This document provides an overview of various application layer protocols including electronic mail (SMTP, POP3, IMAP), HTTP, web services, DNS, and SNMP. It discusses the distinction between application programs and protocols, how protocols implement remote procedure calls, and that protocols have companion protocols that define message formats. Specific protocols covered in more detail include SMTP for mail transfer, POP3 and IMAP for mail access, HTTP for web access, and the general functions of DNS and SNMP in networks.
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
Hello People.. Welcome to GURUKULA!!!
Have you ever thought that how the protocols that are required for the effective delivery of the messages from one place to anpther place take place in a real time internet..... This video explains about the concept called PROTOCOL LAYERING, where you can learn the way how the protocols are layered in such a way..
Simple examples are also used to make the concepts clean nd clear.
This video will help you to learn:
What is protocol layering in networks, OSI Model in Computer Networks, Layers of OSI Model, OSI Model, OSI Internet Module, OSI Layers and their Functions, Examples of OSI Models, 7 layers of OSI Models, Principles of Protocol Layering, Why layering the Protocols,
Thanks for Watching, Keep Supporting and Keep Sharing...
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
Hello People.. Welcome to GURUKULA!!!
Have you ever thought that how the protocols that are required for the effective delivery of the messages from one place to anpther place take place in a real time internet..... This video explains about the concept called PROTOCOL LAYERING, where you can learn the way how the protocols are layered in such a way..
Simple examples are also used to make the concepts clean nd clear.
This video will help you to learn:
What is protocol layering in networks, OSI Model in Computer Networks, Layers of OSI Model, OSI Model, OSI Internet Module, OSI Layers and their Functions, Examples of OSI Models, 7 layers of OSI Models, Principles of Protocol Layering, Why layering the Protocols,
Thanks for Watching, Keep Supporting and Keep Sharing...
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet).
IT6601 MOBILE COMPUTING UNITI
INTRODUCTION
Mobile Computing – Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking – Mobile Computing Applications – Characteristics of Mobile computing – Structure of Mobile Computing Application. MAC Protocols – Wireless MAC Issues – Fixed Assignment Schemes – Random Assignment Schemes – Reservation Based Schemes.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet).
IT6601 MOBILE COMPUTING UNITI
INTRODUCTION
Mobile Computing – Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking – Mobile Computing Applications – Characteristics of Mobile computing – Structure of Mobile Computing Application. MAC Protocols – Wireless MAC Issues – Fixed Assignment Schemes – Random Assignment Schemes – Reservation Based Schemes.
2.3b access control random access methods - part 3 - csma caJAIGANESH SEKAR
2.3b access control random access methods - part 3 - csma ca2.3b access control random access methods - part 3 - csma ca2.3b access control random access methods - part 3 - csma ca
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
3. Syllabus
• Traditional applications
• Electronic Mail
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• POP 3
• IMAP
• MIME
• HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• Web Services
• DNS – Domain Name System
• SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol
9. Reason for Traditional Applications
• We call these application as traditional application because they existed
since the early days of computer networks.
10. Before starting the Topic…
• There are 3 general points that have to be made clear.
1. Distinguish between the Application Program and Application Protocols
2. Each protocol reinvents the Simple Remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism (it is called
simple because it only specifies the procedure, format is taken care by companion
protocol)
3. Each protocol will have a companion protocol which defines the format of the contents.
12. Each protocol reinvents the Simple Remote procedure call (RPC)
mechanism
• Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a protocol that one program can use to request a
service from a program located in another computer in a network without having
to understand network details. (A procedure call is also sometimes known as a
function call or a subroutine call.)
• RPC uses the client/server model.
14. • Most of the application programs works on Query – Respond Principle.
• This RPC specifies, which mechanism to be followed to fetch information
from the source.
15. Each protocol will have a companion protocol
• This companion protocol specifies the format of the information to be
exchanged.
16. overview
• Application Program:
• Which is available to the end user
without knowing any knowledge
about the network.
• Application Protocol:
• Which specifies the RPC
mechanism to fetch information
available at remotely located
systems.
• Companion Protocol:
• Which specifies the format
of the data that are to be
exchanged.
19. E - Mail
• This is the one of the oldest applications.
