হিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু, profile picture
Uploaded byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
PPTX, PDF7,017 views

Clear Concept of Protozoa fish

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. They display a wide range of structures and live in many different environments. Key characteristics include being microscopic, unicellular, and carrying out all life functions within their single cell. They use pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia to move and feed through holozoic, holophytic, or saprozoic nutrition. Reproduction can occur asexually through binary fission or budding or sexually through conjugation. Protozoa are an important but diverse group of protists.

Embed presentation

Downloaded 214 times
1 / 142
2 / 142
Most read
3 / 142
Most read
4 / 142
5 / 142
6 / 142
7 / 142
8 / 142
9 / 142
Most read
10 / 142
11 / 142
12 / 142
13 / 142
14 / 142
15 / 142
16 / 142
17 / 142
18 / 142
19 / 142
20 / 142
21 / 142
22 / 142
23 / 142
24 / 142
25 / 142
26 / 142
27 / 142
28 / 142
29 / 142
30 / 142
31 / 142
32 / 142
33 / 142
34 / 142
35 / 142
36 / 142
37 / 142
38 / 142
39 / 142
40 / 142
41 / 142
42 / 142
43 / 142
44 / 142
45 / 142
46 / 142
47 / 142
48 / 142
49 / 142
50 / 142
51 / 142
52 / 142
53 / 142
54 / 142
55 / 142
56 / 142
57 / 142
58 / 142
59 / 142
60 / 142
61 / 142
62 / 142
63 / 142
64 / 142
65 / 142
66 / 142
67 / 142
68 / 142
69 / 142
70 / 142
71 / 142
72 / 142
73 / 142
74 / 142
75 / 142
76 / 142
77 / 142
78 / 142
79 / 142
80 / 142
81 / 142
82 / 142
83 / 142
84 / 142
85 / 142
86 / 142
87 / 142
88 / 142
89 / 142
90 / 142
91 / 142
92 / 142
93 / 142
94 / 142
95 / 142
96 / 142
97 / 142
98 / 142
99 / 142
100 / 142
101 / 142
102 / 142
103 / 142
104 / 142
105 / 142
106 / 142
107 / 142
108 / 142
109 / 142
110 / 142
111 / 142
112 / 142
113 / 142
114 / 142
115 / 142
116 / 142
117 / 142
118 / 142
119 / 142
120 / 142
121 / 142
122 / 142
123 / 142
124 / 142
125 / 142
126 / 142
127 / 142
128 / 142
129 / 142
130 / 142
131 / 142
132 / 142
133 / 142
134 / 142
135 / 142
136 / 142
137 / 142
138 / 142
139 / 142
140 / 142
141 / 142
142 / 142
PROTOZOA
WHAT IS PROTOZOA Gr.; Protos: first//Zoon: Animal Heterogeneous Grouping Of Single-Celled Organism. Protozoa are those animals which consists of single cell that may be simple. They are microscopic in size. They displays all types of symmetry great range of structural complexity and adaptation for all types of environmental conditions. Their evolution parallels that of multicellular animals and their origin is perhaps polyphyletic. Infact they are microscopic and acellular animalcules ,without tissues and organs, having one or more nuclei but no nucleus ever in charge of specialized part of cytoplasm. They exist either single or in colonies.
CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA • Small, Microscopic Animalcules, Ordinarily not visible without microscope. • Simples & Most primitive of all animals with protoplasmic grade of organization. • Body Unicellular. Containing one or more Nuclei which are Monomorphic or Dimorphic. • Solitary or Forming loose colonies in which individuals remain alike and independent.
CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA • Body symmetry none , bilateral , radial or spherical. • Body naked or bounded by a Pellicle and often provided with simple shells or exoskeletons. • Body form usually constant varied in some while changing with environment or age in many. • The single cell body performs all essential and vital activities, which characterized the animal body.
CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA • Locomotor organelles are finger like pseudopodia or whip like flagella or hair like cilia or absent. • Nutrition holozoic (animal like), holophytic (plant like), Saprozoic or Parasitic. Digestion occurs intracellularly inside food vacuoles. • Respiration & Excretion through general surface or through contractile vacuoles which serves mainly for osmoregulation.
CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA • Reproduction asexual by binary or multiple fission and budding and sexual by conjugation of adults (Hologamy) or by fusion of gametes (syngamy) • Life history often complicated with alternation of asexual and sexual phases.
CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA • Encystment commonly occurs to help in dispersal as well as to resist unfavorable conditions of food, temperature and moisture. • Free living Protozoa mostly aquatic, inhabiting fresh and sea waters and damp places. Parasitic and commensal Protozoa live over or inside the bodies of animals and plants. Sufficient moistures essential in their environment.
CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA • The single celled individual not differentiated into somatoplasm & germplasm. Therefore , exempt from natural death which is the price paid for the body.
CLASSIFICATION Phylum: PROTOZOA Sub Phylum: Plasmodroma Mastigophora Sarcodina Sporozoa Opalinata Sub Phylum: Ciliophora Ciliata CLASSIFICATION BY Hyman (1940),Hickman(1961)& Storer (1965)
Plasmodroma • Simple and primitive • Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella or none. Cilia absent. • Nucleus reproduction by syngamy • Asexual reproduction by binary or multiple fusion. • Life cycle may include an alternation of generations.
Ciliophora • More complex • Cilia or sucking tentacles present in at least one stage of life cycle. • Usually two types of nuclei. • Sexual reproduction by conjugation. • Asexual reproduction by binary fusion and budding. • No alternation of generations
CLASS: SARCODINA • Body naked or with internal shells or external tests. • With Pseudopodia for locomotion & food capture. • Amoeboid during most of life cycle. • No spore formation, no Conjugation. • Mostly free living.
Amoeba
Globigerina
Euglypha
Lithocircus
Entamoeba
CLASS: MASTIGOPHORA • Body covered by thin Pellicle or test of Cellulose, Chitin or Silica. • One to many flagella for locomotion & food capture, some with Pseudopodia. • Nutrition Autotrophic, Heterotrophic or Mixotrophic. • Asexual Reproduction or by Longitudinal fission. • No spore formation .No Conjugation. • Free living or Parasitic.
Chrysamoeba
Chrysamoeba
Dinobryon
Euglena
Volvox
CLASS: OPALINATA • Body uniformly covered by cilia-like flagella in oblique rows. • Cytostome absent, Nutrition Saprozoic. • Nucleus 2 to many , monomorphic or identical. • Reproduction by binary fission or by gamete conjugation. • Endo parasites in cold blooded vertebrates.
CLASS: SPOROZOA • Body covered with a thick pellicle. • No locomotory organ , mouth and contractile vacuoles are present. • Nutrition Saprozoic. • Asexual reproduction by multiple fission. • Sexual reproduction by spore formation. • Life cycle complex . All internal parasites.
Myxidium
Nosema
Plasmodium
Sareocystis
CLASS: CILIATA • Complex Protozoa with a firm pellicle. • Locomotory organelles cilia or sucking tentacles , in at least one stage of life cycle. • Nuclei of 2 kind. (dimorphic) • Nutrition holozoic. • Asexual reproduction by binary fission. • Sexual reproduction by conjugation and auto gamy.
Balantidium
Paramecium
Opalina
Stentor
BODY STRUCTURE In Protozoa cytoplasm remain separated from external environment by a cell envelope. This is of special importance as this covering protects the body from harmful influences of external environment, permits a controlled exchange of substances across it, perceives mechanical and chemical stimuli and establishes contact with other cells.
BODY COVERING •Plasmalemma •Pellicle
Plasmalemma In some forms, like Amoeba, Chrysamoeba and Saprozoa body covering is a thin plasma membrane or Plasmalemma. It posses the typical bilayered lipid & protien ultra structure in general. Flexibility of this membrane allows change in shape. In Amoeba , it is provided with longitudinal ridges of mucopolysaccharides which help in adhesion to substratum.
Pellicle In other Protozoa, Euglena, the body covering is in the form of a differentiated pellicle, which is some what thicker and firm. It is underlined by plasma membrane and is formed of proteins . The rigidity of pellicle gives definite shape to the body. The thickened pellicle in some of the more specialized Protozoa is variously ridge and sculptured as in Paramecium , Coleps ect.
SKELETONS •Cyst •Theca •Lorica •Shell or test In Different groups of protozoa, various kinds of permanent non living external or internal layers are secreted. These may be composed of organic and inorganic materials, which are often impregnated with foreign bodies. These constitute the protozoan skeleton.
