This document serves as an educational module on climate, encompassing the differences between weather and climate, elements that influence climate, and factors leading to climate change. It covers concepts such as atmospheric temperature, pressure, and ocean currents, and describes human activities that impact climate, such as fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. Additionally, it discusses the greenhouse effect, global warming, and the carbon cycle, emphasizing the consequences of increased greenhouse gas emissions.

1. NAME: ________________________________________ GRADE & SECTION: ______________
TEACHER: _____________________________________ MODULE NO. ___________________
CLIMATE
Introduction:
In Grade 7, you have learned that the earth’s axis is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit.
The shape of the earth resulted in the uneven heating of the earth’s surface. The equator receives much
of the radiant energy released by the sun, so places near the equator have warm climate. The areas
closer to the poles receive less amount of heat because the angle of sunlight becomes smaller.
This module is about the conditions of atmosphere --- its temperature, humidity, precipitation,
wind speed and wind direction, etc. Actually, two of these clearly related terms are described in this
regard: the weather and climate of a place.
Lesson 1: Weather vs Climate
Let us define weather from our earlier science classes as the condition of the atmosphere
over a short period of time. It pertains to the day’s condition of the air. Is the day warm, cold, windy,
cloudy or humid…what else? Such condition changes, not only from day to day but even within the hour of
the day.
In contrast, climate pertains to the average condition of the atmosphere in a region over a
long period of time in terms of the same elements as those of weather. For instance, how do we describe
the climate in the Philippines? Is it generally warm or cold? Is the rainfall generally high or low?
Lesson 1.1 Elements of weather and climate
A. Atmospheric temperature – refers to the hotness and coldness of the atmosphere
B. Atmospheric pressure – the weight of the air in the atmosphere
C. Humidity – the amount of moisture in the air
D. Precipitation – forms when water vapor condenses and falls to the ground as rain, snow, etc.
E. Wind Speed – refers to how fast/slow the wind travels
F. Wind Direction – indicate the origin or location of the wind
Lesson 1.2 Instruments used to measure elements of weather and climate
A. Thermometer – a device which measures temperature
B. Barometer – an instrument for determining the pressure of the atmosphere
C. Hygrograph – an instrument for recording automatically variations in atmospheric humidity
D. Rain Gauge – an instrument for measuring the quantity of precipitation
E. Anemometer – an instrument for measuring and indicating the force or speed of the wind
F. Wind Vane –an instrument indicating the direction of the wind
Activity 1: Matching type: Match the terms in column A from the description written in column B. To
answer, use CAPITAL letter only and write it on the space provided
A B
______ 1. Weather A. refers to the hotness and coldness of the air
______ 2. Climate B. the weight of the air in the atmosphere
______ 3. Wnd vane C. two aspects of climate are extreme ____ and amount of precipitation
______ 4. Anemometer D. receives much of the radiant energy released by the sun
______ 5. pressure E. an instrument indicating the direction of the wind
______ 6. temperature F. the amount of moisture in the air
______ 7. Equator G. forms when water vapor condenses and falls to the ground as rain,
snow
______ 8.humidity H. the condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time
______ 9.precipitation I. indicates the force or speed of the wind
______ 10. Atmospheric J. pertains to the average condition of the atmosphere in a
temperature region over a long period of time
Assessment 1: Reaching Out: YES or NO
______ 1. Weather and climate both refer to the condition of the atmosphere.
______ 2. Climate takes place every day.
______ 3. The weather and climate of a place may vary.
______ 4. A climatologist may also be a meteorologist.
______ 5. The total weather of a certain place over a year is called climate.
______ 6. PAGASA issues a weather bulletin daily.
______ 7. Weather is affected by temperature which is the amount of moisture present in the air.
______ 8. The climate of a place varies from day to day.
______ 9. Climatologists and meteorologists are scientists who specialize in the study of the conditions
of the atmosphere.
