CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY EVIDENCES ppt
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The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
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Continental Drift
1) Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
2) To support his theory, Wegener presented four pieces of evidence: the matching shapes of continental edges, identical fossil distributions, matching rock formations, and evidence of past climate zones that no longer align with the continents' current locations.
3) Despite this evidence, Wegener's contemporaries rejected his theory because he could not explain the mechanism that caused the continents to move. Acceptance of the theory required understanding how and why continental drift occurred.
SCIENCE Grade 10: Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago. Wegener observed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The continental drift theory provided explanations for fossil, rock, and climate evidence found on separated continents. However, the theory was controversial at the time because it lacked a mechanism for how the continents could drift apart.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. He noticed that the continents appeared to fit together and were once attached in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence from matching coastlines, fossil and rock formations, and paleoclimatic data to support his theory. However, he was unable to explain the mechanism of continental drift. Most geologists at the time rejected his theory due to the lack of a clear explanation for how and why the continents would move. It was not until the 1950s when the theory of plate tectonics was developed that Wegener's concept of continental drift became widely accepted.
Continental drift theory
The Continental Drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener did not have proof of his theory at the time, but later evidence from matching fossil distributions, identical rock formations between continents, and the same mountain ranges provided support. This included fossils of Glossopteris found across regions of the former supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although controversial when first introduced, the development of the theory of plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate movement driven by convection currents to explain how the continents could drift apart.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
Plate movement ppt
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It discusses how early scientists like Alfred Wegener proposed that continents move over time (continental drift). Wegener noticed matching land features and fossil evidence between continents. Later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener's ideas by discovering that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, providing evidence of sea-floor spreading as plates move apart. Convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from the Earth's core are now understood to drive the movement of tectonic plates.
Evidence of plate tectonics
The document provides evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics. It describes how the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea hundreds of millions of years ago. It presents fossils of the same species found on different continents separated by oceans, indicating the landmasses were once closer. Additionally, fossils of tropical plants have been found in arctic areas and signs of past glaciation have been discovered in currently warm climates of places like South Africa. The magnetic properties of rocks also show that continents have moved over time.
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
Recommended
Continental Drift
1) Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
2) To support his theory, Wegener presented four pieces of evidence: the matching shapes of continental edges, identical fossil distributions, matching rock formations, and evidence of past climate zones that no longer align with the continents' current locations.
3) Despite this evidence, Wegener's contemporaries rejected his theory because he could not explain the mechanism that caused the continents to move. Acceptance of the theory required understanding how and why continental drift occurred.
SCIENCE Grade 10: Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago. Wegener observed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The continental drift theory provided explanations for fossil, rock, and climate evidence found on separated continents. However, the theory was controversial at the time because it lacked a mechanism for how the continents could drift apart.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. He noticed that the continents appeared to fit together and were once attached in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence from matching coastlines, fossil and rock formations, and paleoclimatic data to support his theory. However, he was unable to explain the mechanism of continental drift. Most geologists at the time rejected his theory due to the lack of a clear explanation for how and why the continents would move. It was not until the 1950s when the theory of plate tectonics was developed that Wegener's concept of continental drift became widely accepted.
Continental drift theory
The Continental Drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener did not have proof of his theory at the time, but later evidence from matching fossil distributions, identical rock formations between continents, and the same mountain ranges provided support. This included fossils of Glossopteris found across regions of the former supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although controversial when first introduced, the development of the theory of plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate movement driven by convection currents to explain how the continents could drift apart.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
Plate movement ppt
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It discusses how early scientists like Alfred Wegener proposed that continents move over time (continental drift). Wegener noticed matching land features and fossil evidence between continents. Later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener's ideas by discovering that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, providing evidence of sea-floor spreading as plates move apart. Convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from the Earth's core are now understood to drive the movement of tectonic plates.
Evidence of plate tectonics
The document provides evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics. It describes how the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea hundreds of millions of years ago. It presents fossils of the same species found on different continents separated by oceans, indicating the landmasses were once closer. Additionally, fossils of tropical plants have been found in arctic areas and signs of past glaciation have been discovered in currently warm climates of places like South Africa. The magnetic properties of rocks also show that continents have moved over time.
