Dealing with Notations and conventions in tensor analysis-Einstein's summation convention covariant and contravariant and mixed tensors-algebraic operations in tensor symmetric and skew symmetric tensors-tensor calculus-Christoffel symbols-kinematics in Riemann space-Riemann-Christoffel tensor.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
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This presentation explains about the introduction of Polar Plot, advantages and disadvantages of polar plot and also steps to draw polar plot. and also explains about how to draw polar plot with an examples. It also explains how to draw polar plot with numerous examples and stability analysis by using polar plot.
Dealing with Notations and conventions in tensor analysis-Einstein's summation convention covariant and contravariant and mixed tensors-algebraic operations in tensor symmetric and skew symmetric tensors-tensor calculus-Christoffel symbols-kinematics in Riemann space-Riemann-Christoffel tensor.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This presentation explains about the introduction of Polar Plot, advantages and disadvantages of polar plot and also steps to draw polar plot. and also explains about how to draw polar plot with an examples. It also explains how to draw polar plot with numerous examples and stability analysis by using polar plot.
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
The gradient of a scalar field, the Physical significance of the gradient, and numerical problems on the gradient of a scalar field
for B.Sc Physics - Mechanics - first year first -semester
This presentation is about electromagnetic fields, history of this theory and personalities contributing to this theory. Applications of electromagnetism. Vector Analysis and coordinate systems.
In this presentation we will learn Del operator, Gradient of scalar function , Directional Derivative, Divergence of vector function, Curl of a vector function and after that solved some example related to above.
Gradient in math
Directional derivative in math
Divergence in math
Curl in math
Gradient , Directional Derivative , Divergence , Curl in mathematics
Gradient , Directional Derivative , Divergence , Curl in math
Gradient , Directional Derivative , Divergence , Curl
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
The gradient of a scalar field, the Physical significance of the gradient, and numerical problems on the gradient of a scalar field
for B.Sc Physics - Mechanics - first year first -semester
This presentation is about electromagnetic fields, history of this theory and personalities contributing to this theory. Applications of electromagnetism. Vector Analysis and coordinate systems.
In this presentation we will learn Del operator, Gradient of scalar function , Directional Derivative, Divergence of vector function, Curl of a vector function and after that solved some example related to above.
Gradient in math
Directional derivative in math
Divergence in math
Curl in math
Gradient , Directional Derivative , Divergence , Curl in mathematics
Gradient , Directional Derivative , Divergence , Curl in math
Gradient , Directional Derivative , Divergence , Curl
We discussed most of what one wishes to learn in vector calculus at the undergraduate engineering level. Its also useful for the Physics ‘honors’ and ‘pass’ students.
This was a course I delivered to engineering first years, around 9th November 2009. But I have added contents to make it more understandable, eg I added all the diagrams and many explanations only now; 14-18th Aug 2015.
More such lectures will follow soon. Eg electromagnetism and electromagnetic waves !
Lesson 6: Polar, Cylindrical, and Spherical coordinatesMatthew Leingang
"The fact that space is three-dimensional is due to nature. The way we measure it is due to us." Cartesian coordinates are one familiar way to do that, but other coordinate systems exist which are more useful in other situations.
This first lecture describes what EMT is. Its history of evolution. Main personalities how discovered theories relating to this theory. Applications of EMT . Scalars and vectors and there algebra. Coordinate systems. Field, Coulombs law and electric field intensity.volume charge distribution, electric flux density, gauss's law and divergence
Differential geometry three dimensional spaceSolo Hermelin
This presentation describes the mathematics of curves and surfaces in a 3 dimensional (Euclidean) space.
The presentation is at an Undergraduate in Science (Math, Physics, Engineering) level.
Plee send comments and suggestions to improvements to solo.hermelin@gmail.com. Thanks/
More presentations can be found at my website http://www.solohermelin.com.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Coordinate Systems
• Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate System
• Cylindrical Coordinate System
• Spherical Coordinate System
Choice of the system is based on the symmetry of the
problem.
3. Cartesian Or Rectangular Coordinates
P (x, y, z)
x
y
z
P(x,y,z)
z
y
x
A vector A in Cartesian coordinates can be written as
),,( zyx AAA or zzyyxx aAaAaA
where ax,ay and az are unit vectors along x, y and z-directions.
4. Cylindrical Coordinates
P (ρ, Φ, z)
x= ρ cos Φ, y=ρ sin Φ, z=z
z
Φ
z
ρ
x
y
P(ρ, Φ, z)
z
20
0
A vector A in Cylindrical coordinates can be written as
),,( zAAA or
zzaAaAaA
where aρ,aΦ and az are unit vectors along ρ, Φ and z-directions.
zz
x
y
yx
,tan, 122
5. The relationships between (ax,ay, az) and (aρ,aΦ, az)are
zz
y
x
aa
aaa
aaa
cossin
sincos
zz
yx
yx
aa
aaa
aaa
cossin
sincos
or
zzyxyx aAaAAaAAA )cossin()sincos(
Then the relationships between (Ax,Ay, Az) and (Aρ, AΦ, Az)are
8. Spherical Coordinates
P (r, θ, Φ)
x=r sin θ cos Φ, y=r sin θ sin Φ, Z=r cos θ
20
0
0
r
A vector A in Spherical coordinates can be written as
),,( AAAr or aAaAaA rr
where ar, aθ, and aΦ are unit vectors along r, θ, and Φ-directions.
