Blood cultures are used to detect infections in the bloodstream. It is a critical test where blood is injected into bottles containing culture media to grow any microorganisms present. It is important to collect blood cultures properly using sterile technique to avoid contamination. The optimal method is to draw at least 10ml of blood from a vein and inject equal amounts into aerobic and anaerobic bottles. It is also important to label the cultures properly and provide relevant patient information.
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF CLINICAL SAMPLESNCRIMS, Meerut
Principles of Sample Collection:
Aseptic precautions to minimize chances of
contamination.
Appropriate anatomic sites
Adequate volume
Adequate no. of samples
Appropriate time
Appropriate container with proper labelling
Before initiation of anti-microbials
Adequate information in request form
Blood stream infections- clinical microbiologySijo A
Blood stream infections (BSI) refers to the presence of organisms in blood which are threat to every organ in the body.
It causes shock, multiple organ failure and DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).
The presence of bacteria in blood is called Bacteremia.
The bacteria circulate and actively multiply in the blood stream is called Septicemia.
The presence of virus in blood is called Viremia.
The presence of parasite in blood is called Parasitemia.
The presence of fungi in blood is called Fungemia.
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF CLINICAL SAMPLESNCRIMS, Meerut
Principles of Sample Collection:
Aseptic precautions to minimize chances of
contamination.
Appropriate anatomic sites
Adequate volume
Adequate no. of samples
Appropriate time
Appropriate container with proper labelling
Before initiation of anti-microbials
Adequate information in request form
Blood stream infections- clinical microbiologySijo A
Blood stream infections (BSI) refers to the presence of organisms in blood which are threat to every organ in the body.
It causes shock, multiple organ failure and DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).
The presence of bacteria in blood is called Bacteremia.
The bacteria circulate and actively multiply in the blood stream is called Septicemia.
The presence of virus in blood is called Viremia.
The presence of parasite in blood is called Parasitemia.
The presence of fungi in blood is called Fungemia.
Procalcitonin in sepsis, LDH in sepsis, sample collection for LDH estimation, microbiological aspects of sepsis, ashraf, Lysis centrifugation technique, collection of samples for diagnosis of sepsis, surviving sepsis guidelines, lysis centrifugation technique,
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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2. What is a Blood Culture?
• A blood culture is a
laboratory test in which
blood is injected into
bottles with culture
media to determine
whether
microorganisms have
invaded the patient’s
bloodstream.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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3. Need for Blood Culture?
No microbiological test is more essential to the
clinician than the blood culture. The finding of
pathogenic microorganisms in a patient’s
bloodstream is of great importance in terms of
diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.”
- L. Barth Reller, Clin. Infect. Diseases, 1996
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4. Blood Culture is done to Detect
Infectious Diseases
• Blood culture is a
microbiological culture of
blood. It is employed to
detect infections that are
spreading through the
bloodstream (such as
bacteremia, septicemia
amongst others). This is
possible because the
bloodstream is usually a
sterile environment
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5. Blood culturing most important
and life saving Investigation
Needs optimal Methods for
Diagnosis of Blood Borne Pathogens
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6. Blood Collection
• Aseptic collection
procedure is critical
Amount of blood
– 1:10 ratio of blood to
broth
– Younger than 10 years –
1 ml of blood for every
year of life
– Over 10 years – 20 ml
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7. Blood Collection
• Frequency of Collection
– Depends if bacteremia is
transient, intermediate
or continuous
– Number of cultures
collected are usually
inversely related to the
type of bacteremia
– Usually x3 from different
body sites
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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8. Blood Culture Methods
• Conventional Broth Systems
–One aerobic bottle and one
anaerobic bottle per blood
collection
–Aerobic broth contains soybean
casein digest broth, Tryptic or
trypticase soy broth, Brucella agar
or Columbia broth base
–Anaerobic broth is usually the same
as aerobic with addition of 0.5%
cysteine in an aerobic environment
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9. Venipuncture
• Venipuncture is the process of obtaining
intravenous access for the purpose of
intravenous therapy or obtaining a sample of
venous blood. This procedure is performed by
medical laboratory scientists, medical
practitioners, some EMTs, paramedics
phlebotomists and other nursing staff.
Venipuncture is one of the most routinely
performed invasive procedures and is carried
out for two reasons, to obtain blood for
diagnostic purposes or to monitor levels of
blood components (Lavery & Ingram 2005).
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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10. Phlebotomy Definition
• phle·boto·my (fli) noun
the act or practice of
bloodletting as a
therapeutic measure
• Phlebotomy from Greek
words, phlebo, relates
to veins, tomy, relates
to cutting.
• Opening a vein to
collect blood
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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11. LABELING THE SAMPLE
– Properly labelled sample is essential so that
the results of the test match the patient. The
key elements in labelling are:
• Patient's surname, first and middle.
• Patient's ID number.
• NOTE: Both of the above MUST match the
same on the requisition form.
• Date, time and initials of the phlebotomist
must be on the label of EACH tube.
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12. Principles for Collection
• Gloves will be worn in accordance with standard
precautions.
• •Appropriate verification of the patient's
identity, by means of an armband or area specific
procedure, will occur before the specimen
collection.
• •Cultures should be drawn before
administration of antibiotics, if possible. ???
• Blood cultures should not be drawn from
lines, but should be drawn viavenipuncture.