Cyst It is temporary sheath and its formed both in free living and parasitic Protozoa when they pass into a dormant state. Exhaustions of food supply , drought and putrefaction favour Encystment.
Theca Many dinoflagellates bear a coat of closely fitted armour of cellulose, called Theca. In some forms, theca is composed of two valves while in a majority of dinoflagellates it is differentiated into a number of plates laid out in a definite pattern and variously sculptured or ornamented.
Lorica It is a covering which fits less closely to the organism than theca. It may be gelatinous or tectinous . It is usually a cup or vase like structure with an opening, through which emerges the anterior part of organism’s body or its appendages. Base of Lorica in sessile species may be attached directly to the substratum ( Phacus, Salpinogoeca) or may end in astalk (Monosiga).In colonial Loricated individuals,one lorica may be attached to another directly or by means of stalk (Poteriodendron)
Shell or Test Shells or test are widespread among protozoa. These are coverings in loose contact with the body , provided with one or more openings through which the animal can protrude itself.
• In shelled amoeba like Arcella and allied forms, the shell is thin and made up of a chitinous material called tectin or pseudochitin ( proteins+carbohydrates).
• In Difflugia and others shell are formed of sand particles & other substances like pieces of Foraminiferan shells and sponge spicules which are embedded in secreted matrix acting as cement.
• Siliceous shells , made up of silica are found in some Rhizopoda (euglypha).
• Foraminiferan secrete mostly a calcareous shell. Made of calcium carbonate .It may be singled chambered or multi chambered and dimorphic in some cases (elphidium, discorbis)
LOCOMOTION The ability of an organism to move in a particular direction
LOCOMOTORY ORGANELLES • Pseudopodia • Flagella • Cilia • Pellicular Contractile Structures
Pseudopodia • False Feet Temporary structures formed by streaming flow of cytoplasm Sarcodina move with this structures
Pseudopodia Lobopodia Filopodia Reticulopodia Axopodia
Lobopodia • Lobe like pseudopodia with broad and rounded ends. • Composed of both Ectoplasm & Endoplasm.
Filopodia • More or less Filamentous pseudopodia • Composed of Ectoplasm • Branched & form simple or complex network
Reticulopodia • Filamentous pseudopodia • Branched & interconnected profusely to form a network.
Axopodia • Straight pseudopodia • Radiating from the surface of the body. • Contains a central axial rod covered by granular and adhesive cytoplasm.
Flagella • Thread like projections on cell surface. • Consists of an elongate, stiff axial filament, the axoneme , enclosed by an outer sheath. • Number of Flagella vary in Mastigophora from one to eight or more. • One or two in free living species. • One to many in parasitic organism.
Cilia • Highly vibratile small endoplasmic process. • Modified flagella. • Contains:-- membranous sheath, plasma membrane, enclosed fluid matrix. • Characteristics of Ciliata.
Pellicular Contractile Structure •Pellicle or Ectoplasm called myonemes. These may be in the form of ridges grooves (euglena) or contractile myofibrils(larger ciliates) or microtubules (trypanosoma).
LOCOMOTION METHOD •Amoeboid Movement •Flagellar Movement •Ciliary Movement •Metabolic Movement
Amoeboid Movement • Characteristics of Sarcodina and certain Mastigophora & Saprozoa. It consists in the formation of pseudopodia by the streaming flow of cytoplasm in the direction of movement. Locomotion by pseudopodia is possible only over a surface.
Flagellar Movement • Characteristics of Mastigophora • Flagella need liquid medium for locomotion. • Three types: ** Paddle Stroke ** Undulating motion ** Simple Conical Gyration
Paddle Stroke Ulehla and Krijsman (1952) Common movement of a flagellum is sideways lash, consisting of an effective down stroke with flagellum held out rigidly, and a relaxed recovery stroke in which flagellum, strongly curved is brought forward again.
