The document discusses the process of blood collection and preservation, including the roles and skills of phlebotomists, proper procedures for venous and capillary blood draws, handling and storage of blood samples, and potential issues that may occur during the blood collection process. It provides detailed guidance on selecting appropriate veins, preparing the patient, using the correct equipment and procedures, and storing blood samples to preserve their integrity for diagnostic testing.
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
A brief presentation for second-year students in Iraqi Technical Institutes (studying Medical Laboratory Technology). This introduction covers the types of blood samples, how to collect these samples, common sites for collection, and anticoagulants in a test-tubes.
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
A brief presentation for second-year students in Iraqi Technical Institutes (studying Medical Laboratory Technology). This introduction covers the types of blood samples, how to collect these samples, common sites for collection, and anticoagulants in a test-tubes.
Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
IV Cannulation Introducing a single dose of concentrated medication directly...ssuser3155141
Introducing a single dose of concentrated medication directly into the systemic circulation
“Or”
The introduction of a large amount of fluid & electrolytes and other nutrients into the body via veins.
Pediatric IV cannulation is insertion of cannula into the vein for the purpose of administering medications / Infusion therapy / Transfusion of blood and its products /Nutrition to childrens
after reading of physiological skills you will know how to do physiologic material according to medical ethics and laws and ensure the safety of patient and health care provider
good luck with that
Aabidullah rahimee
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. It is a blood collection used an all labs to find
out why symptoms are appear in the
patient…
Phlebotomy(“to cut a vein” in Greek) is the
process of making incision in a vein.
A person who practices phlebotomy is termed
as phlebotomist.
3. Blood analysis is one of the most
important diagnostic tools
available to clinician within
healthcare. Its data is relied upon
in the clinical setting for
interpretation of clinical signs and
symptoms…
4. Requires social, clerical and technical skills
Phlebotomy is a link between the patient
and the laboratory
Apart of the healthcare team
5. To collect blood for accurate and
reliable test results
Accurate identification and
collection procedures are critical
Important procedure to assist in
the diagnosis and monitoring of
patients
6. SAMPLE COLLECTION
PATIENT PREPARATION PRIOR TO TEST
ESR : FASTING
Hb , TLC, DLC, PBF, RED CELL
INDICES, RETICULOCYTE COUNT , PLATELET
COUNT : NEED NOT FASTING
6
6
7. Identify tests & Determine :
proper volume to be collected
*NOTE :
◦ ”.5ml serum/plasma”
◦ = 1ml of whole or un-centrifuged blood)
Determine proper procedure based upon
age and size of patient
Communicate with patient about previous
blood collection experiences
Collect proper patient identifiers, request
and equipment.
8.
9. OUTPATIENTS: Sitting in chair
INPATIENTS: lying in bed or sitting in chair
•Position check
list:
–There is no danger of the
patient falling
–There is easy access to
the arms
–The patient is comfortable
–There is adequate space
to place supplies within
reach
14. IV lines
Injuries
Presence of edema
Medication
Patient alertness
Patient emotional
and mental status
15.
16. Clean the selected pt. finger with spirit swab
Pick up sterile blood lancet with your right
hand.
With your left hand, firmly grasp the pt.
middle finger.
make deep stab on the ball of the finger.
Eliminate the first drop.
after that collect blood for require tests…..
17. Blood from capillary network can be used to perform
test for which only few drops of blood is required.
Capillary blood is not recommended for those tests
which require large amount of blood.
It is not used for platelet count.
Suitable for
Hb , TLC, DLC, RBC count by microdilution method.
For preparation of thin blood film to determine
blood picture.
18. Blood is collected from the
veins of the patient. it is
require when the large amount
of blood is required
21. Surface of the forearm, Wrist area above the thumb or index
finger, Back of the wrist, Knuckle of the thumb or index finger, Foot or
ankle, Infants: head veins
22. Choose the veins that are large
and accessible.
