DNA replication
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DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands, using each strand as a template to create a new partner strand that is complementary to the original. Several enzymes are involved, including DNA polymerase which adds nucleotides to the growing new DNA strand based on the template, and DNA ligase which seals together fragments of the lagging strand called Okazaki fragments. DNA replication results in two identical DNA molecules each composed of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
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Similar to DNA replication
DNA Replication
DNA replication is a fundamental biological process that allows a cell to make an identical copy of its DNA molecule. It occurs during the cell cycle's S phase and is crucial for cell growth, repair, and reproduction.
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2. DNA Unwinding: Helicase enzymes unwind the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs, separating the DNA strands.
3. Priming: RNA primase synthesizes short RNA primers complementary to the DNA template. These primers provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.
4. DNA Synthesis: DNA polymerases (primarily DNA polymerase III in prokaryotes and a combination of DNA polymerases in eukaryotes) add complementary nucleotides to each template strand. Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).
5. Leading and Lagging Strands: DNA replication is continuous on the leading strand, synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short Okazaki fragments in the opposite direction. DNA ligase joins these fragments.
6. Proofreading and Repair: DNA polymerases have proofreading capabilities to correct errors. Mismatch repair enzymes further ensure accuracy.
7. Termination: Replication continues until it reaches the end of the DNA molecule or a termination sequence, where it's completed.
The result is two identical DNA molecules, each consisting of one original strand (the template) and one newly synthesized strand. This process ensures genetic stability and is essential for inheritance and the functioning of all living organisms.
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DNA replication involves making a copy of the DNA before cell division. There are three proposed models of replication: conservative, dispersive, and semi-conservative. The Meselson-Stahl experiment provided evidence supporting the semi-conservative model where each new DNA strand contains one original strand and one new strand. DNA replication requires many enzymes working together, including helicase to unwind DNA, primase to add RNA primers, DNA polymerase to add complementary bases to the primers, DNA polymerase I to replace the primers with DNA, and ligase to join the fragments.
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DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each strand as a template to create a new partner strand through complementary base pairing. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the new strands to replicate the DNA. This ensures each daughter cell has an exact copy of the original DNA.
Dna Replication Answer Gaps
DNA replication is the process by which a single DNA helix is converted into two identical copies. It is described as semi-conservative replication. The helicase enzyme unwinds and splits the double-stranded DNA helix. Nucleotides are then added in the 5' to 3' direction to form new strands using DNA polymerase III. This results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one newly synthesized strand.
Dna replication.botany
DNA replicates in a semi-conservative manner, as proven by Meselson and Stahl's experiment in 1958. Replication begins with initiation, where helicase unwinds the DNA double helix and primase lays down RNA primers. During elongation, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primers on the leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments are formed and ligated on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when DNA polymerase reaches the telomeres at the end of the DNA strands.
What is DNA replication.pdf
DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix structure, using enzymes to separate the strands. RNA primers and DNA polymerase add complementary nucleotides to each strand to form new DNA molecules, with half of each new molecule composed of the original DNA and half composed of newly synthesized DNA. DNA ligase seals the DNA fragments, resulting in two double-stranded DNA molecules identical to the original parent DNA.
DNA Replication PowerPoint
The document summarizes DNA replication through three key points:
1. DNA replication is semi-conservative, where each parent strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand, resulting in two new double helices that are each half original and half new DNA.
2. Replication occurs through the unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, with the parent strands acting as templates for DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each new strand.
3. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together, while the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the replication fork progresses.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each strand as a template to create a new partner strand. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand. When complete, the process generates two identical DNA double helices from the original. Before a cell divides, it must replicate its DNA so that the resulting daughter cells have the same genetic information as the parent cell.
Dna replication in prokaryotes
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs through bidirectional replication from an origin of replication. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, helicase unwinds the DNA at the origin of replication, forming a replication fork. In elongation, DNA polymerase extends RNA primers to synthesize new leading and lagging strands. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when replication is complete and the replicated circular DNA molecules are separated by topoisomerase II.
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More from DARYL (MONKAYO NHS)
DNA VS RNA
DNA contains genes which are the blueprints that code for traits and proteins. DNA has a double helix shape and contains four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. RNA assists in protein synthesis by allowing DNA to be interpreted and coded for various proteins.
CLIMATE CHANGE science9
The document describes several climatic phenomena that occur on a global level, including:
1) The shrinking of the Arctic ice cap, which has diminished significantly over the past 20 years with the lowest point in 2012. Melting ice includes both melting ice and melting permafrost, which releases gases into the atmosphere.
2) Global warming, which is defined as the long-term heating of Earth's surface since the pre-industrial period.
3) Greenhouse gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons, which trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming from human activities.