______ 10. Weather and climate are not the same.
Lesson 2: Factors Affecting Climate
The characteristics of weather in a region over a long period of time make up its climate. The
extreme temperature and average amount of precipitation in a region are the two aspects of climate.
The climate of a region is determined by its distance north or south of the equator (latitude), by its
elevation (altitude), by its location with respect to the landmasses and large bodies of water (ocean
currents).
A. Latitude – there are four important lines of latitude: Arctic Circle, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of
Capricorn and Antarctic Circle. Wherein both Arctic and Antarctic Circle experience a polar climate,

2. Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn have a temperate climate. While the middle latitude or the
equatorial region has a torrid/hot climate.
The latitude at the equator was directly heated by the sun. Areas close to the equator receives
direct rays of the sun. While the areas away from the equator where the sun rays more diffuse, it
experience cooler climate.
B. Altitude – as we go from surface of the earth to higher elevations atmospheric temperature
decreases. Normal lapse rate -1°C/165m height. Atmosphere get heated from below.
Why do mountain climbers wear jackets and thick clothes when they go up the mountain? The air
temperature decreases as the altitude increases. For every 1000m, there is a drop of 6.5°C. At the
higher elevation, there is less air. Why? The air molecules are farther apart, thus making the air less
dense.
C. Ocean Currents – the climate of the place is influenced by the surrounding bodies of water.
Warm-water currents the ocean currents traveling away from the equator which gives warm
temperature. When the ocean currents traveling toward the equator cools the water that cool
the air and as a result of cooler temperature was known as cold-water currents.
Sea exerts a moderating influence on climate if the place is located away from the sea, then the
moderating influence of the sea decreases.
D. Relief/Topography – height and aspect of the relief influences the climate of a region.
Mountains act as a climatic barrier. It prevents the cold/hot wind and protect the region.
Himalayas act as a climatic barrier. Mountain is an example of topographical features of land.
As you noticed, the picture shows two sides of the mountain. One side is facing the wind and
has low temperature. Clouds are forming here due to the condensation of water vapor. This
formation of clouds develops to become rain. On the other side of the mountain, there is no
cloud formation. The temperature is high and precipitation does not happen. This results in the
formation of a dry and warm region.
Windward side receives more rainfall whereas Leeward side remains as a rainshadow region.
E. Pressure and Wind System – air pressure affects the wind system. Wind affects the rainfall
of a region. Wind is formed because of the unequal heating of the land and water forms on the
earth’s surface. Humid air gives rainfall.

3. During the day, the land heats up faster than the bodies of water. Air above these land
surfaces gets heated, becomes lighter and moves upward. It goes to the water forms. Cool air is more
compact and heavy. So cold air sinks. It replaces the heated air over the land. There is continuous
exchange of heated air rising and cold air sinking. This produces convection currents. Air close to the
earth moves from regions where there is more pressure to regions where there is less pressure. This
makes the breeze. Wind from the continent was dry, while the wind from oceans were wet.
People living near oceans and lakes experience the breeze. There are two kinds of breeze –
land breeze and sea breeze. During the day, warm air over the land rises and is replaced by the cool air
over the water. This is called a sea breeze. During the night, the land becomes cooler than water.
Warmer air over the water rises and is replaced by cooler air from the land. This is called a land
breeze.
On large surfaces, continents heat and cool faster than oceans. A center of low pressure
develops over the continent while high pressure develops over the adjacent ocean. These bring wind
systems known as seasonal winds or monsoons. These wind systems affect climate because they carry
heat and moisture.
The Philippines is affected by these following wind systems:
Northeast Monsoon -From October to February, a high pressure area develops over Southern Siberia
and India in winter because of the cold air over these places. This mass of cold air moves toward the
Pacific Ocean. It reaches the Philippines from a northeasterly direction, thus, the name northeast
monsoon. This monsoon brings cold mornings and heavy rainfall along the eastern coastal regions of the
Philippines.