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
Theory+of+continental+drift
This document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Wegener noticed that the continents seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces. He gathered evidence from matching landforms, identical fossil distributions, and past climate patterns on separated continents to support his hypothesis of continental movement. While his theory was initially rejected due to lacking an explanation for the driving mechanism of drift, Wegener's extensive evidence helped revive consideration of plate tectonics and continental drift.
Continental drift theory discuss
Continental Drift Theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Evidence for this theory included:
1) The matching coastline edges of continents like Africa and South America, and geological features that lined up across continents.
2) Similar fossil species found in matching geological formations along coastlines now separated by oceans.
3) Identical aged rock formations and tillite deposits along the separated coastlines, indicating they were once attached.
This theory was initially rejected due to the lack of an explained physical mechanism for continental drift, but was later supported by the development of plate tectonic theory.
Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
Continental Drift theory evidences LP
This semi-detailed science lesson plan aims to teach 10th grade students about the Continental Drift Theory. The lesson involves students recreating the supercontinent Pangaea by arranging cut-out continents. Students will then discuss the positions of the continents in Pangaea and two pieces of evidence that supported Alfred Wegener's Continental Drift Theory: the apparent fit of continents and fossil correlation between continents. To check understanding, students will predict where the Philippines may be located in the future and discuss if the two presented evidence were enough to convince people in Wegener's time of continental drift.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Pangaea the super continent
This document summarizes information about Pangaea, the most recent supercontinent that existed approximately 300-180 million years ago. It formed as the result of continental drift, bringing together most landmasses into a single giant continent surrounded by a single ocean. Pangaea then broke apart, splitting into separate landmasses and oceans over millions of years through the process of plate tectonics. Life on Pangaea included a variety of plants, marine life, and early reptiles and mammals.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
Plate Tectonics
The document summarizes key concepts about plate tectonics from a textbook chapter. It discusses:
1) Evidence that initially supported continental drift theory including matching continents, fossil matches, and rock structures.
2) The development of the plate tectonics theory to explain continental movement, with rigid plates that move over Earth's mantle.
3) The three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they grind past each other.
Continental Drift Plate Tectonics
Continental drift theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence like matching fossil and rock formations across continents, but his theory was rejected due to lacking an explanation for how the continents moved. Later studies of the seafloor using sonar revealed mid-ocean ridges where new crust was formed, explaining continental drift through the process of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Earthquake data showed seismic activity occurs at plate boundaries, confirming the Earth's surface is composed of shifting tectonic plates.
EARTH'S MECHANISM.pptx
The document discusses theories of the Earth's movement including continental drift and seafloor spreading. It explains that mantle convection causes lithospheric plates to move via convection currents. Hot mantle material rises and cools, sinking elsewhere, moving the plates over geologic timescales through processes like ridge push and slab pull. Plate tectonics integrates these ideas to explain volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building at plate boundaries.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
Continental drift
- Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1910, proposing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. This idea is known as continental drift.
- Wegener provided evidence from matching fossil distributions, rock formations, and past climate patterns between continents now separated by oceans that supported his hypothesis of continental movement over time.
- However, Wegener's hypothesis was rejected by most geologists in the early 1900s due to lack of mechanisms to explain continental motion and discrepancies with existing geological theories. It was not widely accepted until new evidence emerged in the 1950s.
Convergent boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries occur where tectonic plates move towards one another. There are three main types:
1) Oceanic-oceanic, where two oceanic plates collide and one subducts under the other, forming ocean trenches.
2) Oceanic-continental, where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, pushing up mountains.
3) Continental-continental, where collision resists subduction and the plates break and fold, forming mountains.
Continental drift &and sea floor spreading
The document discusses the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. It provides details on the original proponent of continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in 1915. It also outlines various geological, climatic, and biological evidence that supports continental drift. The document then discusses the sea floor spreading theory proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, which helped explain continental drift. It notes evidence that the ocean floor becomes progressively younger near mid-ocean ridges. Finally, it describes how the theories of continental drift and sea floor spreading were combined into the comprehensive theory of plate tectonics.