MOLES science9
The document discusses the mole concept and how it allows chemists to quantify matter by counting particles using Avogadro's number rather than mass alone. It explains how the mole is defined as 6.022x10^23 particles and can be used to determine the number of atoms in a sample by calculating the number of moles and multiplying by Avogadro's number. Examples are provided to illustrate how to perform mole calculations and determine the number of particles in a chemical substance.
electromagnetism
This document provides information on learning outcomes, misconceptions, and a brief history of magnetism and electromagnetism. The key learning outcomes are to describe the behavior of permanent magnets and how magnetic fields arise from moving charges. The brief history section outlines important discoveries and developments in electromagnetism from 1600 to the 1860s, including Oersted's discovery relating electricity and magnetism. Misconceptions discussed include that all metals are magnetic and that static charges interact with magnet poles.
CARBON COMPOUNDS SCIENCE 9
1. The document discusses several organic compounds including their molecular formulas, structures, and common uses. Carbon compounds like alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are discussed in terms of their bonding and properties.
2. Examples of uses mentioned include gasoline and ethanol as fuels, acetone as a solvent and in plastics/chemicals production, and formaldehyde as a building material and in household products.
3. The structures of hydrocarbons like alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are related to their bonding and properties, with saturated hydrocarbons containing only single bonds and unsaturated ones containing double or triple bonds.
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
This document discusses three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. It provides examples and describes the geological effects of each boundary type. It also discusses processes at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys. Convergent boundaries include oceanic-oceanic convergence forming island arcs, and continental-oceanic convergence forming volcanic mountain ranges. Transform boundaries involve strike-slip faulting along plate edges. Additionally, the document touches on hot spot volcanism unrelated to plate boundaries.
PLATE TECTONICS(GRADE10SCIENCE 1STQUARTER MODULE1)
This tacklesabout locating epicenter,3 typesof plate boundaries hotspot.
A ppt presentation for module 1 in 1st quarter in grade 10sciencein the Philippines.
Feel free tomessage mefor any corrections/suggestions forimprovement.
New heartbeat talk#4
This document summarizes a talk about lies women believe and their true desires and design according to God. It discusses three core desires of women: to be romanced, play an irreplaceable role, and unveil beauty. It then examines three Bible stories where Jesus interacts with women (the adulterous woman, the woman at the well, and the crippled woman) and shows how He forgives, fulfills their desires, and reveals their dignity. The talk encourages women to bring their pierced hearts to God and choose to have a new heartbeat through inviting Jesus in, renouncing lies, forgiving, and asking Him to heal and answer their deepest questions. It promises a place in God's heart and security through allowing Him
GAY LUSSAC'S LAW LESSON PLAN
This lesson plan describes teaching 10th grade students about Gay-Lussac's Law. The plan includes objectives to describe and apply the relationships between gas pressure and temperature. Students will observe a demonstration showing how cooling a gas in a sealed container decreases pressure, pushing an egg into the container. Formulas are provided and practiced to calculate pressure and temperature values. Real-life examples are discussed to find practical applications of the concepts.
MICROWAVE ACTIVITY SHEET
This document outlines a procedure to determine if electromagnetic waves from a phone call can be blocked by different materials. Students are assigned roles of caller, receiver, timer, secretary, and observer. The receiver's phone is wrapped in materials like cotton, paper, aluminum foil, and cellophane. The timer records the time between when the caller makes the call and when the receiver's phone rings. This is repeated for each material to compare the time intervals and determine which materials best or poorly transmit electromagnetic waves.
Seismic waves worksheet
Students were asked to complete an activity worksheet. The worksheet required students to provide their name, date, and class section. It also had a number assigned to the specific activity. The brief document appeared to be introducing or assigning a classroom activity for students.
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES ACTIVITY
The document describes an activity where students are broken into groups to learn about different tectonic plate boundaries. Students first watch a presentation on plate tectonics. They are then divided into home groups and assigned to research one of three boundary types: convergent, divergent, or transform. After researching, students return to their home groups to teach each other about the boundary they learned.
EARTH'S INTERIOR WORKSHEET
The document provides instructions for an activity to label and describe the layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Students are asked to draw symbols representing the composition of each layer and answer questions about the properties and materials that make up each of the Earth's layers, including the most abundant element in the crust, the elements that make up most of the mantle, the special feature of the upper mantle, how scientists determined the outer core is liquid, the materials of the inner core, and the phase and forces acting on the inner core.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM QUIZ
This document contains a worksheet with questions about the male and female reproductive systems. It asks the student to label parts of both systems, including at least 5 parts of the female system and 7 parts of the male system. It also contains multiple choice, true/false, and matching questions about the purpose of the urethra, the process of intercourse and sperm travel, traits of identical twins, openings for menstrual flow and urine, and matching reproductive system terms to their definitions. The document concludes by asking the student to provide one question they are curious about regarding the reproductive system.
Endocrine system quiz
The document is a student worksheet asking the student to label the major endocrine glands in the body by completing a table. It provides the student's name, grade level, and subject but lacks the table to be filled out.
certificate of participation
This certificate is awarded to an individual for their active participation in an unspecified event during the Municipal Science Festival of Talents on September 24, 2019 at Monkayo National High School in Poblacion, Monkayo, Compostela Valley Province. The certificate is signed by the Cluster Science Coordinator and School Principal III and is dated September 24, 2019.
concave mirror activity sheet
This document outlines an experiment to construct ray diagrams and describe images formed by a concave mirror as the object position is varied. The experiment involves placing an object at different positions (at C, at F, beyond C, between F and C, between F and V, and between F and C) and drawing the corresponding ray diagram to determine the image position, size, orientation, and type (real or virtual). The document then asks the student to analyze how the image changes as the object position varies and to discuss the importance of concave mirrors and examples of devices that use them.