Southwest Monsoon - From June to September, the continent of Asia becomes warmer than the oceans
nearby. A cold air mass develops over the Pacific Ocean. It moves toward the Asian continent from a
southwest direction. Southwest monsoon brings heavy rainfall along the western coastal areas of the
Philippines.
Lesson 2.1: What natural factors affect global climate?
1. Solar Activities – refer to solar radiance, solar magnetic field (cosmic rays), ultraviolent
radiation (UV), and others.
2. El Niño Phenomenon – is a recurrent normal phenomenon that occurs in the ocean,
producing extreme weather conditions in many parts of the world. The term El Niño is usually a
warm water that occasionally forms along coast of Ecuador and Peru. This phenomenon
occurs near Christmas time, El Niño is the Spanish for “boy child”, referring to Christ. The
counterpart of El Niño is La Niña (the “girl child”), which associated with low temperatures
and heavier than usual rainfall in affected areas.
3. Cloud cover – clouds reflect sunlight, provide shade and keep parts of the earth cool.
However, water vapor in clouds also acts as a greenhouse gas trapping some heat and
bounces it back to the earth.
4. Forest Fires – forest trees use carbon dioxide as they transform light energy from the Sun
to chemical energy in their leaves and other plants during photosynthesis. Forest act as
carbon sinks. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air. A carbon sink is reservoir that
accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for some period of time.
5. Volcanic Eruption – whenever there are volcanic eruptions, ash and gas are ejected into the
atmosphere. This blocks sunlight, making it appear late at night even at the middle of the day in
affected parts of the earth, similar to what happened when Mount Pinatubo erupted on June 15,
1991.

4. Lesson 2.2 Human Activities affect global climate
Human activities includes:
1. Burning of fossil fuel such as natural gas, gasoline and coal. Burning all these release in to
the atmosphere large amount of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. This leads to
higher global atmospheric temperature.
2. Deforestation (for space, lumber, etc.) and mining activities.
3. Improper waste disposal and industrial practices.
Activity 2-A: Use the chart below to take notes how each of the following affects climate (10pts.)
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
1. Zones of Latitude
2. Altitude/Elevation
3. Relief/topography
4. Ocean currents
5. Wind system
Activity 2-B. Please refer to Grade 9 Learner’s Manual: “THE HIGHER, THE COLDER” pages 26-27
Assessment 2-A: Fill in the blanks
1-2. The two aspects of climate are extreme ______________ and the average amount of ____________.
3. Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn have a ______________ climate.
4. Areas close to the equator receives _______ rays of the sun.
5. As the elevation increases, the atmospheric temperature _____________.
6. For every 1000m, there is a drop of _______°C.
7. ________________the ocean currents travelling away from the equator which gives warm
temperature.
8. ________________ act as a climate barrier.
9. The side of the mountain that receives more rainfall. __________________________
10. During the day, land heats up faster than the _________________________.
11. ____________________ is a reservoir that accumulates and stores carbon-containing chemical
compound for some period of time.
12. The Spanish term for “the boy child”. ___________________________
13. ________________________ brings heavy rainfall along the western coastal areas of the Philippines.
14. The side of the mountain that remains as a rain shadow region. ______________________________
15. When the ocean currents travelling toward the equator, cool the water that cool the air and as a
result of a cooler temperature was known as ________________________.
2-B. Supply the needed information:
1. Label the four important lines of latitude.
II. Name the 5 factors affecting climate
5. _________________________________________________
6._________________________________________________
7.__________________________________________________
8.__________________________________________________
9.__________________________________________________
III. What natural factors affect global climate?
10. ________________________________________________
11. ________________________________________________
12. _______________________________________________
13. _______________________________________________
14. _______________________________________________
III. Enumerate the 3 human activities affect global climate:
15. ____________________________________________________
16. ____________________________________________________
17. ____________________________________________________
IV. Express your ideas:
18-19. Why do mountain climbers wear jackets and thick clothes when they go up the mountain?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.

5. 20. Explain why there is less air at the higher elevation.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 3. What is Climate Change?