Convection Currents
Convection currents are caused by the movement of warm materials rising and cool materials sinking. Within the atmosphere, convection is the primary method of heat transfer through the troposphere. Convection also occurs in the mantle as very hot material deep in the mantle rises, cools, sinks, and repeats this cycle. In oceans and pots of water, convection currents form as warmer water rises and cooler water sinks, moving in a continuous cycle. Convection also takes place within the sun as large amounts of hot gas rise towards the surface, cool, and fall back towards the center to repeat the cycle.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Rock samples near mid-ocean ridges provided evidence for sea floor spreading. The youngest rocks were found near the ridges, with older rocks located farther away, showing that new crust was being created at the ridges over time. Additional evidence came from magnetic striping patterns in the rocks, which recorded changes in Earth's magnetic field during the formation of new ocean crust along the ridges. Hydrothermal vents at the ridges also indicated that magma chambers must be close to the surface in order to heat the water emerging from the vents.
Sea-Floor Spreading
1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other.
2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away.
3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lesson 1: Types and Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries
Lesson 2: Evidence of Plate Movements
Lesson 3: Mechanism (possible causes of movement) of Plate Tectonics
source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
Solar System and its Origin)
The document summarizes key features of the solar system. It discusses that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust according to the nebular hypothesis. The inner terrestrial planets are rocky with thin atmospheres, while the outer gas giants are low density with thick atmospheres. Recent exploration has found evidence of liquid water on Mars' surface and geological activity on Pluto from images taken by spacecraft like Rosetta and New Horizons.
Page 65 4.1 InTroduCTIonIn chapter one, we reviewed th.docx
Page | 65
4.1 InTroduCTIon
In chapter one, we reviewed the scientific method and the exact meaning of a
theory, which is a well-supported explanation for a natural phenomenon that still
cannot be completely proven. A Grand Unifying Theory is a set of ideas that
is central and essential to a field of study such as the theory of gravity in physics
or the theory of evolution in biology. The Grand Unifying Theory of geology is the
theory of Plate Tectonics, which defines the outer portion of the earth as a brit-
tle outer layer that is broken into moving pieces called tectonic plates. This the-
ory is supported by many lines of evidence including the shape of the continents,
the distribution of fossils and rocks, the distribution of environmental indicators,
as well as the location of mountains, volcanoes, trenches, and earthquakes. The
movement of plates can be observed on human timescales and easily measured
using GPS satellites.
Plate tectonics is integral to the study of geology because it aids in reconstruct-
ing earth’s history. This theory helps to explain how the first continents were built,
how oceans formed, and even helps inform hypotheses for the origin of life. The
theory also helps explain the geographic distribution of geologic features such as
mountains, volcanoes, rift valleys, and trenches. Finally, it helps us assess the po-
tential risks of geologic catastrophes such as earthquakes and volcanoes across
the earth. The power of this theory lies in its ability to create testable hypotheses
regarding Earth’s history as well as predictions regarding its future.
4.1.1 learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain several lines of evidence supporting the movement of tectonic plates
• Accurately describe the movement of tectonic plates through time
• Describe the progression of a Hawaiian Island and how it relates to the
Theory of Plate Tectonics
4Plate TectonicsBradley Deline
Page | 66
Introductory GeoloGy Plate tectonIcs
• Describe the properties of tectonics plates and how that relates to the
proposed mechanisms driving plate tectonics
• Be able to describe and identify the features that occur at different plate
boundaries
4.1.2 Key Terms
4.2 evIdenCe of The movemenT of ConTInenTs
The idea that the continents appear to have been joined based on their shapes is
not new, in fact this idea first appeared in the writings of Sir Francis Bacon in 1620.
The resulting hypothesis from this observation is rather straightforward: the shapes
of the continents fit together because they were once connected and have since bro-
ken apart and moved. This hypothesis is discussing a historical event in the past and
cannot be directly tested without a time machine. Therefore, geoscientists reframed
the hypothesis by assuming the continents used to be connected and asking what
other patterns we would expect to find. This is exactly how turn of the century earth
scientists (.