TRANSFORMATION IN CHRIST
The document outlines ways to avoid discouragement when experiencing problems in faith or community involvement. It discusses that (1) the Holy Spirit works in believers to change and sanctify them, (2) trials can be a means of growth, and (3) overcoming difficulties requires learning more about faith, getting support from others through shared experiences, and opportunities to serve.
Divergent plate boundary PPT
Divergent plate boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, new crust is formed in between through volcanic activity and magma solidifying. This results in the creation of geological features such as mid-ocean ridges under the ocean or rift valleys on land. Over millions of years, continued separation at divergent boundaries can lead to the formation of new oceans as the crust spreads out.
G10 menstrual cycle ppt
The document summarizes the four phases of the menstrual cycle:
1) Period phase where the uterine lining sheds for around 5 days
2) Follicular phase where an egg matures over 13 days under FSH
3) Ovulatory phase where LH triggers egg release around day 14
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More from DARYL (MONKAYO NHS) (20)
PLATE TECTONICS(GRADE10SCIENCE 1STQUARTER MODULE1)
PLATE TECTONICS(GRADE10SCIENCE 1STQUARTER MODULE1)
Recently uploaded
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsMicronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Recently uploaded (20)
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
DNA replication
- 2. Objectives: Make a model of a DNA template to determine the sequence of bases in the new DNA strand Explain the steps of DNA replication and the enzymes involved in the process.
- 3. Activity (DNA makes DNA)
- 4. What is it? A process of copying and duplicating a DNA molecule
- 5. Essential? DNA replication needs to occur because existing cells divide to produce new cells. Each cell needs a full instruction manual to operate properly so the DNA needs to be copied before cell division so that each new cell receives a full set of instructions. To ensure that each daughter cell gets a copy of the genome, and therefore, successful inheritance of genetic traits.
- 7. Anti-parallel strands Nucleotides in DNA backbone are bonded from phosphate to sugar between 3 & 5 carbons DNA molecule has “direction” complementary strand runs in opposite direction 3 5 5 3
- 8. Bonding in DNA ….strong or weak bonds? How do the bonds fit the mechanism for copying DNA? 3 5 3 5 covalent phosphodiester bonds hydrogen bonds
- 9. ENZYMES
- 10. How? 1. Opening of double helix and separation of DNA strand 2.Priming of template strand 3. Assembly of new DNA segment.
- 11. STEP1: REPLICATION FORK FORMATION An enzyme called helicase breaks the bond between nitrogenous bases. The two strands of DNA split. The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a ‘Y’ shape called a replication ‘fork’. The two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strands of DNA. DNA is directional in both strands, signified by a 5' and 3' end. This notation signifies which side group is attached the DNA backbone. The 5' end has a phosphate (P) group attached, while the 3' end has a hydroxyl (OH) group attached.
- 13. The leading strand is the simplest to replicate. Once the DNA strands have been separated, a short piece of RNA called a primer binds to the 3' end of the strand. The primer always binds as the starting point for replication. Primers are generated by the enzyme DNA primase. STEP2: PRIMER BINDING
- 15. DNA Polymerase III STEP3: ELONGATION During elongation, an enzyme called DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the 3′ end of the newly synthesized polynucleotide strand. The template strand specifies which of the four DNA nucleotides (A, T, C, or G) is added at each position along the new chain.
- 16. Leading & Lagging strands Leading strand – synthesized continuously since DNA polymerase is moving in the same direction as the replication fork ( enzyme can work only in 5’ to 3’ direction) Lagging strand – synthesized in small, separate fragments, delayed because it must wait for the leading strand to expose the template strand. ( synthesis happens in the direction of 3’ to 5’)
- 17. Limits of DNA polymerase III can only build onto 3 end of an existing DNA strand Leading & Lagging strands 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 Leading strand Lagging strand ligase Okazaki Leading strand continuous synthesis Lagging strand Okazaki fragments joined by ligase “spot welder” enzyme DNA polymerase III 3 5 growing replication fork
- 18. Another enzyme called DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together forming a single unified strand. Once completed, the parent strand and its complementary DNA strand coils into the familiar double helix shape. In the end, replication produces two DNA molecules, each with one strand from the parent molecule and one new strand. STEP4: TERMINATION
- 21. assessment 1. Write the sequence of DNA bases that would pair with this partial strand CAT TCA CTG. 2. The enzyme that unwinds the DNA to prepare for replication is____. 3. The synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase occurs in the __ to ___ direction. 4. What enzymes are used to join bits of DNA? 5. DNA replication is semi-conservative. This means that _____________.