Distributedapplications
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The document discusses distributed applications and protocols for electronic mail and network management. It provides an overview of SMTP for electronic mail delivery and SNMP for network management. SMTP uses TCP/IP to deliver simple text messages and attachments using extensions. SNMP is used for automatic network management and includes management stations, agents, MIBs, and request/response protocols to monitor networks.
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Smtp protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the standard protocol for sending email across the internet. SMTP was created in 1982 and uses a client-server model with user agents to prepare messages and mail transfer agents to reliably transfer messages between servers. An email consists of an envelope containing sender and recipient addresses, and a message with a header defining sender, recipient, subject, and a body containing the actual content. SMTP works by establishing a TCP connection between servers, sending commands like MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, and DATA to transfer the message, then terminating the connection. Extensions like MIME allow non-text content like images and files to be included in emails.
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Simple mail transfer protocol
This document provides an overview of SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) including its history, general features, how it works, and limitations. SMTP is an Internet standard used to transfer email between Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs). It originated in 1980 and was standardized in 1981. Key points are that SMTP operates over TCP port 25 in a request-response format, uses status codes to indicate success or failure, and relies on MTAs like Sendmail to route and deliver messages between servers. However, it only supports basic 7-bit ASCII encoding and is susceptible to misuse like spamming.
Ftp smtp
The document discusses several key protocols and concepts related to email:
1) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows clients to transfer files from a remote server using separate TCP connections for control commands and data transfer.
2) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used by email servers to send and receive email messages. It uses TCP port 25 and involves greeting, message transfer, and closure phases between servers.
3) Email messages are formatted according to RFC 822 with headers, body, and MIME extensions that allow encoding of attachments and multimedia content.
transfer protocols,ftp,smtp,pop,imap
Here are explanations of the requested concepts:
1. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
- Used for sending and receiving email messages between servers
- Works on TCP port 25
- Client (email sender) connects to SMTP server and sends the email
- SMTP server then handles delivering the email to recipient's SMTP server
2. POP (Post Office Protocol):
- Used for retrieving email from a remote server to a local machine
- Works on TCP port 110 (POP3)
- User must first authenticate with their username and password
- POP downloads all emails from the server to the local machine
- Emails are then deleted from the server by default
3. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol):
Email - Electronic Mail
Overview of Email protocols.
Electronic mail was one of the first applications of the fledgling Internet back in the 70ies of the last century. Mail represents basically an electronic equivalent of telegrams that can be sent without having a direct and simultaneous network connection with the recipient.
In email systems, a mail transfer agent (MTA) takes care of the message to be sent and repeatedly tries to deliver the message to the ultimate receiver until successful.
One of the first and still prevalent email protocols is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). It is a very simple protocol for sending electronic messages consisting of a header and a body between a sender and a recipient (relay agent or final mail transfer agent).
SMPT is not suited for receiving mail. Additional protocols like POP (Post Office Protocol) or the newer IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) are needed to retrieve mail messages from a mail box.
SMPT was originally restricted to the ASCII character set so binary content or non-ASCII characters could not be used in mail messages. To overcome this limitation, MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) was devised to allow mail senders to encode non-ASCII content with special character encodings.
How Email Works
1) Email is sent using SMTP and travels through various servers until it reaches the destination mail server.
2) The email is then stored on the destination mail server and retrieved by the recipient using either POP3 or IMAP when they access their email.
3) POP3 downloads emails to the local machine while IMAP stores emails on the server and allows remote access.
how email works
Electronic mail, commonly known as email, allows users to transmit messages over the Internet. It uses Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to send messages between servers and uses either POP3 or IMAP for users to access their messages. SMTP focuses on reliably transferring messages between machines while POP3 and IMAP specify how users can retrieve and manage messages stored on the mail server. When sending an email, the sender's mail transfer agent adds a "received" header to the message to track its path through intermediate servers to the destination mail transfer agent. While convenient, SMTP is not secure and allows for spoofing, but techniques like SPF help validate authentic senders. Mail servers can also selectively reject traffic for policy or technical reasons.
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Smtp protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the standard protocol for sending email across the internet. SMTP was created in 1982 and uses a client-server model with user agents to prepare messages and mail transfer agents to reliably transfer messages between servers. An email consists of an envelope containing sender and recipient addresses, and a message with a header defining sender, recipient, subject, and a body containing the actual content. SMTP works by establishing a TCP connection between servers, sending commands like MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, and DATA to transfer the message, then terminating the connection. Extensions like MIME allow non-text content like images and files to be included in emails.