Undulating Movement • Wave like undulations. Tip to Base: forward Base to tip: backward Spiral undulations cause the opposite rotaion to the organism.
Simple Conical Gyration • Butschil’s screw theory postulates a spiral turning of flagellum like a screw. • This exerts propelling action, pulling the animal forward through water with – a spiral rotation – gyration( revolving in circle) around the axis of movement.
Ciliary Movement • Performed by cilia • Also need liquid medium for movements. • The speed of Ciliary locomotion varies from 400 to 2000 microns per second.
Ciliary Movement
Metabolic Movement • This is typical life of certain flagellates and most sporozoans at certain stages of their life cycles. • Gliding or wriggling or peristaltic movement. Myonemes • Gregarine movements
Nutrition The process by which organisms obtained energy (in the form of food) for growth, maintenance and repair. • Take in food • Digest food • Assimilates food
Nutrition in Protozoa • Protozoa obtain nourishment in many ways. They are: – Holozoic Nutrition – Holophytic Nutrition – Saprophytic or Saprozoic Nutrition – Parasitic Nutrition – Coprozoic Nutrition – Mixotrophic Nutrition
Holozoic Nutrition • Gr. Holos,whole; zoon, animal. • Holozoic: completely animal like. • Depends on ready made solid food particles • Zootrophic or Heterotrophic Nutrition
Holophytic Nutrition • Gr. Holos, whole; phyton, plant. • As typical plant • By photosynthesis • Chlorophyll contain chromatophore & Sunlight energy • Water & Carbon dioxide.
Saprozoic Nutrition • Gr. Sapros, rotten ; zoon , animal. • Depends on organic matter dissolves in the medium • Parasitic Protozoa, free living flagellates • Osmotrophy
Pinocytosis • Ingestion liquid food trough body surface. • Absorb high molecular compounds. • Amoeba , certain flagellates Sporozoans and cihates.
Nutrition of Parasites • Protozoan nourishes themselves partially or wholly • Rob the food of the host. • Feed upon its living tissues.
Mixotrophic Nutrition • Several Protozoa can feed by more than one method • Mixotrophic: mixed type nutrition • Mesotrophic Nutrition
Coprozoic Nutrition • Feeding Fecal matter of other organisms
Zootrophic They depend on ready made food particles Don’t depend upon sunlight Food: proteins Autotrophic They are unable to make their own food using simple substances Depend on sunlight & Chlorophyll Food: chlprophyll
Zootrophic Digest: Proteins , Fats , Starch Source of Proteins Autotrophic Organic food Source of Nitrogen
Contractile Vacuoles • Rounded and Pulsating space filled with a watery fluid. • Exapands (diastole) and Contracts (systole) rhythemically and serves for excretion and osmo regulation.
Food Vacuoles • Non contractile food vacuoles, small and large found in the endoplasm. • Contains water and solid food particles. • Disappear with the egestion of non- digestible food from the body
Water Vacuoles • Transparent , colorless non contractile spherical spaces filled with water
Reproduction • Production of new individuals more or less similar in form to the parent organisms.
Reproduction in Protozoa • Sexual Reproduction • Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction • Binary fission • Plasmotomy • Budding • Multiple fission • Plasmogamy
Binary Fission • One form of Mitosis • The two daughter organisms produced as a result of binary fission carry all the cytoplasmic organelles of the parent individual.
Plasmotomy • Special type of binary fission. • Protozoans (multinucleate) produce two or more multinucleate daughter individuals.
Budding • Modified fission • Create small daughter individual in the form of a bud • When the bud breaks off ,It grows to full size.
Multiple Fission • Sporulation • The parent body simultaneously divides into as many daughter individuals as there are nuclei.
Plasmogamy • Rhizopoda • Two or more individuals may fuse by their cytoplasm to form a plasmodium in which the nuclei remain distinct and they separate again unchanged afterwards. Non sexual and not syngamy
Sexual Reproduction • Syngamy or Fusion – Hologamy – Isogamy – Anisogamy – Autogamy • Conjugation
Syngamy • Compete fusion of two sex cells or gametes • Form Zygote – Hologamy – Isogamy – Anisogamy – Autogamy
Hologamy • Do not form gametes but themselves behaves as gametes • Fuse together to form Zygote
