The document summarizes the process of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then develops a fluid filled cavity called a blastocoel, forming the blastocyst stage. Within the blastocyst, the cells arrange into two layers - an inner cell mass that will become the embryo, and an outer trophoblast layer that will provide nutrition and allow implantation in the uterus.

1. CLEAVAGE
By
Tauqeer Ahmad
BS-Zoology
Murray College
Sialkot

2. Cleavage of zygote
(i.e., series of mitotic divisions of the zygote)

3. The cleavage consists of repeated mitotic divisions of
the zygote into smaller units. This results in a rapid
increase in the number of cells. These cells are called
blastomeres. They become smaller with each successive
cleavage division. The division of zygote starts just after
fertilization and continues as the zygote passes along
the uterine tube. During cleavage ,the zygote is
surrounded by a rather thick zona pellucida.The zygote
divides to form two cells of which one is
smaller than the other (two-cell stage of embryo).
The larger cell divides first giving rise to three-cell
stage. The smaller cell divides next and embryo consists
of four cells that divide to form eight cells. The
8 cells further divide to form 16 cells.
.

4. A 16-cell stage embryo resembles a mulberry fruit
and is termed morula. In morula, the blastomeres are
very small and contain very little cytoplasm to
survive.The blastomeres are enclosed by the zona
pellucida.
The cells now get arranged into two groups: (a) a group
of cells in the center of morula is called inner cell mass
(embryoblast)and those that are present at the
periphery of morula are called outer cell mass
(trophoblast). The resultant whole structure is now
called blastocyst.

5. Formation of blastocysts

6. Blastocyst Formation
The morula enters into the uterine cavity. The
endometrial fluid penetrates the zona pellucida and
enters into the intercellular spaces of the morula.
Gradually the intercellular spaces become confluent and
finally a single large cavity is formed.
This cavity is called blastocele.
and at this stage the embryo is called blastocyst. The
Blastocele is filled with fluid rich in nutrients, which
is secreted by the endometrium of the uterus. This fluid
is also termed uterine milk.
As the cavity enlarges the outer cells forming
trophoblast become flattened. The inner cell mass
called embryoblast becomes compact and is attached

7. to the trophoblast at one pole—the
embryonic pole. The resultant whole
structure is now called blastocyst.
The embryoblast gives rise to the
embryo and the trophoblast provides
nutrition to the embryo. The blastocyst
enlarges in size and the zona pellucida
disappears.
Now the blastocyst becomes ready for
implantation.

8. Formation of bilaminar embryonic disc. Also note
the formation of amniotic cavity and primary yolk sac.

9. Thanks