θ
Φ
r
z
y
x
P(r, θ, Φ)
x
y
z
yx
zyxr 1
22
1222
tan,tan,
9. The relationships between (ax,ay, az) and (ar,aθ,aΦ)are
aaa
aaaa
aaaa
rz
ry
rx
sincos
cossincossinsin
sincoscoscossin
yx
zyx
zyxr
aaa
aaaa
aaaa
cossin
sinsincoscoscos
cossinsincossin
or
Then the relationships between (Ax,Ay, Az) and (Ar, Aθ,and AΦ)are
aAA
aAAA
aAAAA
yx
zyx
rzyx
)cossin(
)sinsincoscoscos(
)cossinsincossin(
12. Cartesian Coordinates
P(x, y, z)
Spherical Coordinates
P(r, θ, Φ)
Cylindrical Coordinates
P(ρ, Φ, z)
x
y
z
P(x,y,z)
Φ
z
r
x
y
z
P(ρ, Φ, z)
θ
Φ
r
z
y
x
P(r, θ, Φ)
13. Differential Length, Area and Volume
Differential displacement
zyx dzadyadxadl
Differential area
zyx dxdyadxdzadydzadS
Differential Volume
dxdydzdV
Cartesian Coordinates
17. Differential Length, Area and Volume
Differential displacement
adrarddradl r sin
Differential area
ardrdadrdraddrdS r sinsin2
Differential Volume
ddrdrdV sin2
Spherical Coordinates
18. Line, Surface and Volume Integrals
Line Integral
L
dlA.
Surface Integral
Volume Integral
S
dSA.
dvp
V
v
19. • Gradient of a scalar function is a
vector quantity.
• Divergence of a vector is a scalar
quantity.
• Curl of a vector is a vector quantity.
• The Laplacian of a scalar A
f Vector
A.
A
A2
The Del Operator
20. Del Operator
Cartesian Coordinates zyx a
z
a
y
a
x
Cylindrical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates
za
z
aa
1
a
r
a
r
a
r
r
sin
11
22. GRADIENT OF A SCALAR
Suppose is the temperature at ,
and is the temperature at
as shown.
zyxT ,,1 zyxP ,,1
2P dzzdyydxxT ,,2
23. The differential distances are the
components of the differential distance
vector :
dzdydx ,,
zyx dzdydxd aaaL
Ld
However, from differential calculus, the
differential temperature:
dz
z
T
dy
y
T
dx
x
T
TTdT
12
GRADIENT OF A SCALAR (Cont’d)
25. The vector inside square brackets defines the
change of temperature corresponding to a
vector change in position .
This vector is called Gradient of Scalar T.
Ld
dT
For Cartesian coordinate:
zyx
z
V
y
V
x
V
V aaa
GRADIENT OF A SCALAR (Cont’d)
26. For Circular cylindrical coordinate:
z
z
VVV
V aaa
1
For Spherical coordinate:
aaa
V
r
V
rr
V
V r
sin
11
GRADIENT OF A SCALAR (Cont’d)
27. EXAMPLE
Find gradient of these scalars:
yxeV z
cosh2sin
2cos2
zU
cossin10 2
rW
(a)
(b)
(c)
28. SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE
(a) Use gradient for Cartesian coordinate:
z
z
y
z
x
z
zyx
yxe
yxeyxe
z
V
y
V
x
V
V
a
aa
aaa
cosh2sin
sinh2sincosh2cos2
29. SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
(b) Use gradient for Circular cylindrical
coordinate:
z
z
zz
z
UUU
U
a
aa
aaa
2cos
2sin22cos2
1
2
30. (c) Use gradient for Spherical coordinate:
a
aa
aaa
sinsin10
cos2sin10cossin10
sin
11
2
r
r
W
r
W
rr
W
W
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
31. Illustration of the divergence of a vector
field at point P:
Positive
Divergence
Negative
Divergence
Zero
Divergence
DIVERGENCE OF AVECTOR
32. DIVERGENCE OF AVECTOR (Cont’d)
The divergence of A at a given point P
is the outward flux per unit volume:
v
dS
div s
v
A
AA lim
0
33. What is ??
s
dSA Vector field A at
closed surface S
DIVERGENCE OF AVECTOR (Cont’d)
35. For Cartesian coordinate:
z
A
y
A
x
A zyx
A
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:
z
AA
A z
11
A
DIVERGENCE OF AVECTOR (Cont’d)
36. For Spherical coordinate:
A
r
A
r
Ar
rr
r
sin
1sin
sin
11 2
2
A
DIVERGENCE OF AVECTOR (Cont’d)
37. Find divergence of these vectors:
zx xzyzxP aa 2
zzzQ aaa cossin 2
aaa coscossincos
1
2
r
r
W r
(a)
(b)
(c)
EXAMPLE
38. 39
(a) Use divergence for Cartesian
coordinate:
xxyz
xz
zy
yzx
x
z
P
y
P
x
P zyx
2
02
P
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE
39. (b) Use divergence for Circular cylindrical
coordinate:
cossin2
cos
1
sin
1
11
22
Q
z
z
z
z
QQ
Q z
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
40. (c) Use divergence for Spherical coordinate:
coscos2
cos
sin
1
cossin
sin
1
cos
1
sin
1sin
sin
11
2
2
2
2
W
r
r
rrr
W
r
W
r
Wr
rr
r
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
41. It states that the total outward flux of
a vector field A at the closed surface S
is the same as volume integral of
divergence of A.