Continental-Drift 2015.ppt
Continental drift is the theory that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912 based on matching coastline shapes, fossil evidence, and rock formations found on separated continents. The document discusses key terms like plate tectonics and Pangaea. It provides examples of fossil and geological evidence that support continental drift, such as the seed fossil Glossopteris being found across Africa, South America, India and Antarctica. The theory was controversial for decades but gained widespread acceptance when plate tectonics was developed in the 1960s to explain continental movement.
More Related Content
What's hot
Theory+of+continental+drift
This document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Wegener noticed that the continents seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces. He gathered evidence from matching landforms, identical fossil distributions, and past climate patterns on separated continents to support his hypothesis of continental movement. While his theory was initially rejected due to lacking an explanation for the driving mechanism of drift, Wegener's extensive evidence helped revive consideration of plate tectonics and continental drift.
Continental drift theory discuss
Continental Drift Theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Evidence for this theory included:
1) The matching coastline edges of continents like Africa and South America, and geological features that lined up across continents.
2) Similar fossil species found in matching geological formations along coastlines now separated by oceans.
3) Identical aged rock formations and tillite deposits along the separated coastlines, indicating they were once attached.
This theory was initially rejected due to the lack of an explained physical mechanism for continental drift, but was later supported by the development of plate tectonic theory.
Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
Continental Drift theory evidences LP
This semi-detailed science lesson plan aims to teach 10th grade students about the Continental Drift Theory. The lesson involves students recreating the supercontinent Pangaea by arranging cut-out continents. Students will then discuss the positions of the continents in Pangaea and two pieces of evidence that supported Alfred Wegener's Continental Drift Theory: the apparent fit of continents and fossil correlation between continents. To check understanding, students will predict where the Philippines may be located in the future and discuss if the two presented evidence were enough to convince people in Wegener's time of continental drift.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Pangaea the super continent
This document summarizes information about Pangaea, the most recent supercontinent that existed approximately 300-180 million years ago. It formed as the result of continental drift, bringing together most landmasses into a single giant continent surrounded by a single ocean. Pangaea then broke apart, splitting into separate landmasses and oceans over millions of years through the process of plate tectonics. Life on Pangaea included a variety of plants, marine life, and early reptiles and mammals.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
Plate Tectonics
The document summarizes key concepts about plate tectonics from a textbook chapter. It discusses:
1) Evidence that initially supported continental drift theory including matching continents, fossil matches, and rock structures.
2) The development of the plate tectonics theory to explain continental movement, with rigid plates that move over Earth's mantle.
3) The three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they grind past each other.
Continental Drift Plate Tectonics
Continental drift theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence like matching fossil and rock formations across continents, but his theory was rejected due to lacking an explanation for how the continents moved. Later studies of the seafloor using sonar revealed mid-ocean ridges where new crust was formed, explaining continental drift through the process of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Earthquake data showed seismic activity occurs at plate boundaries, confirming the Earth's surface is composed of shifting tectonic plates.
EARTH'S MECHANISM.pptx
The document discusses theories of the Earth's movement including continental drift and seafloor spreading. It explains that mantle convection causes lithospheric plates to move via convection currents. Hot mantle material rises and cools, sinking elsewhere, moving the plates over geologic timescales through processes like ridge push and slab pull. Plate tectonics integrates these ideas to explain volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building at plate boundaries.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
Continental drift
- Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1910, proposing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. This idea is known as continental drift.
- Wegener provided evidence from matching fossil distributions, rock formations, and past climate patterns between continents now separated by oceans that supported his hypothesis of continental movement over time.
- However, Wegener's hypothesis was rejected by most geologists in the early 1900s due to lack of mechanisms to explain continental motion and discrepancies with existing geological theories. It was not widely accepted until new evidence emerged in the 1950s.
Convergent boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries occur where tectonic plates move towards one another. There are three main types:
1) Oceanic-oceanic, where two oceanic plates collide and one subducts under the other, forming ocean trenches.
2) Oceanic-continental, where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, pushing up mountains.
3) Continental-continental, where collision resists subduction and the plates break and fold, forming mountains.
