The document outlines the layers of the atmosphere and discusses the formation and characteristics of tropical cyclones, including their development stages and classification. It also details why certain regions, like the Philippines, are prone to typhoons, the role of PAGASA in monitoring weather, and the technologies used for weather forecasting. Additionally, it highlights the damaging effects of typhoons, such as heavy rainfall, strong winds, and storm surges.

2. Layers of the atmosphere

3. •Among the five layers of atmosphere,
the troposphere, which is the lowest
layer, is exposed to natural
phenomena and activities like
weather conditions.
•The troposphere is the part of the
atmosphere where clouds are being
formed. This layer consists of water
vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and others.

4. Tropical Cyclones
• The word tropical cyclone is composed of two
distinct words that completely describe its
characteristics.
• “tropical” refers to its geographical starting
point, which usually hot and humid.
• “Cylone” is a meteorological term which refers
to its cyclonic circulation where the strong
winds in the Northern Hemisphere circulate
counter- clock wise and clock wise in Southern
Hemisphere.

6. • The tropical cyclone has different name in
various part of the world.
• Hurricane- if its formed in the North Atlantic
Ocean, affecting the Caribbean Sea the most.
• Typhoon- when formed in Northwest Pacific
Ocean, affecting Southeast Asia- West
Philippine Sea and Japan.
• Severe Tropical Cyclone in the Southeastern
Indian and Southwest pacific Ocean.
• Severe Cyclonic storm in the North Indian
Ocean
• Tropical cyclone in Southwest Indian Ocean

7. • The tropical cyclone undergoes a process of
development called tropical cyclogenesis.
• This process involves several requirements,
which, if met, will led to the formation of
storm:
Warm ocean surface with temperature of 26.
5ºC or 79.7ºF to a depth of at least 50 meters
below the surface, which is a favorable
environment to maintain a “warm core” that
powers up a tropical cyclone.

8. Presence of Intertropical Convregence Zone (ITCZ)
Greater amount of water vapor in the air (high
humidity) in the lower to middle levels of the
troposphere
Enough Coriolis Force to deflect the converging
wind wind is at least 5º of the latitude from the
equator, casuing cyclonic rotation and sustaining a
low pressure center;
A pre-existing low level disturbance or the merging of
smaller circulations within ITCZ; and weak vertical
wind shear that is less than 10 m/s.
Weak vertical wind shear that is less than 10 m/s.

10. Classification of Tropical Cyclones
since 2009
Tropical cyclones
Classification
Maximum sustained
winds near the
center (km/hr)
Tropical Depression (TD) <63
Tropical Storm (TS) 63-87
Severe tropical Storm (STS) 88-117
Typhoon (T) 118-149
Severe Typhoon (ST) 150-184
Super Typhoon (SUPER T) 185 or above

11. Where tropical Cyclone Originate
• From the word “tropical”, the tropical cyclone occurs
over warm waters around the world. It develops over
large ocean water with a surface temperature of a
least 26ºC, about 300 miles (500km) away from the
equator.
• Most tropical cyclones occur in the area where the
Northeasterly and Southeasterl trade winds
converge. This area is called ITCZ or Intertropical
Convergence Zone, circulating near the eqautor, and
is known for its lowest surface pressure, where the
converging air ascends (causing “low-pressure” on
Earth’s surface.

13. Formation and Development of Typhoon
• A tropical cyclone always start over a large body of water
which is relatively warm. The warm water powers the
tropical cyclone.
Stage 1: Tropical Disturbance
• A tropical disturbance is a discrete weather system of
clouds, showers, and thunderstorms, with an apparent
circulation the originates in the ocean in the tropical region,
and remains intact for 24 hours or more.
• It has one type called tropical wave that develops about
every 4 t 5 days then becomes tropical storm or hurricane
when strengthened. It is sometime called easterly winds or
areas of low pressure that normally moves from east to
west

15. • Stage 2: Tropical Depression
The tropical wave or tropical disturbance then
evolves into tropical depression when the
thunderstorms are slightly more organized. A
closed circulation of air in the low levels is
developed. The winds blow stronger due to the
greater convergence that causes quicker
decrease in the pressure. It increases in speed
sustaining one-minute winds up to 38mph at an
elevation of 10 meters.

16. Stage 3: Tropical Storm
•The tropical storm receives an official
name once sustained winds reach 39
mph in the closed circulation. The
winds increase greatly and can take
as little as a half day to as much as a
couple of days. It has better organized
thunderstorms and when viewed in the
satellite, it usually shows a
recognizable pattern of rotation.

17. Stage 4: Typhoon, Hurricane, or Cyclone
• As the tropical storm grows more intense, it
takes more energy from its surroundings, it
develops into a “matured” tropical cyclone
which can obtain a one-minute wind at
least 74mph at an elevation of 10 meters.

18. Other Atmospheric
Disturbances May Trigger
Typhoon Formation

19. 1. Monsoon Trough
• It is the trough of low pressure and it’s the most common
mechanism that causes typhoon. It is a portion of the
ITCZ which extends where cyclonic spin is developed.

