There are many factors that influence a region's climate, including latitude, altitude, proximity to water bodies, air pressure systems, solar radiation, ocean currents, and the amount of urban development. Latitude determines a location's position north or south, affecting sunlight exposure and temperature. Altitude and topography also impact temperature, with colder conditions at higher elevations. Bodies of water and differences between land and sea areas further modify local climates.

1. Factors that Affect Climate

2. There are various factors that
determine a places climate.
1. Latitude
2. Altitude
3. Heating of Water bodies and Land Masses
4. Continental Effect
5. Air Pressure
6. Solar Radiation / Angle of Sun
7. Maritime Influence
8. Sea Breeze Land Breeze
9. Cloud Cover
10. Ocean Currents
11. How built up a place is

3. Latitude
• Determines your North to South position

4. Altitude
• Location point relative to sea (above sea Level)
• Air temperature decreases with altitude
• THE HIGHER YOU GO THE COLDER IT GETS
• 3.5 Deg F / 100 ft is lost
• Mountainous areas have lesser temperatures as
compared to areas close to sea
• North Pakistan is 300m-8000m ASL so it is cold
• Indus Plains are flat so are hotter comparatively

5. REGIONAL EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHY -- RAIN
SHADOW EFFECT

6. Heating of Water bodies and Land
Masses

7. Air Pressure
• Air has weight, when we feel the weight it is called pressure.
• For e.g., going up a hill it is difficult to breathe, because we are
going against gravity and air becomes less dense. SO it is difficult to
breathe and we gasp for more air.
• Hot air is light so it rises
• Cool air is heavy so it sinks.
• Winds move in groups and always move from HIGH to LOW
pressure.
• Sea is mostly in high pressure due to large amount of evaporation.

11. Fronts

13. Continental Effect
• Areas away from sea have drier air
• Less moisture results in higher
temperatures

14. Maritime vs Continental

15. Land and Sea Breeze

16. Solar Radiation or Angle of Sun

19. Cloud Cover

20. Ocean Currents
• Closer to Equator seas are warmer
• Water gets cold or hot when cold or hot
winds blow over them (FETCH)
• Pakistan has warm water sea.

21. EARTH-SUN RELATIONSHIP

22. Humidity

23. Built up Places
• Cement and constructed areas absorb the
sun’s heat and stay warm for longer
periods of time. It take cement to loose
energy over a long period of time, that is
why in summer built up cities would be too
hot as all the paved areas would absorb
the sun’s energy.

25. Pollution / Smog/ Carbon Release

27. Questions and Answers