Continental drift &and sea floor spreading
The document discusses the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. It provides details on the original proponent of continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in 1915. It also outlines various geological, climatic, and biological evidence that supports continental drift. The document then discusses the sea floor spreading theory proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, which helped explain continental drift. It notes evidence that the ocean floor becomes progressively younger near mid-ocean ridges. Finally, it describes how the theories of continental drift and sea floor spreading were combined into the comprehensive theory of plate tectonics.
Convection Currents
Convection currents are caused by the movement of warm materials rising and cool materials sinking. Within the atmosphere, convection is the primary method of heat transfer through the troposphere. Convection also occurs in the mantle as very hot material deep in the mantle rises, cools, sinks, and repeats this cycle. In oceans and pots of water, convection currents form as warmer water rises and cooler water sinks, moving in a continuous cycle. Convection also takes place within the sun as large amounts of hot gas rise towards the surface, cool, and fall back towards the center to repeat the cycle.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Rock samples near mid-ocean ridges provided evidence for sea floor spreading. The youngest rocks were found near the ridges, with older rocks located farther away, showing that new crust was being created at the ridges over time. Additional evidence came from magnetic striping patterns in the rocks, which recorded changes in Earth's magnetic field during the formation of new ocean crust along the ridges. Hydrothermal vents at the ridges also indicated that magma chambers must be close to the surface in order to heat the water emerging from the vents.
Sea-Floor Spreading
1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other.
2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away.
3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lesson 1: Types and Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries
Lesson 2: Evidence of Plate Movements
Lesson 3: Mechanism (possible causes of movement) of Plate Tectonics
source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
Solar System and its Origin)
The document summarizes key features of the solar system. It discusses that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust according to the nebular hypothesis. The inner terrestrial planets are rocky with thin atmospheres, while the outer gas giants are low density with thick atmospheres. Recent exploration has found evidence of liquid water on Mars' surface and geological activity on Pluto from images taken by spacecraft like Rosetta and New Horizons.
What's hot (20)
Similar to CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY EVIDENCES ppt
Page 65 4.1 InTroduCTIonIn chapter one, we reviewed th.docx
Page | 65
4.1 InTroduCTIon
In chapter one, we reviewed the scientific method and the exact meaning of a
theory, which is a well-supported explanation for a natural phenomenon that still
cannot be completely proven. A Grand Unifying Theory is a set of ideas that
is central and essential to a field of study such as the theory of gravity in physics
or the theory of evolution in biology. The Grand Unifying Theory of geology is the
theory of Plate Tectonics, which defines the outer portion of the earth as a brit-
tle outer layer that is broken into moving pieces called tectonic plates. This the-
ory is supported by many lines of evidence including the shape of the continents,
the distribution of fossils and rocks, the distribution of environmental indicators,
as well as the location of mountains, volcanoes, trenches, and earthquakes. The
movement of plates can be observed on human timescales and easily measured
using GPS satellites.
Plate tectonics is integral to the study of geology because it aids in reconstruct-
ing earth’s history. This theory helps to explain how the first continents were built,
how oceans formed, and even helps inform hypotheses for the origin of life. The
theory also helps explain the geographic distribution of geologic features such as
mountains, volcanoes, rift valleys, and trenches. Finally, it helps us assess the po-
tential risks of geologic catastrophes such as earthquakes and volcanoes across
the earth. The power of this theory lies in its ability to create testable hypotheses
regarding Earth’s history as well as predictions regarding its future.
4.1.1 learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain several lines of evidence supporting the movement of tectonic plates
• Accurately describe the movement of tectonic plates through time
• Describe the progression of a Hawaiian Island and how it relates to the
Theory of Plate Tectonics
4Plate TectonicsBradley Deline
Page | 66
Introductory GeoloGy Plate tectonIcs
• Describe the properties of tectonics plates and how that relates to the
proposed mechanisms driving plate tectonics
• Be able to describe and identify the features that occur at different plate
boundaries
4.1.2 Key Terms
4.2 evIdenCe of The movemenT of ConTInenTs
The idea that the continents appear to have been joined based on their shapes is
not new, in fact this idea first appeared in the writings of Sir Francis Bacon in 1620.