20. 2. Tropical Upper Tropospheric (TUTT)
•-commonly known as Western
Hemisphere or “upper cold low,” is an
upper atmospheric trough that enhances
convection in the tropics and can
occasionally promote intensification in
the tropical cyclone into typhoon by
providing additional force that rises near
the storm center and allows an efficient
outflow channel in the upper trosphere.

21. 3. Easterly Waves
• - is an inverted trough of low pressure
moving generally westward in the
tropical easterlies.

22. 4 West African Disturbance Line (WADL)
•- is a line of convection, similar to a
line of unstable atmospheric
environment that develops along or
ahead of a cold front (squall line),
which forms over West Africa and
moves into the Atlantic Ocean.
WADL’s usually move faster than
tropical waves.

23. 5.Old Frontal Boundary
•-Fragments of a polar front can
become lines of convection and
sometimes generate a tropical
cyclone. In the Atlantic Ocean storms,
this normally occurs early or late in the
hurricane season in the Gulf of Mexico
or Caribbean sea.

24. FACTORS AFFECTING
TYPHOON

25. 1. Cold Waters
•The absence of moisture from warm
ocean waters means the absence of
typhoon’s ‘fuel” source once it lacks its
access to this kind of environment.
•Typhoons depend on warm air to
maintain themselves but when the storm
moves over cold water, it loses its
energy source, which is the evaporating
water from the warm ocean surface.

26. 2. No Water
•A typhoon will drastically deteriorate once
its eye moves over the land. The air over
land cools quickly due to the specific heat
causing the typhoon too quickly lose
intensity. The typhoon usually shows
down until it weakens and due to the
weakening process, the eye closes in
upon itself which causes the areas of low
pressure area to become disorganized.

27. 3. Wind Shear
• Wind shear refers to the difference between
the speed shear (wind speed) and its
directional shear over a relatively short
distance within in the atmosphere.
• There is a general rule that states that the
shear must be 20 knots or less for
intensification to happen.

28. Why Is The Philippines
Prone To Typhoons?

29. • Philippine map shows how the Philippine to typhoon

30. • The Philippines is an archipelago
consisting of 7,107 islands, surrounded by
warm waters from the Pacific ocean, which
is suitable for the development of low –
pressure system that leads to typhoons.
• The distance of the Philippine from the
equator is the best site for the Coriolis
effect, an apparent force that spins the
cyclone

31. The Role of PAGASA
• The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical,
and Astronomical Services Administration
or PAGASA is a national service institution
under the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST).

32. PAGASA tasked to do the following:
Monitor the weather and climate of the
country;
Provide information to the public about
typhoon and flood warnings;
Deliver weather forecasts and
advisories;
And provide facts related to climatology,
meteorology, and astronomy

33. The Public Storm Warning Signals
(PSWS)
• The Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS) are hoisted
before the corresponding meteorological conditions
prevail over the locality.

34. WEATHER EQUIPMENT USED
FOR WEATHER MONITORING

35. 1. Doppler Weather Radars
•These are installed in some strategic
locations in the Philippines for closely
monitoring of the movements of
typhoons, the amount of rainfall, and
other atmospheric conditions
everyday.

36. 2. Automated Rain Gauge
•It keeps track of excess rainfall to
provide necessary warning signals,
whether such rainfall can causes
flashfloods or landslides.

37. 3. Landslide Early Warning Sensors
(LEWS)
•These are invented by the University
of the Philippines and are used to pick
up signals which can be read by the
computer to show the movement of
the soil and ground. This is an
effective tool which can help reduce
the risks of landslide incidents.

38. 4. Automated Weather Station
•This is adopted by the Philippine
Weather Bureau and the Department
of Science and technology which work
jointly to monitor the amounts of
rainfall and flood levels. This tool is
designed to produce incoming
warming in the form of sirens to signal
the public for evacuation.

39. HOW LANDFORMS AND
BODIES OF WATER AFFECT
TYPHOON

40. Typhoon
• PAR

41. Other Local Storm in the Philippines
• One of the common local storms in the
Philippines is thunderstorm, which usually
happens during warm and very humid
weather, and experienced during mid and
late afternoon in a small area.
• Thunderstorm are short –live but are
always associated with thunder and
lightning.
• Tornadoes also occur in the Philippines

42. THE DAMAGING EFFECTS
OF TYPHOON

43. 1. Heavy rainfall
•The typhoon may affect the weather
fronts which cause prolonged rains
that can saturate the ground. The
heavy rainfalls can elevate the water
levels in rivers that may overflow,
leading to flashflood, landslides, and
mudslides as well.

44. 2. Strong winds
•Strong winds can destroy vehicles,
houses, and other buildings. They can
blow loose deadly debris which can kill
people when those objects fly forward
them;

45. 3. Storm surges
• The forces from the center of the typhoon
can cause the rising of the sea level.

46. Precautionary measure to lessen the risk
brought about by typhoon.