Is climate change real? Before going any further, let us review three closely related
atmospheric phenomena: enhance greenhouse effect that leads to global warming which, in turn,
brings about climate change.
Let us go back a little further and review two more related topic: earth’s carbon cycle and the carbon
budget.
THE CARBON CYCLE
The carbon cycle shows that carbon moves between atmosphere, the oceans, the biosphere
(living things) and the geosphere (sediments, rocks, and fossil fuels). All the things that add carbon to
the atmosphere are called “source”. Al things that remove carbon from the atmosphere are called
“sink”.
Plants use carbon dioxide in the process of photosynthesis, producing sugar and oxygen as a
by-product. Plants and animals use body sugars for energy to grow. As sugar is “burned” or used. Some
carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide in the process of respiration.
THE EARTH’S CARBON BUDGET
The ideal is to have the amount of carbon balanced. Meaning, all carbon produced by sources
are taken up by sinks. Now, recall that as human burn fuels, carbon is released into the atmosphere. If
humans clear forests for agriculture, more carbon is released into the atmosphere. Consequently, there
are lesser trees available as carbon sinks. Humans adding more carbon faster than the earth’s natural
sinks can remove or absorb it. The extra carbons contributes to global warming.
Lesson 3.1. CLIMATE CHANGE
To understand climate change, you need to understand the greenhouse effect. Recall what a
greenhouse is? What happens inside a greenhouse? Sunlight that reaches the earth heats the land,
oceans, and the atmosphere. Some of the sunlight is reflected back to the space by the surface, by
clouds, or by ice. Most of the sunlight that reaches the earth is absorbed, and this make the planet warm
enough to live in. The greenhouse effect is the natural phenomenon where heat-trapping gases in the
atmosphere, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, absorb the infrared(heat) radiated back by the
earth’s surface. There are two types of greenhouse effect:
A. Natural Greenhouse Effect – provides the heat that maintains life on earth
B. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect – contributes to global warming
GLOBAL WARMING
- refers to the marked increase in ambient temperature brought about by the release of
greenhouse gases into earth’s atmosphere
- the increasing temperature phenomenon
Global means that all countries and people around the world are affected even if that country
is not a major contributor of greenhouses gases
GREENHOUSE GASES AND ITS SOURCES:
A. Carbon dioxide – naturally produced when people and animals breathe. Plants and trees take
in and use carbon dioxide to produce their own food. Volcanoes also produce carbon dioxide.
B. Methane – comes from grassing animals as they digest their food and from decaying matter in
wet rice fields.
C. Ozone – is also naturally present in the atmosphere
Carbon(C) - is the basic
building block of life although
many nonliving things also
contain carbon.
- The 4th
most common element
in the universe.
- Needs by organisms for
structure, for energy, or both.
Humans use carbon for both.

6. D. Chlorofluorocarbons or CFC – have been used in spray cans as propellants, in refrigerators as
refrigerants, and in making foam plastics as foaming agents. But become banned around the
world, because it helps in depleting the ozone layer.
CLIMATE CHANGE – is a long range change in patterns of temperature, wind and precipitation of a
certain region or of the entire planet. The period can range from decades or even millions of years.
Climate change may be due to different factors, which include natural processes and human
activities.
Activity 3. Complete and explain the diagram below.(10pts)
1. What does this diagram represents? _____________________________________
2. Explain how this diagram works. ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment 3. Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if you agree with the statement, but if you
disagree change the underline word/s which make the stamen incorrect.
_____________ 1. The extra carbons contributes to global warming.
_____________ 2. Helium is the basic building block of life although many nonliving things also
contain carbon.
_____________ 3. Methane comes from grassing animals as they digest their food and from decaying
matter in wet rice fields.
____________ 4. The greenhouse effect is the natural phenomenon where heat-trapping gases in the
atmosphere.
___________ 5. Climate change is a long range change in patterns of temperature, wind and precipitation
of a certain region or of the entire planet.