The resulting hypothesis from this observation is rather straightforward: the shapes
of the continents fit together because they were once connected and have since bro-
ken apart and moved. This hypothesis is discussing a historical event in the past and
cannot be directly tested without a time machine. Therefore, geoscientists reframed
the hypothesis by assuming the continents used to be connected and asking what
other patterns we would expect to find. This is exactly how turn of the century earth
scientists (.
Continental-Drift 2015.ppt
Continental drift is the theory that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912 based on matching coastline shapes, fossil evidence, and rock formations found on separated continents. The document discusses key terms like plate tectonics and Pangaea. It provides examples of fossil and geological evidence that support continental drift, such as the seed fossil Glossopteris being found across Africa, South America, India and Antarctica. The theory was controversial for decades but gained widespread acceptance when plate tectonics was developed in the 1960s to explain continental movement.
Earth&PlateTectonics_Butler_ERBmod.ppt
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Evidence for plate tectonics includes the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries, as well as the movement of continents over geologic time as described by Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.
S10continentaldrifttheory 180619190230
Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory in the early 1900s. He observed that the continents appeared to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. He hypothesized that around 200 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea, which has since drifted apart to their current locations.
The theory was supported by evidence from rock formations, fossil distributions, and patterns of glaciation found in matching areas on different continents. However, the theory was controversial at the time because it lacked a mechanism to explain how the continents could move across the Earth's surface.
Plate Tectonics I
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the key individuals and discoveries that led to the development of the theory. It discusses Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift in the early 20th century, which was initially rejected. It then covers the discoveries of the mid-ocean ridge system and magnetic striping of the ocean floor in the 1950s-60s, which provided evidence that the continents are moving and new crust is generated at ocean ridges through seafloor spreading. This led to the acceptance of plate tectonics as a scientific theory to explain geological phenomena.
Continental drift theory evidences Activity sheet
This document provides instructions for an activity to recreate the supercontinent Pangaea and support the Continental Drift Theory. Students will cut out and paste continents onto a map to show their positioning in Pangaea. They will then place icons within continents to indicate the locations of mountain ranges, coal deposits, and glacial features found as evidence. The activity aims to describe plate movement and cite evidence like rock and mountain correlations and paleoclimate data that support Continental Drift Theory.
Plate TectonicsChapter 19Plate Tectonics• .docx
This document provides information about plate tectonics and related geological concepts. It begins with an overview of plate tectonics theory, including the three main types of plate boundaries (transform, convergent, and divergent). It then discusses early evidence that supported continental drift, including matching coastlines and shared fossil distributions. Additional sections cover paleomagnetism data, seafloor spreading evidence, characteristics of different plate boundary types, and potential driving forces of plate tectonics like mantle convection. The document concludes by discussing mountain building at plate boundaries and ways plate tectonics may operate on other celestial bodies.
Continental drift theory by Alfred Wegener
1. The continental drift theory proposed that continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea, but have since drifted apart.
2. The theory was developed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s.
3. Wegener provided several lines of evidence to support the theory, including matching fossil distributions, mountain ranges, and coastlines across continents, as well as evidence that glaciers once extended to the equator.
Changing earth
The document provides information over 12 days about changing Earth and plate tectonics. Day 1 introduces the four layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. Day 2 reviews the layers and their characteristics. Day 3 discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and how plate tectonics explains the movement of continents. It also introduces the concept of Pangaea. Day 4 identifies the three types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent and transform. Later days discuss earthquakes, volcanoes, and how volcanic activity forms new land and islands.
Core Concepts Structure of the Earth
Mining Matters Core Concepts are standalone classroom ready activities that reflect key foundational ideas in Earth science. Sourced from our archives of curriculum-linked teacher resources, each activity reflects an integral part of many important concepts and theories in the various disciplines that comprise the Geosciences.
In an effort to be of service to all of our teacher-partners, these activities have been assembled as a way to support individual teachers without the need to attend a pre-requisite teacher training workshop. All the contents of the Core Concepts resource support current teaching practices that values hands-on experience where students take an active role in learning. Any rocks and minerals samples as well as print resources required for successful classroom delivery can be sourced through Mining Matters.