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13. What Materials We need
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chlorhexidine swabs (1-2 packages)
Alcohol swabs
Blood culture bottles (2 bottles per set)
2 syringes (adult: 20 cc, paediatric: 5 cc)
2 needles (adult: 22 gauge or preferably larger butterfly
or standard needle; pediatric: 25 or 23 gauge butterfly or
standard needle)
Gloves (sterile &nonsterile)
Tourniquet
Sterile gauze pad
Adhesive strip or tape
Self-sticking patient labels
Plastic zip lock specimen bags
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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14. The requisitions form should be completely filled
out, and the requisition must indicate the tests
ordered.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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15. Self Protection
A few ways to make sure your
role in the collection process is
carried out with
efficiency, orderliness and safety
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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16. Steps 1 – 3, Check, Explain, Wash
• 1.Identify the patient
• 2.Explain the
procedure to the
patient.
• 3.Wash hands with
soap and water with
friction for 15 seconds
or use alcohol based
hand rub
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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17. Materials
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chlorhexidine swabs (1-2 packages)
Alcohol swabs
Blood culture bottles (2 bottles per set)
2 syringes (adult: 20 cc, paediatric: 5 cc)
2 needles (adult: 22 gauge or preferably larger butterfly or
standard needle; pediatric: 25 or 23 gauge butterfly or
standard needle)
Gloves (sterile &nonsterile)
Tourniquet
Sterile gauze pad
Adhesive strip or tape
Self-sticking patient labels
Plastic zip lock specimen bags
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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18. . Barrier protection for the phlebotomist
consists of the latex gloves.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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19. Obtaining Blood
• Locate the vein
• Prep kit
– Alcohol 5 sec. Dry 30-60 sec ( resource poor conditions )
– Ideal to collect with alcohol swabs containing 2% Chlorhexidine
and 70% isopropyl alcohol
• Remove caps, clean with alcohol
• Put on gloves
• Without palpating, draw 20 ml and put 10
in anaerobic and 10 in aerobic bottle
• Dispose of syringe in sharps container
• Label bottles and send to lab
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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20. Method of Blood Collection
•
A minimum of 10 ml of blood is taken
through venipuncture and injected
into two or more "blood bottles"
with specific media for aerobic and
anaerobic organisms.
• The blood is collected using clean
technique. This requires that both
the tops of the culture bottles and
the venipuncture site of the
patient are cleaned prior to
collection with alcohol swabs
containing 2% Chlorhexidine and
70% isopropyl alcohol.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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21. The area of skin is cleaned with a
disinfectant, or an alcohol swab.
• Using sterile gloves, do not
wipe away the surgical
solution, touch the puncture
site, or in any way compromise
the sterile process. It is vital
that the procedure is
performed in as sterile a
manner as possible as the
persistent presence of skin
commensals in blood cultures
could indicate endocarditis but
they are most often found as
contaminants
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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22. The vein is anchored and the needle
is inserted.
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23. The vacutainer tube is depressed into the
needle to begin drawing blood
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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24. Additional vacutainer tubes can be utilized. Determine what tests are
ordered and what tubes will be necessary BEFORE you begin to draw
blood, and determine the order of draw for the tubes. .
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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25. When the final tube is being drawn, release the tourniquet.
Then remove the tube, and remove the needle.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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26. After the needle is removed from the vein, apply firm pressure
over the site to achieve haemostasis.
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28. Preparation of Cap before Injecting
Blood
• Prep the rubber
cap of the blood
culture bottles
with an alcohol
pad in a circular
motion. Allow
the alcohol to
dry.
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29. Inject the Blood …..
• Inject the blood
into the Selected
Media
• Gently rotate the
bottles to mix
the blood & the
broth (do not
shake
vigorously).
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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30. Follow the universal precautions when
disposing Needle
• Dispose of
needle in sharps
container and
dispose of other
waste in proper
container
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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31. Label the tubes, checking the requisition for the proper
identification.
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32. Give the all possible Medical
Information
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Patient’s name
• Hospital number (Patient ID)
• Patient’s location (room and bed #)
• Date and time of collection
• Collector’s initials
• Site of venipuncture
• Or other information as per facility
Include you Mobile Contact No – A vital
information can be delivered any time
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33. Document the Medical Records
• Document the
following in the
medical record:
• –Date & time
specimen obtained
• –Site of specimen
collection
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34. Frequency of Collection
• Frequency of Collection
– Depends if bacteremia is
transient, intermediate or
continuous
– Number of cultures
collected are usually
inversely related to the
type of bacteremia
– Usually x3 from different
body sites
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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35. Second Set
• If 2 or more sets
of blood cultures
have been
ordered, obtain
the second set in
the same manner
as the
first, making a
new venipuncture
at a different site.
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36. Newer Blood Culture Methods
• Newer Blood Culture Systems
– Biphasic Broth-Slide System
• Agar “paddles” attached to top of bottle
• Closed system
– Continuous Monitoring Blood Culture Systems
•
•
•
•
BacTec – measures 14CO2
BacTec 9000 Series – measures CO2
ESP – measures consumption of gases
BacT-Alert – measures change in pH
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37. The Contaminated Blood Culture
• If the skin is not adequately cleansed before
drawing blood for culture, bacteria on the skin
will be injected into the bottle, producing a false
positive blood culture
• It is difficult for the physician to determine
whether the bacteria growing in the blood
culture is a real pathogen causing bloodstream
infection or whether bacteria on the skin have
contaminated the culture. This can lead to
excess use of antibiotics and prolongation of
hospital stay.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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38. Visit me for more articles of interest in
Medicine and Health care please visit…
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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39. • The programme created by Dr.T.V.Rao
MD as Technical Series for
Microbiologists in the Developing World
• Email
• doctortvrao@gmail.com
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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