This document discusses factors that affect climate and weather patterns in the Philippines. It explains that climate is the average weather over time and is influenced by latitude, altitude, proximity to bodies of water, ocean currents, and topography. Temperature and rainfall are most affected by latitude, with equatorial regions experiencing higher temperatures and rainfall. Altitude, land/water distribution, winds, and monsoon patterns also impact regional climates. The Philippines experiences two pronounced monsoon seasons - the northeast monsoon from December to January and the southwest monsoon from July to September.

1. GRADE 9, MODULE 3 LESSON 2.1
(Teachers Guide for Discussion)
MA. RACHEL B. ESPINO
Teacher I, Science
Buhatan NHS; Sorsogon City

2. What is Climate?
Climate is the average weather in a particular
region over a fairly long period of time.
Climate are affected by four factors:
1. Latitude
2. Altitude
3. Distance from bodies of water
4. Ocean currents
5. Topography

3. What factors affect the average
temperature in a given place?
1. The amount of solar radiation received
from the sun is determined by two factors: (a)
the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the
earth, and (b) the length of time in which the
sun shines during a particular day. In turn,
these two depend on the latitude of a
particular place (the latitude of an area is its
distance from the equator).

5. Direct rays of the sun deliver more heat than
slanted rays. Regions near the equator (low latitude)
receive direct rays of the sun throughout the year
and therefore have higher average temperature
compared to regions near the poles (high latitude),
which receive slanted rays. Also, the days and nights
near the equator are almost equal in length while
near the poles, the length of days and nights varies
with the season. Toward the pole, the nights are
long in winter while in summer, daylights are long.
Thus, the lower the latitude, the warmer the
climate; the higher the latitude, the colder the
climate.

6. 2. The altitude (height above sea level) of a place also
determines its climate. Even places near the equator
experiences a cold climate if they are located at a high
altitude compared to those located at sea level.
Example, Baguio City has lower average temperature
and colder climate than the surrounding area because
of its high altitude.

7. 3. The presence of land and water masses affect the
climate of a place. Since land surfaces heat and cool
faster than water surfaces, land regions experience
hotter summers and colder winters compared to sea
regions in the same latitude.

8. 4. Mountains and plains determine how distant
winds affect the climate of a region.

9. The direction of prevailing winds can cause cool
summer and mild winters along the sea coast.

10. What factors affect the average
rainfall in a given place?
1. Like temperature, rainfall is also affected by
latitude. Regions where warm, moist wind rise such
as in the doldrums (area north of equator; an area
with no wind or light variable winds just north of the
equator in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, situated
between the trade winds) have heavy rains
throughout the year. Regions in the traders and low
latitude are mostly dry while those in the prevailing
easterlies have moderate rainfall all year.

11. 2. Seasonal winds, called monsoons may bring rainy
weather during some months and dry weather in
other months.
NORTHEAST MONSOON (AMIHAN) SOUTHEAST MONSOON (HABAGAT)
December to January July to September

12. 3. Mountains affect the amount of rainfall a given
region will get. When warm moist wind strike the
windward side of a mountain and rise, there will be
much rainfall on that side. The opposite side will
have correspondingly little rain (leeward).

13. 4. When winds blow in from the ocean, the region
nearest the ocean gets the most rainfall. The
warmer the ocean, the heavier the rainfall.

15. These climates are located within 30° above and below the
equator. Here, the sun is nearly always overhead at noon.
Tropical climates are therefore the warmest all the year. In the
belt of the doldrums, rain is abundant all year. The climates
included in this area are (1) tropical rain forest, (2) savannah,
(3) tropical desert and (4) tropical steep

16. These climates are located between 30° and 65° latitude.
There us a wide range of temperatures with at least one month
where the average temperature is 10°C or higher. A variety of
weather is produced because it is in the belt of the westerlies.
The middle-latitude climates are (1) mediterranean, (2) humid
subtropical, (3) marine west coast, (4) humid continental, (5)
dry continental and (6) subartic.

17. Close to the poles the sun is not seen during the winter during
the winter for as long as six months. In summary, the sun’s
rays that reach it are greatly slanted and therefore have less
heat. This region has less precipitation. The climates are (1)
tundra and (2) ice cap

19. Two pronounced
seasons: dry from
November to April
and wet during the
rest of the year.
The regions located
on the western
part of Luzon,
Mindoro, Negros
and Palawan.

20. No dry season; with a
very pronounced
maximum rain period
from November to
April. Regions that
have type II climate
are Catanduanes,
Sorsogon, eastern
Albay, eastern and
northern Camarines
Norte and Camarines
Sur, eastern Mindanao,
eastern Quezon and
Samar.

21. Seasons are not very
pronounced; relatively dry
from November to April
and wet during the rest of
the year. The regions with
this type of climate are the
western parts of Cagayan,
Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, the
eastern portion of the
Mountain Provinces,
Southern Quezon,
Masbate, Romblon,
Northeast Panay,
EasternNegros, Central and
Southern Cebu, part of
Northern Mindanao, and
part of Eastern Palawan.

22. Rainfall more or less
evenly distributed
throughout the year. The
regions with this type of
climate are Batanes,
North-eastern Luzon,
South-western Camarines
Norte, Western
Camarines Sur and Albay,
Bondoc Peninsula, Eastern
Mindoro, Marinduque,
Western Leyte, Northen
Cebu, Bohol and most of
central, eastern and
southern Mindanao.

23. What are the prevailing wind
systems over the Philippines
Land and water surfaces differ in their rate of
cooling. Land heats and cools more rapidly
than water. This particularly evident in
extensive surfaces. Continents heat and cool
faster than oceans. As a result, a center of
low pressure develops over the continent
while high pressure develops over the
adjacent ocean.

24. These difference in temperature and pressure
between continents and oceans brought
about by changes in the seasons develop
wind system known as seasonal winds or
monsoons. In summer, the land is heated
more than the ocean so the cooler air from
the ocean moves toward the land. In winter,
the land gets colder than the ocean so the
cooler air from the land moves toward the
ocean.

25. What are the prevailing wind systems or
monsoons in the Philippines?
In the Northern Hemisphere, a high pressure
area develops over India and Southern Siberia
in winter because of the colder air over them.
The mass of cold air then moves toward the
Pacific Ocean. It reaches the Philippines from
a north-easterly direction and the air mass is
called the Northeast Monsoon (Amihan) for
that reason. This prevails the cold morning
experienced in the country from December to
Febraury.

26. NORTHEAST
MONSOON
(AMIHAN)
December
to January

28. During summer in the Northern Hemisphere,
the Asian continent becomes warmer than
the oceans surrounding it. A cold air mass
develops over the Pacific Ocean and begins to
move toward the Asian continent. This forms
the Southwest Monsoon (Habagat) which
prevails over the Philippines in the months of
July, August and September.

29. SOUTHEAST
MONSOON
(HABAGAT)
July to
September

31. The trade winds, which are the prevailing
winds in the tropics likewise affect the
Philippines during the rest of the year and
whenever the Northeast Monsoon and
Southwest Monsoon weaken.

32. Basics of Geography: Climate (Shows a simple
explanation about climate through animation)
 http://youtu.be/95TtXYjOEv4
Five Factors that Affect Climate
 http://youtu.be/E7DLLxrrBV8?list=PLEDBEF577E57
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