Isogamy • Two fusing gametes are similar in size and shape, differ in behaviour • Produce gametes by multiple fission.
Anisogamy • Two fusing gametes are different in size and shape as well as in behaviour • Microgamete: male, large, motile • Macrogamete: female , non motile
Autogamy • Fusion of gametes derived from the same parent cell. • Meiotic division.
Conjuagtion – Random contact brings individuals of opposite mating types together (called conjugants) – Meiosis results in four haploid pronuclei – Three pronuclei and the macronucleus degenerate. Mitosis and mutual exchange of pronuclei is followed by fusion of the pronuclei. – Conjugants separate. Nuclear divisions that restore nuclear characteristics of species follow. Cytoplasmic divisions may accompany these events
Parthenogenesis • Gametes which fail at cross-fertilization, develop parthenogenetically.
Regeneration • Process of regenerating animals’ lost parts. • Nucleus plays an important role in this process.
Specific Representative • Globigerina • Lithocircus • Ephelota
Globigerina • Marine, found in the bottom of deep sea. Found in creeping about on sea weeds • Also found in brackish water.
Systematic Position • Systematic position Phylum: Protozoa Sub phylum: Plasmodroma Class: Rhizopoda Order: Foraminiferida Genus: Globigerina
Morphological Characters • The body is enclosed in a perforated calcareous shell having few chambers. • The chambers are compact and bulbous. • Protoplasm is distinguishable into an external layer and inner mass. • The external layer of protoplasm or ectoplasm is full of foam and contains large vacuoles. • Pseudopodia are numerous which protrude through pores of the shell.
Lithocircus • Commonly Marine invertebrate. • Found in deep sea. • Exclusively exhibits Symbiosis
Systematic Position • Systematic position Phylum: Protozoa Sub phylum: Plasmodroma Class: Rhizopoda Order: Radiolaria Genus: Lithocircus
Morphological Characters • Body is covered by a shell of siliceous skeleton. • The animalcule is provided with a central capsule embedded in protoplasm. • The central capsules divides the protoplasm into extra capsular and intra capsular protoplasm. • Extra capsuler protoplasm gives to radiating thread like pseudopodia, while intra capsular protoplasm caontains single nucleus. • Contractile vacuole absent • Reproduction: asexual by binary fission
Ephelota • Mainly Marine. • Two types of tentacles such as – long tentacles used for piercing & – short texta used for sucking.
Systematic Position • Systematic position: Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum: Cillophora Class:Suctoria Genus: Ephelota
Morphological Characters • Body is spherical and bearing stalk. • There are two types of tentacles on the body. • Protoplasm contains an oval nucleus and few contractile vacuole. • Reproduction by budding. • The distal half of the animal sprout a number of small elevations or buds. • In budding process the nuclei behave as in the ordinary binary fission.
Importance of Protozoa • Economically valuable in this Age of mammals. Helpful Protozoa Harmful Protozoa
Helpful in Sanitation • Keep drinking water safe • Holozoic protozoa feed on putrefying bacteria, thus helps to purify water.
Planktonic Protozoa as Food • Food for man, fish and other organisms. • Form a link in food chain in the oceanic environment.
Symbiotic Protozoa • Symbiosis association • Beneficial to both the partners forming a dependency.
Harmful Protozoa • Soil Protozoa • Water Pollution • Pathogenic Protozoa – Pathogenic Sarcodines – Pathogenic Flagellates – Pathogenic Sporozoans – Pathogenic Ciliates
Soil Protozoa • Soil protozoans feed upon the Nitrifying Bacteria • Decreses the amount of nitrogen to soil.
Water Pollution • Pollute water producing aromatic and oily secretions with objectionable odours • Some bioluminescent, living in sea , multiply extensively and occurs the phenomenon called bloom • Destruction of fish , poisoning of edible molluscs.
Pathogenic Protozoa • Cause disease to animals are termed as Pathogenic protozoa. – Pathogenic sarcodines – Pathogenic Flagellates – Pathogenic Sporozoans – Pathogenic Ciliates
• Entamoeba histolytica • Leishmania donovani • Plasmodium vivax • Balantidium coli