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Simple mail transfer protocol
This document provides an overview of SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) including its history, general features, how it works, and limitations. SMTP is an Internet standard used to transfer email between Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs). It originated in 1980 and was standardized in 1981. Key points are that SMTP operates over TCP port 25 in a request-response format, uses status codes to indicate success or failure, and relies on MTAs like Sendmail to route and deliver messages between servers. However, it only supports basic 7-bit ASCII encoding and is susceptible to misuse like spamming.
Ftp smtp
The document discusses several key protocols and concepts related to email:
1) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows clients to transfer files from a remote server using separate TCP connections for control commands and data transfer.
2) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used by email servers to send and receive email messages. It uses TCP port 25 and involves greeting, message transfer, and closure phases between servers.
3) Email messages are formatted according to RFC 822 with headers, body, and MIME extensions that allow encoding of attachments and multimedia content.
transfer protocols,ftp,smtp,pop,imap
Here are explanations of the requested concepts:
1. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
- Used for sending and receiving email messages between servers
- Works on TCP port 25
- Client (email sender) connects to SMTP server and sends the email
- SMTP server then handles delivering the email to recipient's SMTP server
2. POP (Post Office Protocol):
- Used for retrieving email from a remote server to a local machine
- Works on TCP port 110 (POP3)
- User must first authenticate with their username and password
- POP downloads all emails from the server to the local machine
- Emails are then deleted from the server by default
3. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol):
Email - Electronic Mail
Overview of Email protocols.
Electronic mail was one of the first applications of the fledgling Internet back in the 70ies of the last century. Mail represents basically an electronic equivalent of telegrams that can be sent without having a direct and simultaneous network connection with the recipient.
In email systems, a mail transfer agent (MTA) takes care of the message to be sent and repeatedly tries to deliver the message to the ultimate receiver until successful.
One of the first and still prevalent email protocols is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). It is a very simple protocol for sending electronic messages consisting of a header and a body between a sender and a recipient (relay agent or final mail transfer agent).
SMPT is not suited for receiving mail. Additional protocols like POP (Post Office Protocol) or the newer IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) are needed to retrieve mail messages from a mail box.
SMPT was originally restricted to the ASCII character set so binary content or non-ASCII characters could not be used in mail messages. To overcome this limitation, MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) was devised to allow mail senders to encode non-ASCII content with special character encodings.
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1) Email is sent using SMTP and travels through various servers until it reaches the destination mail server.
2) The email is then stored on the destination mail server and retrieved by the recipient using either POP3 or IMAP when they access their email.
3) POP3 downloads emails to the local machine while IMAP stores emails on the server and allows remote access.
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- A URL uniquely identifies resources over the web and consists of the protocol, hostname, port, and path/file name.
- HTTP uses a request-response model where a client sends a request and the server returns a response. Common request methods are GET, POST, HEAD.
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Smtp
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The document provides an overview of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) including:
- HTTP is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems that facilitates information transfer across the internet.
- A URL uniquely identifies resources over the web and consists of the protocol, hostname, port, and path/file name.
- HTTP uses a request-response model where a client sends a request and the server returns a response. Common request methods are GET, POST, HEAD.
- Responses contain a status line indicating success or error, and headers providing metadata about the response.
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SMTP is the standard protocol for sending email over the Internet. It defines the message format and how messages are transferred between mail servers. When a client wants to send a message, it establishes a connection to an SMTP server and issues commands like MAIL, RCPT, and DATA to specify the sender, recipients, and transmit the message content. While simple to implement, basic SMTP has limitations like lacking authentication that allow issues like spam. Extensions to SMTP like ESMTP aim to address such problems.
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E-mail uses a client-server model with three main components - the user agent (UA), the message transfer agent (SMTP), and the message access agent (POP3/IMAP). A basic e-mail message involves the UA composing a message on the client, the MTA transferring it to the server using SMTP protocols, and the MAA retrieving it from the server to the recipient's UA using POP3 or IMAP protocols. MIME extensions allow non-text data like images and files to be sent as attachments by encoding them into ASCII format during transfer.
