This document discusses various application layer protocols. It begins with an agenda that lists OSI models, encapsulation processes, application protocol design, and specific protocols including HTTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet, DHCP, and SMTP. For each protocol, it provides details on how the protocol functions, message formats, and roles of clients and servers. The document is intended to describe key application layer protocols and their basic operations.
Hello People.. Welcome to GURUKULA!!!
Have you ever thought that how the protocols that are required for the effective delivery of the messages from one place to anpther place take place in a real time internet..... This video explains about the concept called PROTOCOL LAYERING, where you can learn the way how the protocols are layered in such a way..
Simple examples are also used to make the concepts clean nd clear.
This video will help you to learn:
What is protocol layering in networks, OSI Model in Computer Networks, Layers of OSI Model, OSI Model, OSI Internet Module, OSI Layers and their Functions, Examples of OSI Models, 7 layers of OSI Models, Principles of Protocol Layering, Why layering the Protocols,
Thanks for Watching, Keep Supporting and Keep Sharing...
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Hello People.. Welcome to GURUKULA!!!
Have you ever thought that how the protocols that are required for the effective delivery of the messages from one place to anpther place take place in a real time internet..... This video explains about the concept called PROTOCOL LAYERING, where you can learn the way how the protocols are layered in such a way..
Simple examples are also used to make the concepts clean nd clear.
This video will help you to learn:
What is protocol layering in networks, OSI Model in Computer Networks, Layers of OSI Model, OSI Model, OSI Internet Module, OSI Layers and their Functions, Examples of OSI Models, 7 layers of OSI Models, Principles of Protocol Layering, Why layering the Protocols,
Thanks for Watching, Keep Supporting and Keep Sharing...
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
Chapter 10: Objectives
--------------------------------------------------
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain how the functions of the application layer, session layer, and presentation layer work together to provide network services to end user applications.
Describe how common application layer protocols interact with end user applications.
Describe, at a high level, common application layer protocols that provide Internet services to end-users, including WWW services and email.
Describe application layer protocols that provide IP addressing services, including DNS and DHCP.
Describe the features and operation of well-known application layer protocols that allow for file sharing services, including: FTP, File Sharing Services, SMB protocol.
Explain how data is moved across the network, from opening an application to receiving data.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Aplication and Transport layer- a practical approachSarah R. Dowlath
This presentation was done for a Networking course. It really shows from a more practical standpoint how the application layer and the transport layer communicates with each other and operates on a whole to get the job done. It gives the reader more insight of how the pieces come together in an IT networking world.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6. AGENDA
OSI Model Block Diagram
OSI Encapsulation Process
Application Protocol Design
Application Layer Protocols
1. HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
2. DNS(Domain Name System)
3. FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
4. TELNET
5. DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
6. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Summary
References
6
7. APPLICATION PROTOCOL DESIGN
Think of different people/teams, working on the client and server
programs.
– Different programming languages.
– Diverse hardware, operating systems.
Be unambiguous, precise.
– Consider potential error conditions.
Allow for future extensions.
– Leave room for additional data, meta-data.
Do not replicate services provided by lower layer protocols
– e.g., checksum 7
Application-Layer Protocols
8. AGENDA
OSI Model Block Diagram
OSI Encapsulation Process
Application Protocol Design
Application Layer Protocols
1. HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
2. DNS(Domain Name System)
3. FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
4. TELNET
5. DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
6. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Summary
References
8
9. APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS
An application layer protocol defines how an application processes
(clients and servers), running on different end systems, pass
messages to each other.
In particular, an application layer protocol defines:
– The types of messages, e.g., request messages and response
messages.
– The syntax of the various message types, i.e., the fields in the
message and
how the fields are delineated.
– The semantics of the fields, i.e., the meaning of the information that
the
field is supposed to contain;
– Rules for determining when and how a process sends messages
and responds to messages. 9
Application-Layer Protocols
10. CONTINUE..
Many Internet application-layer protocols are fully specified in
Request.
For Comments documents (RFCs) and are therefore in the public
domain.
