This document discusses several key concepts in evolution including: 1) Ontogeny and phylogeny - how the development of individuals (ontogeny) relates to evolutionary history (phylogeny). While Ernst Haeckel proposed that ontogeny directly recapitulates phylogeny, we now understand the relationship is more complex. 2) Speciation - the formation of new species, which can occur through geographic isolation (allopatric speciation) or without isolation (sympatric speciation). Adaptive radiation is when one species diversifies into many new ecological niches. 3) Gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium - debates about whether evolution generally proceeds gradually or in rapid bursts separated by

1. Other Evidence

2. Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and
Recapitulation
• Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny!

3. • Ontogeny: is the history of the
development of an organism through its
entire life.
• Early developmental and ebryological
features contribute greatly to our
knowledge of homology and common
descent.
Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and
Recapitulation

4. – Many vertebrates have common embryonic
structures
Post-anal
tail
Pharyngeal
pouches
Chick embryo Human embryo

6. Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and
Recapitulation
• Ernst Haeckel: Ontogeny (individual
development) recapitulates (repeats)
phylogeny (evolutionary descent).

7. Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and
Recapitulation
• Haeckel based his law on the flawed
premise that evolutionary change occurs
by successively adding new features onto
the end of an unaltered ancestral
ontogeny while condensing the ancestral
ontogeny into earlier developmental
stages.

8. Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and
Recapitulation
• K. E. von Baer, disagreed, he argued that
early developmental features were simply
more widely shared among different
animal groups than later ones.

9. Fig. 1.19 p 19

10. Heterochrony
• We now know that there are many
parallels between ontogeny and
phylogeny, but this ancestral ontogeny
can be shifted either to earlier or later
stages in descendent ontogenies.

11. III. Multiplication of species
• Since evolution is a branching process,
unless there is a high rate of extinction,
more species will be produced through
time.

12. III. Multiplication of species
• Since evolution is a branching process,
unless there is a high rate of extinction,
more species will be produced through
time.
• But what then is a species?

13. Species Definition
1. Common ancestry

14. Species Definition
1. Common ancestry
2. Interbreeding

15. Species Definition
1. Common ancestry
2. Interbreeding
3. Genotypic and phenotypic cohesion

16. How does speciation occur?

17. How does speciation occur?
1. Reproductive barrier (allopatric
speciation).

18. How does speciation occur?
1. Reproductive barrier (allopatric
speciation).
1. Geographic isolation (Vicariant speciation)
1. Mountain range
2. Glaciers

19. Ensatina eschscholtzii

22. Fig. 1.21 p 22

23. How does speciation occur?
1. Reproductive barrier (allopatric
speciation).
1. Geographic isolation (Vicariant speciation)
1. Mountain range
2. Glaciers
2. Colonization (founder effect)

24. Founder Event

25. How does speciation occur?
1. Reproductive barrier (allopatric speciation)
1. Geographic isolation
1. Mountain range
2. Glaciers
2. Colonization (founder effect)
2. Without reproductive barrier
(sympatric speciation). Speciation
forming without geographic isolation.

27. 3) Adaptive Radiation: The production of
ecologically diverse species from a
common ancestral stock.
How does speciation occur?

28. Adaptive
Radiation:
Species
radiate
from a
common
ancestor
stock.
Figure 1.23 p 23

29. IV. Darwin Argued that Species
Arise by Gradualism

30. IV. Darwin Argued that Species
Arise by Gradualism
• Based on Leyell’s theory of
uniformitarianism.

31. IV. Darwin Argued that Species
Arise by Gradualism
• Based on Leyell’s theory of
uniformitarianism.
• States that larger changes in organisms
occur by the accumulation of many
smaller changes (i.e. evolution is a slow,
continuous process)

32. Fig. 1.25, p 24
Gradualist model
of evolution

33. What evidence would support
Gradualism?

34. What evidence would support
Gradualism?
• Fossil record should have a long series of
intermediate forms connecting the
phenotypes of ancestral and descendant
populations.

35. What evidence would support
Gradualism?
• So do we see lots of intermediate forms in
the fossil record?

36. Others Argued that species arise
by Punctuated Equilibrium

37. Others Argued that species arise
by Punctuated Equilibrium
• Phenotypic evolution is concentrated in
relatively brief events of branching
speciation, followed by much longer
intervals of evolutionary stasis.

38. Fig 1.26, p 24
Punctuated
Equilibrium
model

39. Gradualism Vs. Punctuated
Equilibrium
• So which one is correct?

40. V. Natural Selection
• Differential reproduction and survival of
individuals carrying alternative,
inherited traits.

41. V. Natural Selection
• Natural selection is the major process or
mechanism by which evolution occurs in
Darwin’s theory of evolution.

42. So how did Darwin come up with
this explanation?

43. Darwin’s Observations

44. Darwin’s Observations
• Observation 1: Organisms can produce
more offspring than just replacing the
parents

45. Darwin’s Observations
• Observation 1: Organisms can produce
more offspring than just replacing the
parents
• Observation 2: Number of individuals in
a population remains constant

46. Darwin’s Observations
• Observation 1: Organisms can produce
more offspring than just replacing the
parents
• Observation 2: Number of individuals in
a population remains constant
• Observation 3: Individuals within a
species vary (size, color, behavior, etc..)

47. Darwin’s Observations
• Observation 1: Organisms can produce
more offspring than just replacing the
parents
• Observation 2: Number of individuals in
a population remains constant
• Observation 3: Individuals within a
species vary (size, color, behavior, etc..)
• Observation 4: Variation in individuals is
heritable.

48. Darwin’s Deductions

49. Darwin’s Deductions
• Deduction 1: Individuals must compete
for resources, and only some will survive

50. Darwin’s Deductions
• Deduction 1: Individuals must compete
for resources, and only some will survive
• Deduction 2: Individuals with variations
more suited to the environment will be
more likely to survive and reproduce:
natural selection

51. Darwin’s Deductions
• Deduction 1: Individuals must compete for
resources, and only some will survive
• Deduction 2: Individuals with variations more
suited to the environment will be more likely to
survive and reproduce: natural selection
• Deduction 3: Over many generations and long
periods of time, these variations accumulate in
the population, resulting in evolution, or
change over time.

52. Potential for rapid
reproduction
Relatively constant
resources and population
over time
Variability in
structures and
behaviors
Some variability
inherited
Competition for
Survival and
reproduction
NATURAL SELECTION
On average, the fittest
Organisms leave
The most offspring
EVOLUTION:
The genetic makeup of the
population changes over time,
driven by natural selection
Conclusions
Observation

53. Evidence for evolution
1) Artificial Selection
2) Fossil Record
3) Comparative anatomy
4) Homologous/vestigial structures
5) Embryology

54. After Darwin
• Neo-Darwinism: August Weismann’s
change to Darwin’s theory by removing
inheritance of acquired characteristics.

55. After Darwin
• Neo-Darwinism: August Weismann’s change to
Darwin’s theory by removing inheritance of acquired
characteristics.
• The synthetic theory: combination of
Darwin’s and Mendelian genetics
– Microevolution
– Macroevolution

56. The Big Picture
• The theory of evolution was derived through
the scientific method.
• REMEMBER: this makes evolution testable!
• After more than 100 years of intensive testing,
Darwin’s theory has only been slightly altered.
• Evolution explains the diversity of life on earth.