___________6. Natural greenhouse effect provides coldness that maintains life on Earth.
__________ 7. Enhanced greenhouse effect contributes to global warming.
__________ 8. Ozone is naturally present in the atmosphere
__________ 9. All the things that add carbon to the atmosphere are called “source”.
__________ 10. Al things that remove carbon from the atmosphere are called “float”.
Lesson 3.2: EL NIÑO and LA NIÑA
Aside from climate change that we are experiencing, we still have two cyclical events that we
encounter--- El Niño and La Niña.
EL NIÑO is an abnormal and lengthy warming in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. This
occurs at irregular intervals of two to seven years and last for nine months or two years at most.
Usually, it starts at the end of the year or during Christmas season. This phenomenon will most likely
bring severe drought. It believed that it causes stronger thunderstorm disturbance and massive storms.
It also causes the decrease in the population of some species.
LA NIÑA is the opposite climatic disturbance to El Niño. This natural phenomenon may, but not
always follow El Niño events. It may last for 9-12 months but in some cases, it lasts for 2 years. This
event is triggered by the cooling of the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. That’s why it is sometimes
called as cold Pacific.
Lesson 4: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
A. Human System
Global warming can pose increased risks to human health. This means more individuals stricken
with heat stroke, respiratory complications, allergens and other diseases. Global warming can also lead
to extreme weather disturbances that can bring storms and floods, which can bring other diseases.
B. Built (Man-Made) System
Global warming can lead to a higher demand for cooling units like electric fans and air conditioners,
increased electric bills, and increased incidences of black/brown-outs. An increase in the use of water
leads to higher water bills and increased costs to deliver and repair water systems. Storms and floods
can cause infrastructure damage and more expensive clean-up costs, including repairs of roads and
bridges
C. Forest
The increased loss of trees and other plant life means there are lesser plants that use up carbon
dioxide. This leads to more GHG in the atmosphere and higher atmospheric temperature. Protection or
conservation of trees helps in lessening the effects of global warming
D. Melting glaciers
Due to increased temperatures in the atmosphere, glaciers have been melting,
resulting in a rise in sea levels by 10-20cm during 20th
century.
E. Coral Bleaching
As ocean water temperature rise, plant and animal life in the oceans remain in
danger, as a result of the death of coral animals. If water continue to heat up, more kinds of
sea life might affected.
F. Floods
Since warmer temperatures cause more evaporation of sea water, this could result
in more precipitation, and may lead to flooding.
G. Drought, heat waves and wildfires
While some parts of the earth experience too much precipitation, other parts
experience droughts and heat waves, and the associated disaster due to this.

7. H. Losses in Agriculture
Due to drought, temperatures in tropical areas may become unsuitable for
agriculture, resulting to less food to be harvested. This can lead to loss of agriculture and
would eventually lead to starvation.
I. Warmer winter
In some part of the world, a good side of all these changes is there may be warmer
winters, which means less deaths associated with extreme cold. There may still also be longer
growing seasons so that plants may still be blooming longer than in previous.
J. Change of ecosystems
As a response to climate change, ecosystems would either move or migrate to
locations that have a similar climate as in their original location, or they will change. Recently,
birds are no longer flying as far south during winter than before. More adaptive species may
become more abundant, while those that are unable to adapt may become extinct.
Activity 4: Make a concept Map
Using a concept, express your ideas about the different impacts of climate change.
Assessment 4: Express your ideas.
1. Give the difference between El Niño and La Niña.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. How global warming do affects the built (man-made) system?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how climate change affect agriculture.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the advantages of having a warmer winter?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you think will happen if ocean temperature continue to rise?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5. How can we lessen the adverse effect of climate change or adopt to it?
A. Mitigation
To lessen the effects of climate change, we can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases,
especially in relation to the use of fossil fuels as sources of energy. This includes the following:
(1) using less energy by turning off the lights, television or computer, when you are not using them,
conserving water and recycling;
(2) switching to renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, geothermal, or wave energy from the
sea, instead of burning coal, oil or gas;
(3) capturing landfill gases or making use of biogas as another energy source; and
(4) using public transportation more often, walking to nearby destinations, or using bicycles to work
or school, among others.
