This document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which are used when the depth is less than the width, and includes spread footings, combined footings, mat foundations, grillage foundations, strap footings, and stepped foundations. Deep foundations, where the depth exceeds the width, include pile foundations and caisson foundations. Pile foundations can be bearing piles, friction piles, sheet piles, fender piles, or anchor piles. Caisson foundations include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. The document concludes by noting that foundation type depends on bearing capacity and site conditions.

1. By Dhananjaya.s

2. CONTENT
 Introduction.
 Types.
 Conclusion.
 Reference.

3. INTRODUCTION
 It is the main components of the building.
 It is the lowest part of the building.
 It is the structure ,that transmits the load of the building to
the under laying soil.
 It is that part of the building which supports the super
structure directly over it.

4. TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Foundation may be broadly classified under two
categories:
Shallow foundation.
Deep foundation.

5. Shallow foundation
A foundation is said to shallow when depth of the
foundation is equal to or less than its width

6. Types of shallow foundation
1. Spread footing.
2. Combined footing.
3. Mat or raft footing.
4. Grillage foundation.
5. Strap footing or cantilever footing.
6. Stepped foundation.

7. 1. Spread footing
 The spread footing is generally constructed to support
an individual column. The spread footing may be
circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform
thickness

8. 2. Combined footing
 A common footing provided for two or more columns

9. 3.Mat or raft foundation
 It is the foundation that covers the entire area under
the structure

10. 4. Grillage foundation
 It is the foundation used in those places where the
load of the structure is heavy and the bearing capacity
of soil is comparatively poor

11. 5. Strap footing
 It is the footing consists of two or more individual
footing connected by a beam

12. 6. Stepped foundation
 A widening at the bottom of a wall consisting of a
series of steps in the proportion of one horizontal to
two vertical units.

13. Deep foundation
 If the depth of foundation is greater than its width it is
termed as deep foundation.

14. Types of deep foundation
1. Pile foundation.
2. Caisson foundation.

15. Pile foundation
 Pile foundation may defined as a column support type
of foundation

16. Types of piles
1. Bearing piles.
2. Friction piles.
3. Sheet piles.
4. Fender piles.
5. Anchor piles.

17. Bearing piles
 Bearing piles are those which are driven into ground
until the hard stratum is reached.

18. Friction piles
 These are the piles which bear the load of the structure
by its skin friction developing by soil and the
surrounding soil.

19. Sheet piles
 These piles are generally used for making deep coffer
dam ,deep excavations.

20. Fender piles
 These are usually made from timber to protect the
berthing ships from damage.

21. Anchor piles
 These are the piles which provide anchorage against
horizontal pulls and thrusts.

22. Caisson foundation
 It is the foundation used for the construction of bridge
piers in very deep water.

23. Types of caisson foundation
1. Open caisson.
2. Box caisson.
3. Pneumatic caisson.

24. Open caisson
 It is the caisson where its top and bottom ends are
open and the central space filled with sand

25. Pneumatic caisson
 In this type of caisson closed at the top and open at the
bottom.

26. Box caisson
 These are used in constructing bridge foundation
under water where little excavation is required.

27. CONCLUSIONS
 After discussing the above topic what we suggest is by
considering a safe bearing capacity and condition of a
site we have decide the type of foundation.
 More over the deep foundation is suitable for
structures.

28. REFERENCE
 Construction technology.- H.S vishwanath.
 www.google.com.

29. .
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