Activity continentaldrift
This document provides instructions for an activity where students will piece together the supercontinent Pangea based on fossil and rock evidence from present-day continents. Students will color code continents according to a legend matching fossil and mountain types. They will then cut out the continents and rearrange them to reconstruct Pangea, guided by the fossil and mountain evidence. Finally, students will glue the rearranged continents onto a map and answer questions about continental drift and the fit of continents in the supercontinent configuration.
5 - Continental drift.pdf
The document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912. It describes how Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which later broke apart and drifted to their current positions. It provides details on Wegener's evidence, including the fit of continental coastlines, locations of past glaciations, distribution of climatic belts and fossils, and matching geological units. However, Wegener's theory received criticism at the time for not adequately explaining the forces driving continental drift.
10SCIE.pptx
The Continental Drift Theory In 1596, Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598), a Flemish cartographer, observed that the shapes of the continents seem to fit together. With the absence of valid measurements and proofs, the only speculation Ortelius could provide was that earthquakes and flooding may have made the separation possible.
16.1 activity and rubrics
This document provides instructions for an activity to help students understand continental drift by reconstructing the supercontinent Pangaea. Students will cut out continents from a map and fit them together based on fossil and climate evidence. They will then observe and record the direction of motion as each continent moves to its current location. By completing this activity, students should be able to describe Pangaea, explain how fossil and climate evidence indicate past continental positions, and predict how continental movement may affect the future configuration of Earth's continents.
Day 2 Continental Drift
Scientists found tropical plant fossils like coconut fossils in Antarctica, where the climate is now very cold. This provided evidence that the continents have moved over time, as the same types of fossils are only found in tropical areas currently. Therefore, the continents could not have always been in their current positions.
Distribution of oceans and continents
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It discusses how early scientists like Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift and Pangaea. Later evidence from mapping ocean floors and magnetic stripes on ocean crust supported sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. The theory states the earth's outer layer is divided into plates that constantly move via three types of boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they slide past each other. The movement of plates like India colliding with Asia helped form features like the Himalayas.
Chapter 14.1: The Continental Drift Hypothesis
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 14 Lesson 1 on the Continental Drift Hypothesis. This is a short introduction to Alfred Weger and the current evidence used to support his theory. There is a short explanation of the fossil and rock evidence found.
Continent shapes outline
This lesson plan teaches students about continental drift and how scientists developed the theory. Students map the locations of fossils found on different continents to see if the fossil evidence supports the idea that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent. Students cut out shapes of continents and try arranging them as the supercontinent Gondwanaland. They are assessed on their ability to complete the mapping and reconstruction activities, as well as participate in a discussion about the evidence.
PPT Science10_Lesson 8_Evidences that Support Plate Movements FINALupdated.pptx
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, which states that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. It outlines several key pieces of evidence, including: the matching coastline shapes of Africa and South America, matching fossil finds in these continents, matching rock formations, and glacial deposits found in currently non-glaciated areas. The document also discusses how the theory of plate tectonics and evidence of seafloor spreading provided the mechanism to explain continental drift.
PPT Science10_Lesson 8_Evidences that Support Plate Movements FINAL.pptx
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory. It describes how the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Key lines of evidence include fossil matches between continents, matching coastline shapes, identical rock formations, glacial deposits found in incompatible climates, and magnetic striping in ocean floors that indicates plate movement. The theory was initially rejected but was later proven correct by the discovery of seafloor spreading.
Similar to CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY EVIDENCES ppt (20)
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Page 65 4.1 InTroduCTIonIn chapter one, we reviewed th.docx
PPT Science10_Lesson 8_Evidences that Support Plate Movements FINALupdated.pptx
PPT Science10_Lesson 8_Evidences that Support Plate Movements FINALupdated.pptx
PPT Science10_Lesson 8_Evidences that Support Plate Movements FINAL.pptx
PPT Science10_Lesson 8_Evidences that Support Plate Movements FINAL.pptx
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- 2. Objectives: •Recreate Pangaea •Explain how the first two(2) evidences presented supported the Continental Drift Theory
- 6. •What feature of picture helped you to connect the pieces perfectly?