– For example, the HTTP 1.1 specification is included in RFC 2068,
which was
finalized and made public January 1997.
– If a browser (HTTP client) developer follows the rules of the HTTP
1.1 RFC,
the browser will be able to retrieve Web pages from any Web server
that has also has followed the rules of the HTTP 1.1 RFC.
10
Application-Layer Protocols
11. CONTINUE..
Application layer protocols as follows:
1. HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
2. DNS(Domain Name System)
3. FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
4. TELNET
5. DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
6. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
11
Application-Layer Protocols
12. 1. HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol is used to transfer files that make up
the web pages of the World Wide Web.
HTTP: TCP port 80.
Was originally developed to publish and retrieve HTML pages.
used for distributed, collaborative information systems.
HTTP is used across the world wide web for data transfer and is one
of the most used application protocols.
HTTP specifies a request/response protocol.
When a client, typically a web browser, sends a request message to
a server, the HTTP protocol defines the message types the client
uses to request the web page and the message types the server
uses to respond.
The three common message types are:
o GET
o POST
o PUT
12
Application-Layer Protocols
13. CONTINUE..
GET is a client request for data. A web browser sends the GET
message to request pages from a web server.
POST and PUT are used to send messages that upload data to the
web server.
HTTP protocol using GET.
13
Application-Layer Protocols
14. 2. DNS
HOSTNAMES:
IP Addresses are great for computers
– IP address includes information used for routing.
IP addresses are tough for humans to remember.
IP addresses are impossible to guess.
– ever guessed at the name of a WWW site?
The Domain Name System:
The domain name system is usually used to translate a host
name into an IP address .
Domain names comprise a hierarchy so that names are unique,
yet easy to remember.
14
Application-Layer Protocols
16. CONTINUE..
Host name structure:
• Each host name is made up of a sequence of labels separated by
periods.
– Each label can be up to 63 characters
– The total name can be at most 255characters.
• Examples:
– whitehouse.gov
– barney.the.purple.dinosaur.com
– monica.cs.rpi.edu
Domain Name
• The domain name for a host is the sequence of labels that lead from
the host (leaf node in the naming tree) to the top of the worldwide
naming tree.
• A domain is a subtree of the world wide naming tree.
16
Application-Layer Protocols
17. CONTINUE..
Top level domains:
• edu, gov, com, net, org, mil, …
• Countries each have a top level domain(2 letter domain name).
• New top level domains include:
.aero .biz .coop .info .name .pro
DNS Organization
• Distributed Database
– The organization that owns a domain name is responsible for
running a DNS server that can provide the mapping between
hostnames within the domain to IP addresses.
– So - some machine run by RPI is responsible for everything within
the rpi.edu domain.
17
Application-Layer Protocols
18. CONTINUE..
DNS Clients:
• A DNS client is called a resolver.
• A call to getByName(host)is handled by a resolver (typically part of
the client).
• Most Unix workstations have the file /etc/resolv.conf that contains
the local domain and the addresses of DNS servers for that domain.
Nslookup:
• nslookup is an interactive resolver that allows the user to
communicate directly with a DNS server.
• nslookup is usually available on Unix workstations.
18
Application-Layer Protocols
19. CONTINUE..
DNS Servers:
• Servers handle requests for their domain directly.
• Servers handle requests for other domains by contacting remote
DNS server(s).
• Servers cache external mappings.
o DNS Message Format:
19
Application-Layer Protocols
21. 3. FTP
promote sharing of files.
encourage indirect use of remote computers.
shield user from variations in file storage.
transfer data reliably and efficiently.
“FTP, although usable directly by a user at a terminal, is designed
mainly for use by programs”.
To successfully transfer files, FTP requires two connections between
the client and the server: one for commands and replies, and the
other for the actual file transfer.
The client establishes the first connection to the server on TCP port
21. This connection is used for control traffic, consisting of client
commands and server replies.
The client establishes the second connection to the server over TCP
port 20. This connection is for the actual file transfer and is created
every time a file is transferred.