• It is mandatory to distinguish between the User Interface – Transfer
Protocols – Companion Protocol
20. What happens when you press
Send Button
EMAIL CLIENT
MIME
EMAIL CLIENT
21. E - Mail
• Message Format – MIME
• Message Transfer – SMTP
• Mail Reader – POP / IMAP
23. Message Format
• Message format is defined by the companion protocols. Two majorly used
protocols are given below.
• RFC 822 - Standard for the format of ARPA Internet text messages
• MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
25. • Few headers are obtained by the user.
• Ex:
• TO address
• CC address
• BCC address
• Sub Text
• Few headers are added automatically by the program
• Ex:
• From Address
• Mail Server
• Date and Time
Syntax:
<Header Type> : <Header Value>
26. MIME
• Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
• This is an supplementary protocol that allows Non ASCII data to be sent through E Mail
• This enabled the email to carry any type of attachments like documents, pdf, image, etc.,
27. MIME Headers
• MIME mainly consists of 5 header:
• MIME - Version
• Content type
• Content transfer encoding
• Content ID
• Content Description
33. Introduction
• Once the mails are composed they are transferred to the destination using
Mail Transfer Protocols.
• Some of the popular Mail Transfer Protocols are
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• POP – Post Office Protocol
• IMAP – Internet Message Access Protocol
34. SMTP
• The actual mail transfer is done through the Mail Transfer Agents.
• The protocol that defines the MTA Client and Server is called SMTP.
• SMTP is used 2 Times
• Between sender and mail server.
• Between 2 mail servers.
35. • SMTP simply defines how commands and responses must be sent back
and forth.
42. Introduction
• SMPT is not involved in the third stage because SMTP is a Push Protocol.
• It pushes the message from the client to the server.
• The third stage need the Pull Protocol.
• The client must pull message from the server.
• Two of the popularly used message access agents are POP3 and IMAP
43. POP 3
• Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP 3)
• Client POP 3 will be installed in the recipient’s computer and the server POP 3
is installed at the server.
• Message access will be initiated when the user wants to download the mail from
the server.
44. Modes of POP 3
• POP 3 have 2 modes
• Delete Mode
• In this mode, the mail is deleted from the mailbox after each retrieval.
• Keep Mode
• In this mode, the mail is kept is the personal computer for future access.
46. IMAP 4
• Internet Mail Access Protocol, Version 4
• IMAP 4 is similar to the POP 3 but with added features.
• The features are:
• A user can check the email header prior to downloading.
• A user can search the content of the email for a specific string
• A user can download partial email due to bandwidth constraints.
• User can create delete or rename mail boxes
• User can create hierarchy of mail boxes.
54. Introduction
• The WWW is a repository of information
linked together from points all over the
world.
• The original goal of the web was to find a way to organize and retrieve information about
hyper linked documents.
• WWW uses HTTP Protocol to access the webpages on the internet. (Will be discussed
shortly)
56. Clients (Browsers)
1. Controller – Receives i/p from keyboard / mouse and uses the client program to access the documents.
2. Client protocol – This can be of any protocol discussed before like FTP, HTTP Etc.,
3. Interpreters – This can be any interpreter like java, Flash or HTML to display the appropriate content
CLIENT
(BROWSERS)
There are variety of browsers available that interprets and displays
a web document.
Every client consists of three parts
58. Server
• The webpage is stored at the server
• Each time the request is received the corresponding document
is sent to the client.
• The server can be more efficient by enabling “Multithreading”
(Answering Multiple requests)
59. URL – Uniform Resource Locator
• When a page needs to be accessed it must have a address.
• HTTP uses locators to access the webpages available at widely distributed areas.
• URL is a standard for specifying any kind of information on the internet.
• URL defines 4 Important things:
62. Introduction
• The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is mainly used to access the data on the
world wide web.
• HTTP is the combination of FTP and SMTP.
• It is like FTP because it uses TCP Connection.
• It is like SMTP because data transferred between the server and client looks like
SMTP messages.
63. HTTP Transaction
• The client initiates the transaction by sending a request message and the
server replies through an response message.
67. Status Code
• This field indicates the status of the request through codes.
• Codes in the range of
• 100 informational
• 200 Successful Request
• 300 Redirect the client to another URL
• 400 Error at client
• 500 Error at server