Large veins that are not well
anchored in tissue frequently
roll, so if you choose one, be
sure to secure it with the thumb
of your non dominant hand
when you penetrate it with the
needle.
Avoid bruised and scarred areas.
23. 1. Median cubital vein - first choice, well
supported
2. Cephalic vein - second choice
3. Basilic vein - third choice, often the most
prominent vein, but it tends to roll easily
and makes venipuncture difficult
24. INAPPROPRIATE SITES
ARM ON SIDE OF MASTECTOMY
EDEMATOUS AREAS
HAEMATOMAS
SCARRED AREAS
ARMS WITH CANULAS
SITES BEYOND IV LINE OF ANY KIND
24
24
25.
26. Apply approximately 3-5 inches above anticubital
fossa. (Not more than 1 min)
If the skin appears blanched above and below the
tourniquet it is too tight.
If your finger can be inserted between the
tourniquet and the patient's skin it is too loose.
27. After tourniquet application have patient clench fist.
Feel for a vein that rebounds (bounces) when pushed or
tapped on.
PALPATE any potential vein to help determine size, direction
and depth. A slight rotation of the arm may help to better
expose a vein that may otherwise be hidden.
28. Tricks to Help Distend Veins:
◦ Have the patient "pump" the hand 3 times.
Don't overdue it because over-pumping can create
hemoconcentration
◦ Warm the area with a hot pack or warm, moist cloth
heated to approximately 42°C.
◦ If all else fails, consult another technician for their
opinion and/or intervention.
29. After selecting a vein, clean the puncture site with a cotton ball
saturated with 70% isopropyl alcohol or prepackage alcohol swabs.
Rub the alcohol swab in a circular motion moving outward from the
site Use enough pressure to remove all perspiration and dirt from
the puncture site.
Discreetly look at the swab when finished, if it appears excessively
dirty repeat the cleansing process with a fresh alcohol swab. After
cleansing do not touch the site, if the vein must be repalpated the
area must be cleansed again. Some experts allow cleansing of the
index finger before repalpating but this technique is debatable.
30. Clean the selected area with spirit swab.
The patient arm is gripped tightly with the
help of tourniquet.
The vein is penetrated by positioning the
needle at 20 to 30 degree angle.
31. After blood has been drawn, the patient
should release the fist & the tourniquet is
also released.
A cotton ball is held firmly over the
venipuncture site as soon as the needle is
removed.
After removing the needle the collected blood
is dispensed in the appropriate tubes.
32. The blood in the anticoagulant tubes are
mixed carefully.
The tubes are covered with appropriate
stoppers.
the needle should be disposed by using
needle destroyer.
Disposed used cotton, syringes into a non-
penetrable containers. (Blue basket)
33. Maintain stability of Coagulation Factors
Prevent clot formation in sample prior to
testing
Prevent Factor activation in tube - even if
clot does not form
Additives in tube must not interfere with
individual Coagulation Factors
34. 19 - 21gauge to avoid hemolysis in
adults and 21 - 23 for pediatric
samples.
Non-wettable, siliconized surface or
plastic tubes so as not to activate
factors
Contains buffered Sodium Citrate
which…Ratio 1:9
1part anticoagulant
9 part blood
Sample is mixed by inversion of tube 2
to 3 times.
35.
36. Consider all patients as potentially infectious
Wear coat or apron when there is a
possibility of a splash
Wear mask/eye protection when there is a
possibility of a splash
All sharps must be disposed into a puncture-
proof biohazard container.
37. Frequent hand washing is an important
safety precaution
Wash hands when changing gloves and
between patients if gloves become soiled
Gloves are required to be worn during the
phlebotomy procedure
Wear gloves when handling body fluids
38. BEVEL ON UPPER WALL OF VEIN DOES NOT ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW
•SOLUTION
•PULL BACK SLIGHTLY THE NEEDLE.