- 7. “Drifted Supercontinent” Objective: Reconstruct and describe Pangaea Procedure: 1.) Refer to the displayed present world map. 2.) Each cut-out continents has already label in it. 3.)Paste the cut-out continents in a long bondpaper in their respective positions. 4.) Continents must be closer to each other to recreate a Pangaea. 5.) Questions displayed on the board must be discussed within the group. 6.)Write your group number and members at the back of your paper.
- 8. RUBRICS FOR SCORING OF THE OUTPUT • EXACTITUDE OF DATA - 5 POINTS 5 pts -Continents are in their correct position are connected 4 - Continents are in their correct position but are not connected 3 - Continents are connected but not in correct position • NEATNESS - 2 pts. 2 - Cut-outs are not crumpled • TEAMWORK - 3 pts. 3 - maximum participation of members and tasks are divided 2 – half of the members have no participation 1 – only the leader and secretary are working • TIMELINESS - 3 pts 3 - the first to finish the task 2 - finishes on time 1 - finishes late COMPREHENSION - 2 pts • 2 POINTS FOR THE ASSIGNED QUESTION TOTAL POINTS = 15pts
- 9. 1.Which continents do you think were neighbors before? 2. What does the presence of Mesosaurus, Cynognathus and Lystrosaurus tells about the initial location and positioning of South America and Africa? 3.If Glossopteris were found in Antarctica, what was the climate of the continent before? 4. What are the two evidences that supported the Continental Drift Theory based on your activity?
- 10. The World
- 11. ALFRED WEGENER THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT Found evidence for PANGAEA and proposed the theory of continental drift.
- 12. Continental Drift • Theory that continents were once part of a single landmass that broke apart and have moved to their present locations. • can drift apart from one another and have done so in the past
- 13. Pangaea Pangaea is the name given to the single landmass that was present 250 million years ago
- 14. Video
- 16. WEGENER’S EVIDENCE 1. APPARENT FIT OF THE CONTINENTS Continents “fit together” like puzzle pieces Q1.Which continents do you think were neighbors before?
- 17. WEGENER’S EVIDENCE 2. FOSSIL CORELATION •fossils are remains of living things that lived long ago. •similar fossils have been discovered in matching coastlines on different continents.
- 18. WEGENER’S EVIDENCE Q.2What does the presence of Mesosaurus, Cynognathus and Lystrosaurus tells about the initial location and positioning of South America and Africa? Q 3.If Glossopteris were found in Antarctica, what was the climate of the continent before?
- 20. 1. APPARENT FIT OF THE CONTINENTS 2. FOSSIL CORRELATION Q. 4. What are the two evidences that supported the Continental Drift Theory based on your activity?
- 21. What the world would look like million years from now if the continents continue to move?
- 22. Video
- 23. •Where do you think was the Philippines located during the time that Pangaea existed? •Where is the Philippines located at the present time? •Where do you think Philippines will be located 300 million years from now?
- 24. •If you live in Wegener’s time, are the two evidences enough for you to believe him?Why?
- 25. • Study in advance the 3rd and 4th evidence presented by Alfred Wegener in his Continental Drift Theory. 3. PAST CLIMATE DATA 4. ROCK AND MOUNTAIN CORRELATION
- 27. Objectives: • Explain how • rock and mountain correlation and •.paleoclimate data supported the Continental Drift Theory of Alfred Wegener
- 28. WEGENER’S EVIDENCE • Mountains • Some mountain ranges on different continents seem to match. • Ex: ranges in Canada match Norway and Sweden • Northeastern parts of US and Canada & Northern Europe ranges • Ex: Appalachian Mtn. match UK mtn
- 31. PALEOCLIMATE DATA • Climatic evidence such as glaciers in areas that are now close to the Equator
- 32. a. Glacial Striations -when glaciers scratch the surfaces of rocks and other things that they float above of. -found in middle of South America and Central Africa that are now close to the equators
- 33. b. Bituminous Coal -a type of fossil fuel which is made of compressed plant remains -Discovered in South America, Africa,Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and even in Antarctica
- 35. The Plates Move… So what now? Which way? • 50 million years