B. Adaptation
This entails preparing for the impact of climate change to reduce its negative impacts and to
take advantage of potential new opportunities. Adapting to climate change includes adapting to heat
waves, floods, ice storms, strong winds, erosion, change in river and lake levels and pest infestations.
Here are some ways for adapting climate change:
1. Lessening solid waste and upgrading sewer systems. Switching to recyclable biodegradable
containers like an “eco bag” is an example.
2. Developing emergency alert system (EAS)- pertains to a system of public alert and warning
tools that helps save lives and protect property during times of national, regional and local
emergencies.
3. Providing public cooling centers. Centers with air condition facilities where people can cool off
during emergency cases. In the absence of these, people may simply spend time in shopping
malls.
4. Using natural energy for lighting and to heat or cool buildings. This includes solar, wind,
geothermal and wave energy.
5. Building weather-resistant infrastructure. This includes storm-resistant buildings and those
adapted to flooding.
C. Both Adaptation and Mitigation
1.
2.
3.
7.
8.
4.
5.
6.
9.
10.
IMPACT OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE

8. Some actions are both adaptation and mitigation at the same time. These reduce greenhouse
gas emission and help people prepare for climate change. These includes planting trees, building
green roofs or roof gardens, buying local food, and using less water.
What is a roof garden? It is the roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with
plants, a growing medium, planted on waterproof membrane. This reduces storm water runoff and
lowers the cost of cooling a building.
Activity 5: Venn diagram
Using a Venn diagram, indicate which of the statements below show actions of, or show a need
for mitigation, adaptation or both. Fill up the Venn diagram only with the numbers of the statements.
Justify your classification.
1. Intense stormy winds cause damage to buildings, homes, cars, and roads. Clean up costs turn
out to be expensive.
2. A prolonged rainfall causes dams to overflow and causes flashfloods and flooding in areas that
are not flood-prone.
3. A heat wave hits a community. Energy bills rise due to more frequent use of public cooling
system.
4. Farmers lose crops due to extreme weather damage in two consecutive years.
5. A community hosts a tree planting day.
6. A city cleans up its sewerage system.
7. A country expands its public transportation system.
8. A recycling plant that is powered by biogas fuel is built.
9. A hot water system that uses solar energy is installed in a hospital.
10. Indoor recreational activities are a new attraction in shopping malls.
Assessment 5: It’s you, who decides…
Go over the checklist and put a star on the things you are already doing to help combat
climate change. Add other ways by which you can mitigate, adapt or both in the blanks.
I help mitigate by….
walking to school, or to nearby parks, etc.
using public transportation
turning off lights when not in use
using an electric fan instead of air conditioner
doing recreational activities that do not require electricity
I help adapt to climate change by…
not living in low-lying areas that are prone to floods
listening to the news for storm alert, flood alerts, heat alert and other warnings
drinking plenty of water during hot days
getting involved in committees that deal with issues on climate change and other environmental
issues
being aware of my own carbon footprint in order to change my lifestyle.
I can help mitigate and adapt by…
using less water when taking shower, washing hands, and washing clothes, among others
joining tree planting projects and planting other plants in our backyards
buying local food
Joining volunteers to help restore the habitat of plants and animals
SUMMARY:
MITIGATION
Reducing GHG emissions
ADAPTATION
Reducing harmful effects
BOTH
CLIMATE
(is the average weather patterns
for an area over a long period of time)

9. SCORE SHEET
ACTIVITY NO. SCORE ASSESSMENT NO. SCORE
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
TOTAL TOTAL
CORRECTED BY: _________________________________________________________
It is determined by:
and
RAINFALL TEMPERATURE
which are influenced by
LATITUDE ELEVATION OCEAN CURRENTS
and affects
where
people live
how
people live
What they
grow or eat