•BE ALERT TO HEMATOMA
NEEDLE PARTIALLY INSERTED CAUSES BLOOD LEAKAGE INTO
TISSUE(HEMATOMA LIKE)
•SOLUTION
•RELEASE TORNIQUET AND REMOVE NEEDLE
•APPLY FIRM PRESSURE OVER SWOLLEN AREA (OR ELEVATE AFFECTED ARM).REASSURE PATIENT
THAT BRUISE WILL ASSURE. REPEAT VENIPUNTURE AT A DIFFERENT SITE(OPPOSITE ARM OR
DISTAL DISTAL TO ORIGINAL ARM)
NEEDLE INSERTED THROUGH BOTH VEIN WALLS
•SOLUTION
•RELEASE TORNIQUET AND REMOVE THE NEEDLE
•APPLY FIRM PRESSURE OVER SWOLLEN AREA(OR ELEVATE AFFECTED ARM).REASSURE PATIENT
THAT THE BRUISE WILL RESOLVE. REPEAT VENIPUNCTURE AT A DIFFERENT SITE (OPPOSITE 38
ARM OR DISTAL TO ORIGINAL SITE)
39. COLLAPSED VEIN.
REDUCED OR NIL BLOOD FLOW
•ALLOW VEIN TO RECOVER BY RELEASING TORNIQUET
•REAPPLY TORNIQUET
NEEDLE NOT COMPLETELY IN VEIN OR HAS
NOT REACHED THE VEIN
•ADVANCE THE NEEDLE FORWARD UNTIL YOU FEEL THE
„GIVE‟ AS NEEDLE PENETRATES
CORRECT INSERTION OF NEEDLE
•BLOOD FLOWS FREELY INTO NEEDLE
39
40. FAINTING HAEMATOMA
When the needle has
Patient become dizzy & gone completely
may faint during through the vein & not
collection enough pressure is
applied.
The tourniquet &
Should be aware of the needle should be
patient condition removed immediately
throughout the and firm pressure is
procedure applied to the area for
atleast 5 min.
41. EXCESSIVE
PETECHIAE Small red spots
BLEEDING
appearing on patient
skin, indicating minute Patient on
amount of blood anticoagulant therapy
escaping into the skin
epithelium
This defect is due to
coagulation defect. Remember to apply
pressure to the
Make sure bleeding has venipuncture site until
stopped before leaving bleeding stops
patient side
42. COLLAPSED
SEIZURES
VEIN
This is rarely occur If the syringe
during blood plunger is
collection withdrawn quickly
Immediately call
Release tourniquet,
for help from the
remove syringe
nursing station
43. Intravenous HEMO
therapy CONCENTRATION
Increase conc. Of
Veins are visible &
larger molecule or
palpable but
elements in the
partially occluded.
blood.
Prolong tourniquet
Avoid arm with IV application.
line Exessive massaging
or squeezing a site.
45. For many purposes blood may be safely persevered
at 4ºC in Refrigerator.
EDTA is best preservative for Hemogram.
Tri-sodium citrate best for coagulation
study.
Before procedure, the blood should be first
allowed to warm up to room
temperature, then mixed, preferably by
rotation, for atleast 2 min.
46. RBCs starts to swell resulting in increase in PCV.
The reticulocytes count decrease as early as 6
hours
Osmotic fragility increases.
Prothrombin time slowly increases.
ESR decreases.
Reticulocytes decreases after 6 hrs.
The red cells may leads to progressive crenation
and sphering.
The nucleated red cells disappear from the blood
within 1-2 days
47. It is best to count leucocytes and platelets within
2 hours
If any delay:
Some but not all neutrophils are affected. The
nuclear lobes may become seperated and the
cytoplasmic margin may appear less well defined.
small vacuoles appear in the cytoplasm
Some of the lymphocytes undergo some changes.
Few vacuoles may be seen in the cytoplasm & and
the nucleus may undergo major budding so as to
give rise to the nuclei with 2 or 3 lobes.
Platelet count, TLC, RBCs count decreases.