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DNS translates domain names like www.google.com to IP addresses so that internet resources can be accessed in a meaningful way independent of location. HTTP defines how web pages are requested and transmitted between browsers and servers, such as when typing a website domain into the browser address bar. FTP and SMTP are protocols for transferring files and email messages between servers.
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This document provides an overview of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). It discusses how SMTP clients and servers work, how messages are sent to SMTP servers using either relaying or DNS, the SMTP communication model involving connection establishment, message transfer, and connection termination. It also describes mail processing involving envelopes and headers, status codes, and special features like mail forwarding, gatewaying, and relaying. Limitations of SMTP are also noted.
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This document discusses electronic mail representation and transfer. It describes the user agent, which prepares messages and stores them in mailboxes. Message transfer agents like SMTP transfer messages between systems using commands and responses. POP3 and IMAP are message access agents that allow users to retrieve messages stored on mail servers through protocols like POP3 or IMAP. MIME extensions allow non-text content like images and files to be sent via email.
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The document provides an overview of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) including its basic request/response message format, common methods like GET and POST, status codes, headers, entities, and chunked transfer encoding. HTTP began as a simple protocol to request and receive hypertext files but now supports a wide range of content and new features to power the modern web.
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The document discusses various application layer protocols used in networking. It covers:
1. The application layer is the top layer that interacts with users and user applications to initiate communication. It uses lower layer protocols to transfer data.
2. Common application layer protocols include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, and DNS for tasks like web browsing, file transfer, and email.
3. Other applications discussed are peer-to-peer applications like BitTorrent and Skype, as well as socket programming which allows network applications to communicate using standard mechanisms.
Application layer protocols
The application layer allows users to interface with networks through application layer protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP3, FTP, Telnet, and DHCP. It provides the interface between applications on different ends of a network. Common application layer protocols include DNS for mapping domain names to IP addresses, HTTP for transferring web page data, and SMTP/POP3 for sending and receiving email messages. The client/server and peer-to-peer models describe how requests are made and fulfilled over the application layer.
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Lecture 9 electronic_mail_representation_and_transfer
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The document discusses various methods for transmitting data through communication networks, including guided transmission media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optics, and wireless transmission via radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, or communication satellites. It covers theoretical concepts like Fourier analysis, bandwidth-limited signals, and Shannon's formula for channel capacity. Different transmission media are compared in terms of their bandwidth, attenuation characteristics, and use cases for data transmission.
10 Circuit Packet
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching approaches in computer networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated path but wastes bandwidth when no data is being sent. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and can make more efficient use of bandwidth. The document also describes protocols like X.25 that were used for packet switched networks and Frame Relay, which was designed to reduce overhead and improve performance compared to X.25.
Fiber
Fiber optics technology uses thin glass fibers to carry signals in the form of light over long distances. Optical fibers have a core that light travels through surrounded by cladding. They transmit data using total internal reflection. Fiber optics development accelerated in the 1980s when it became the backbone of long-distance phone networks due to its thinness, low cost, high bandwidth, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are now widely used for telecommunications, local networks, cable TV, and other applications.
Computer networks--network
Computer networks connect computing devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. Connections are usually made with physical wires or cables, but some use wireless radio or infrared signals. The Internet is a global network made up of many smaller networks owned by different organizations. It uses protocols like TCP/IP to break messages into packets that are routed between networks to their destination, where they are reassembled. Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate between hostnames and numeric IP addresses to route traffic on the Internet.
Lecture3 Physical Layer
The document discusses various topics related to transmission media and the physical layer of the OSI model. It describes guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses unguided transmission using radio waves and microwaves. It explains how signals are transmitted over different media and modulation techniques. It provides details on telephone systems, multiplexing, and how fiber optic networks have replaced older copper networks.
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The HTTP protocol uses TCP/IP to send HTML documents in packets over the Internet. Each packet contains a header with information about the requested page, servers, and clients. HTTP version 1.0 is the current standard and uses MIME for encoding data. A basic HTTP request involves a client establishing a connection, making a request, receiving a response from the server, and closing the connection. Common HTTP methods include GET to retrieve a page, HEAD to get metadata without content, and POST to submit data to a server.