21
Application-Layer Protocols
22. CONTINUE..
The client can download (pull) a file from the server or upload (push)
a file to the server.
FTP Process
22
Application-Layer Protocols
23. 4. TELNET
TELNET is a protocol that provides “a general, bi-directional, eight-bit
byte oriented communications facility”.
telnet is a program that supports the TELNET protocol over TCP.
Many application protocols are built upon the TELNET protocol.
TELNET service:
23
Application-Layer Protocols
24. CONTINUE..
The TELNET Protocol
o TCP connection
o data and control over the same connection.
o Network Virtual Terminal
o negotiated options
24
Application-Layer Protocols
25. CONTINUE..
Network Virtual Terminal
o intermediate representation of a generic terminal.
o provides a standard language for communication of terminal control
functions.
25
Application-Layer Protocols
26. CONTINUE..
Negotiated Options:
o All NVTs support a minimal set of capabilities.
o Some terminals have more capabilities than the minimal set.
o The 2 endpoints negotiate a set of mutually acceptable options
(character set, echo mode, etc).
o The protocol for requesting optional features is well defined and
includes rules for eliminating possible negotiation “loops”.
o The set of options is not part of the TELNET protocol, so that new
terminal features can be incorporated without changing the TELNET
protocol.
26
Application-Layer Protocols
27. CONTINUE..
Control Functions:
o TELNET includes support for a series of control functions commonly
supported by servers.
o This provides a uniform mechanism for communication of (the
supported) control functions.
o Interrupt Process (IP)
– suspend/abort process.
o Abort Output (AO)
– process can complete, but send no more output to user’s terminal.
o Are You There (AYT)
– check to see if system is still running.
o Erase Character (EC)
– delete last character sent
– typically used to edit keyboard input.
o Erase Line (EL)
– delete all input in current line. 27
Application-Layer Protocols
28. 5. DHCP
DHCP enables clients on a network to obtain IP addresses and other
information from a DHCP server.
DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically when it
connects to the network.
The DHCP server is contacted by sending a request, and an IP
address is requested.
The DHCP server chooses an address from a configured range of
addresses called a pool and assigns it to the host client for a set
period.
different ways of having DHCP servers arranged in next diagram
28
Application-Layer Protocols
30. 7. SMTP
Protocol originated in 1982 (RFC821, Jon Postel)
Standard message format (RFC822,2822, D. Crocker)
Goal: To transfer mail reliably and efficiently
30
Application-Layer Protocols
31. CONTINUE..
SMTP clients and servers have two
main components:
User Agents – Prepares the
message, encloses it in an envelope.
(ex. Thunderbird, Eudora)
Mail Transfer Agent – Transfers the
mail across the internet (ex.
Sendmail, Exim)
Analogous to the postal system in
many ways
31
Application-Layer Protocols
32. CONTINUE..
SMTP also allows the use of
Relays allowing other MTAs
to relay the mail.
Mail Gateways are used to
relay mail prepared by a
protocol other than SMTP and
convert it to SMTP.
32
Application-Layer Protocols
36. CONTINUE..
Limitations in SMTP:
Only uses NVT 7 bit ASCII format
How to represent other data types?
No authentication mechanisms
Messages are sent un-encrypted
Susceptible to misuse (Spamming,
faking sender address)
36
Application-Layer Protocols
37. SUMMARY
OSI model has 7 layers.
In particular, an application layer protocol defines:
– The types of messages, e.g., request messages and response
messages.
Application layer has 6 protocols:
1. HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
2. DNS(Domain Name System)
3. FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
4. TELNET
5. DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
6. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 37
38. REFERENCES
Web Sites:
http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc821.html (RFC 821).
http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2821.html (RFC 2821)
http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_SMTPSpecialFeaturesCapa
bilitiesandExtensions.html
http://cns.utoronto.ca/usg/technotes/smtp-intro.html
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/email5.htm
Books:
Programmer's Guide to Internet Mail by John Rhoton
TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 1 by Richard Stevens
38