VV
dVdS AA
DIVERGENCETHEOREM
42. A vector field exists in the region
between two concentric cylindrical surfaces
defined by ρ = 1 and ρ = 2, with both cylinders
extending between z = 0 and z = 5. Verify the
divergence theorem by evaluating:
aD 3
S
dsD
V
DdV
(a)
(b)
EXAMPLE
43. (a) For two concentric cylinder, the left side:
topbottomouterinner
S
d DDDDSD
Where,
10)(
)(
2
0
5
0
1
4
2
0
5
0
1
3
z
z
inner
dzd
dzdD
aa
aa
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE
46. (b) For the right side of Divergence Theorem,
evaluate divergence of D
23
4
1
D
So,
150
4
5
0
2
0
2
1
4
5
0
2
0
2
1
2
z
r
z
dzdddVD
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
47. CURL OF AVECTOR
The curl of vector A is an axial
(rotational) vector whose magnitude is
the maximum circulation of A per unit
area tends to zero and whose direction
is the normal direction of the area
when the area is oriented so as to
make the circulation maximum.
49. The curl of the vector field is concerned
with rotation of the vector field. Rotation
can be used to measure the uniformity
of the field, the more non uniform the
field, the larger value of curl.
CURL OF AVECTOR (Cont’d)
50. For Cartesian coordinate:
zyx
zyx
AAA
zyx
aaa
A
z
xy
y
xz
x
yz
y
A
x
A
z
A
x
A
z
A
y
A
aaaA
CURL OF AVECTOR (Cont’d)
52. For Spherical coordinate:
ArrAA
rr
r
r
sin
sin
1
2
aaa
A
a
aaA
r
r
r
A
r
rA
r
r
rAA
r
AA
r
)(1
sin
11sin
sin
1
CURL OF AVECTOR (Cont’d)
53. zx xzyzxP aa 2
zzzQ aaa cossin 2
aaa coscossincos
1
2
r
r
W r
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find curl of these vectors:
EXAMPLE
54. (a) Use curl for Cartesian coordinate:
zy
zyx
z
xy
y
xz
x
yz
zxzyx
zxzyx
y
P
x
P
z
P
x
P
z
P
y
P
aa
aaa
aaaP
22
22
000
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE
55. (b) Use curl for Circular cylindrical coordinate
z
z
z
zz
zz
z
z
y
Q
x
QQ
z
Q
z
QQ
aa
a
aa
aaaQ
cos3sin
1
cos3
1
00sin
11
3
2
2
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
56. (c) Use curl for Spherical coordinate:
a
aa
a
aaW
22
2
cos
)cossin(1
cos
cos
sin
11cossinsincos
sin
1
)(1
sin
11sin
sin
1
r
r
r
r
r
rr
r
r
r
W
r
rW
r
r
rWW
r
WW
r
r
r
r
r
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
57.
a
aa
a
aa
sin
1
cos2
cos
sin
sin
2cos
sin
cossin2
1
cos0
1
sinsin2cos
sin
1
3
2
r
rr
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
58. STOKE’STHEOREM
The circulation of a vector field A around
a closed path L is equal to the surface
integral of the curl of A over the open
surface S bounded by L that A and curl
of A are continuous on S.
SL
dSdl AA
60. By using Stoke’s Theorem, evaluate
for
dlA
aaA sincos
EXAMPLE
61.
62. Stoke’s Theorem,
SL
dSdl AA
where, andzddd aS
Evaluate right side to get left side,
zaA
sin1
1
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
63.
941.4
sin1
1
0
0
60
30
5
2
aA z
S
dddS
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE (Cont’d)
64. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector field
for given figure by evaluating: aaB sincos
(a) over the
semicircular contour.
LB d
(b) over the
surface of semicircular
contour.
SB d
EXAMPLE
65. (a) To find LB d
321 LLL
dddd LBLBLBLB
Where,
dd
dzddd z
sincos
sincos
aaaaaLB
SOLUTIONTO EXAMPLE
70. LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR
The Laplacian of a scalar field, V
written as:
V2
Where, Laplacian V is:
zyxzyx
z
V
y
V
x
V
zyx
VV
aaaaaa
2
72. LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR (Cont’d)
For Spherical coordinate:
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
sin
1
sin
sin
11
V
r
V
rr
V
r
rr
V
73. EXAMPLE
Find Laplacian of these scalars:
yxeV z
cosh2sin
2cos2
zU
cossin10 2
rW
(a)
(b)
(c)
You should try this!!