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HTTP and SMTP are application layer protocols used for communication over the internet. HTTP is used for retrieving and viewing web pages through a request-response conversation between a web client and server. SMTP is used for sending email and defines commands for mail servers to transfer messages between each other or to email clients. Both protocols establish rules for the format and content of messages to allow application programs to communicate without needing to understand the underlying network layers.
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HTTP is a protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents across the internet. It uses a client-server model where browsers make HTTP requests to web servers, which respond with HTTP responses. Key aspects of HTTP include using TCP/IP for communication, being stateless, supporting a variety of data types, and incorporating features of both FTP and SMTP protocols.
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This document provides an overview of managing message transport in Microsoft Exchange Server. It discusses the components of message transport, how messages are routed within an Exchange organization and between Active Directory sites. It also covers options for configuring and modifying the default message flow, and tools for troubleshooting SMTP message delivery. The document includes demonstrations of configuring hub transport servers, accepted/remote domains, and SMTP connectors. It also discusses back pressure for monitoring system resources.
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SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard protocol for electronic mail transmission. It was first defined in 1982 and became widely used in the early 1980s as a complement to UUCP mail. SMTP uses a client-server model where the client initiates a connection and sends messages to the server, which then acknowledges receipt. It allows messages to be transferred between machines that are intermittently connected. Common SMTP commands include HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, QUIT, and RSET. SMTP can be secured using SSL/TLS to encrypt the communication channel. The latest developments include supporting real-time dynamic content in emails and internationalized email addresses encoded in UTF-8.
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The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems and is the foundation for data communication on the World Wide Web. HTTP defines methods like GET and POST to indicate the desired action on a resource and uses status codes in responses. It also uses headers in requests and responses to define parameters of the transaction. HTTP typically uses TCP port 80 to allow a client to open a connection and send requests to a server, which responds with messages that may contain requested resources or error information.
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HTTP is the protocol that powers the web. It uses a request-response model where clients make requests that servers respond to. Common request methods include GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, DELETE, and OPTIONS. Responses include status codes like 200 for OK and content types. HTTP 1.1 added features like persistent connections and chunked encoding. Cookies are used to maintain statelessness. HTTPS uses SSL/TLS to secure HTTP connections with encryption, server authentication, and integrity.
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This document discusses the structure and architecture of email. It begins with an introduction and history of email, then describes how an email is composed of a header and message body. It explains that emails are sent and received through a system of user agents, message transfer agents, and message access agents. User agents allow users to compose and read emails, while message transfer agents use SMTP to transfer emails across networks, and message access agents pull emails from servers using protocols like POP3 and IMAP.
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Tim Berners-Lee outlined the advantages of a hypertext-based, linked information system in March 1989 and named his project "Enquire". By the end of 1990, Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau created the first Web browsers and servers and designed the first version of HTTP. HTTP sits atop the TCP/IP protocol stack and allows for the delivery of HTTP messages over reliable TCP connections. HTTP requests use methods like GET and POST while responses use status codes to indicate the result.
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This document summarizes three major mail services - SMTP, POP3, and IMAP - and provides details on how each protocol works. SMTP is used for outbound email and uses port 25. POP3 and IMAP are for inbound email, with POP3 using port 110 and IMAP using port 143. The main difference between POP3 and IMAP is that POP3 assumes only one client can access the mailbox at a time, while IMAP allows simultaneous access from multiple clients.
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The document provides an overview of email technology including how email works, common email protocols like SMTP and POP3, email standards, and considerations for implementing email servers. Key points include:
1. Email is sent via SMTP and retrieved via POP3 or IMAP. It is stored on email servers in mailboxes that clients can access using these protocols.
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The document provides an introduction to web server technologies and HTTP. It discusses the role of web servers, an overview of HTTP including versions and the TCP/IP protocol stack. It also covers the basic HTTP request/response cycle, different types of proxy servers, and planning considerations for web server deployment including hosting options, server software selection, and sizing requirements.
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HTTP is the most popular application protocol on the internet. It uses the client-server model where an HTTP client sends a request to an HTTP server using a request method like GET or POST. The server then returns a response with a status code and can include a message body. A URL identifies a web resource and includes the protocol, hostname, port, and path. HTTP specifications are maintained by the W3C and the current versions are HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1. The HTTP request and response include a start line, headers, and optional body. Common status codes indicate success, redirection, or client/server errors.
Bt0076, tcpip
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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