any other foundation area would approximately cover
50% of the total ground area beneath the structure.
 The columns or wall are placed so closely that the individual footings
would overlap
 Stress on soil needs to be reduced.
 There is a possibility of differential settlement in case individual
footing is used.
 When soil strata are unpredictable and contain pockets of
compressible soil.
 Basement is to be constructed.
 Any other type of footing cannot be advantageous

14. Flat Plate Mat
This is the simplest
form of raft foundation.
This type of mat is used
when the columns and
walls are uniformly spaced
at small intervals and the
subjected loads are
relatively small.
Reinforcement is placed in
both directions and more
reinforcement is required
at the column locations
and load-bearing walls.
Plate Thickened under Columns
When the columns and load
bearing walls are subjected to heavier
loads, the slab is thickened under the
columns and walls and extra
reinforcement is provided to resist
against diagonal shear and negative
reinforcement.

15. Two-way Beam and Slab
In this type of raft, beams
are cast monolithically with the
raft slab connecting the columns
and walls.
Piled Raft
This type of raft
foundation is supported on
piles. A piled raft is used when
the soil at a shallow depth is
highly compressible and the
water table is high.

16. A Pile foundation, a kind
of deep foundation, can be
defined as a slender column
or long cylinder made of
materials such as concrete or
steel which are used to
support the structure and
transfer the load at desired
depth either by end bearing
or skin friction.

17. When to use Pile Foundation
 When the groundwater table is high foundation pilings are the
best solution.
 Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.
 Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
 When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
 When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location
near the river bed or seashore, etc.
 When there is a canal or deep drainage system near the
structure.
 When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth
due to poor soil conditions.
 When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches
dry by pumping or by any other measure due to heavy inflow of

18. Timber Piles
Timber piles are the types of piled foundations that
are placed under the water level. They last for
approximately about 30 years.

19. Advantages
Timber piles of regular
size are available.
Economical.
Easy to install.
Low possibility of damage.
Timber pile footings can
be cut off at any desired
length after they are
installed.
If necessary, timber piles
can be easily pulled out.

20. Disadvantages
 Piles of longer lengths are not
always available.
 It is difficult to obtain straight
piles if the length is short.
 It is difficult to drive the pile if
the soil strata are very hard.
 Spicing of timber piles is
difficult.
 Timber or wooden piles are not
suitable to be used as end-
bearing piles.
 For the durability of timber
piles, special measures have to
be taken.

21. Concrete Piles
Cast in a pile bed in horizontal form
if they are rectangular in shape. Usually,
circular piles are cast in vertical forms.
Precast piles are usually reinforced with
steel to prevent breakage during their
mobilization from the casting bed to the
location of the foundation.
Pre-cast concrete pile
Cast-in-place concrete pile
This type of pile footing is
constructed by boring soil up to the desired
depth and then, depositing freshly mixed
concrete in that place and letting it cure
there.

22. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE
PILE
 Provides high resistance to
chemical and biological cracks.
 They are usually of high strength.
 To facilitate driving, a pipe may be
installed along the center of the
pile.
 If the piles are cast and ready to be
driven before the installation phase
is due, it can increase the pace of
work.
 The confinement of the
reinforcement can be ensured.
 The quality of the pile can be
controlled.
 If any fault is identified, it can
be replaced before driving.
 Pre-cast piles can be driven
under the water.
 The piles can be loaded
immediately after it is driven
up to the required length.
Advantages

23. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE
PILE
 Once the length of the pile is decided, it is difficult to
increase or decrease the length of the pile afterward.
 They are difficult to mobilize.
 Needs heavy and expensive equipment to drive.
 As they are not available for readymade purchase, it can
cause a delay in the project.
 There is a possibility of breakage or damage during the
handling and driving of piles
Disadvantages

24. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CAST-IN-PLACE
 The shells are light weighted, so
they are easy to handle.
 The length of piles can be varied
easily.
 The shells may be assembled at
sight.
 No excess enforcement is required
only to prevent damage from
handling.
 No possibility of breaking during
installation.
 Additional piles can be provided
easily if required
Advantages
 Needs careful supervision
 Needs sufficient place on site for
storage of the materials used for
construction.
 It is difficult to construct cast in
situ piles where the underground
water flow is heavy.
 The bottom of the pile may not be
symmetrical.
 If the pile is un-reinforced and
uncased, the pile can fail in tension
if there acts an uplifting force.
Disadvantages

25. Steel Piles
Steel piles may be of I-section or
hollow pipe. They are filled with concrete

26. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL PILES
They are easy to install.
They can reach a greater
depth compared to any other
type of pile foundations.
Can penetrate through the
hard layer of soil due to the
less cross-sectional area.
It is easy to splice steel piles
Can carry heavy loads
Advantages
This piling type is prone
to corrosion.
Has a possibility of
deviating while driving.
Comparatively expensive.
Disadvantages

28. It is a temporary structure that is used as a mold
to pour the concrete. It is a vertical or horizontal
arrangement made to keep concrete in position
until it gain strength

29. It is a vertical temporary arrangement which is
arranged to bring concrete in a desired shape

30. It is a temporary arrangement and part of
formwork which is arranged to support horizontal
members

31. It is a temporary member which is used to support
formwork

32. It is a temporary structure use to support crew and
materials to aid in the construction, maintenance,
and repair of buildings.