More Related Content

PPT
Phylum Echinodermata Presentation
byAnzaDar3
 
PPT
Phylum Rotifera
bynlyzluiz
 
PPTX
Phylum porifera
byClarissa Macanas
 
PPTX
Phylum Mollusca
byNavya Sasha
 
PPTX
Mollusca general characters
byAshokkumar Bollapalli
 
PPTX
Canal system
byShri Shankaracharya College, Bhilai,Junwani
 
PPTX
Leech.pptx
bySharda4
 
PPTX
Respiratory system of pila
bySoniaBajaj10
 
Phylum Echinodermata Presentation
byAnzaDar3
 
Phylum Rotifera
bynlyzluiz
 
Phylum porifera
byClarissa Macanas
 
Phylum Mollusca
byNavya Sasha
 
Mollusca general characters
byAshokkumar Bollapalli
 
Canal system
byShri Shankaracharya College, Bhilai,Junwani
 
Leech.pptx
bySharda4
 
Respiratory system of pila
bySoniaBajaj10
 

What's hot

PPTX
Phylum Annelida.pptx
byMaryam Riasat
 
PPTX
Corals, Types of corals, coral skeletons
bySoniaBajaj10
 
PPTX
Coelenterata general characters & classification
byAshokkumar Bollapalli
 
PPTX
Arthropoda characters & classification
byAshokkumar Bollapalli
 
PDF
Phylum Protozoa
byBP Arts, SMA Science & KKC Commerce College, Chalisgaon
 
PPTX
Protozoa.pptx
bycherry59912
 
PPT
Mollusca
byShah Naseer
 
PPTX
General character of reptiles
byShahida Aziz
 
PPT
Nereis Type Study for BSc 1st semester.ppt
byunderratedsunrise
 
PPTX
Echinodermata classification
byAshokkumar Bollapalli
 
PDF
Phylum Annelida
bymcdevittapbio
 
PPT
Phylum echinodermata 2016
byJessi Dildy
 
PPTX
Parental care in Amphibians
byJsjahnabi
 
PPT
Amphibians
byIvana Damnjanović
 
PPTX
Canal system in porifera-different type of canal system
bySoniaBajaj10
 
PPTX
Adaptive Radiations
byuog
 
PPT
Study of Prawn (palaemon)
bybabusinghKirade1
 
PPT
Parental care in amphibians
byNot Yet Working
 
PPTX
Prawn respiratory system,Types of gills,structure of gill plates,working of ...
bySoniaBajaj10
 
PPTX
Classification of aves
byHabibur Rahman
 
Phylum Annelida.pptx
byMaryam Riasat
 
Corals, Types of corals, coral skeletons
bySoniaBajaj10
 
Coelenterata general characters & classification
byAshokkumar Bollapalli
 
Arthropoda characters & classification
byAshokkumar Bollapalli
 
Phylum Protozoa
byBP Arts, SMA Science & KKC Commerce College, Chalisgaon
 
Protozoa.pptx
bycherry59912
 
Mollusca
byShah Naseer
 
General character of reptiles
byShahida Aziz
 
Nereis Type Study for BSc 1st semester.ppt
byunderratedsunrise
 
Echinodermata classification
byAshokkumar Bollapalli
 
Phylum Annelida
bymcdevittapbio
 
Phylum echinodermata 2016
byJessi Dildy
 
Parental care in Amphibians
byJsjahnabi
 
Amphibians
byIvana Damnjanović
 
Canal system in porifera-different type of canal system
bySoniaBajaj10
 
Adaptive Radiations
byuog
 
Study of Prawn (palaemon)
bybabusinghKirade1
 
Parental care in amphibians
byNot Yet Working
 
Prawn respiratory system,Types of gills,structure of gill plates,working of ...
bySoniaBajaj10
 
Classification of aves
byHabibur Rahman
 

Viewers also liked

PPTX
Protozoa
bySyao Chan
 
PPT
Protozoa
byVPARTHASARATHY
 
PDF
Clear Concept phylum Rotifera
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
PPT
Anatomy of protozoans
byDr Shifa Ul Haq
 
PPT
Anatomy Of Protozoan Cell
byasdkhalil
 
PPTX
Overview of protozoa
bymorrisdw
 
PPTX
Protoza
byFarooq Marwat
 
PPTX
Morphology of protozoa
bylalitpur valley college, Nobel College
 
PPTX
Clear concept Of porifera phylum
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
PPTX
Protozoa
bySopi Nida
 
PPTX
Protozoa
byAnant Kumar Singh
 
PPTX
Protists
bymikeu74
 
PDF
Protozoan parasites
byCristina Amarante
 
PPTX
Phylum protozoa
byDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
 
PPT
Protozoa
byDepartment of Parasitology, University of Peradeniya
 
PPT
2.E Protozoa
byMIKROBIOLOGI FABIO UNSOED
 
PPT
Chapter5 microbiology farid
byأ. فريد أبو العمرين
 
PPT
INTESTINAL HELMINTHS & INTESTINAL PROTOZOA
byDrLaximan Sawant
 
PPTX
Modul 2 kb 2.1
byUwes Chaeruman
 
PPTX
fuel for future : algae biofuel
byDishant Nimavat
 
Protozoa
bySyao Chan
 
Protozoa
byVPARTHASARATHY
 
Clear Concept phylum Rotifera
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
Anatomy of protozoans
byDr Shifa Ul Haq
 
Anatomy Of Protozoan Cell
byasdkhalil
 
Overview of protozoa
bymorrisdw
 
Protoza
byFarooq Marwat
 
Morphology of protozoa
bylalitpur valley college, Nobel College
 
Clear concept Of porifera phylum
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
Protozoa
bySopi Nida
 
Protozoa
byAnant Kumar Singh
 
Protists
bymikeu74
 
Protozoan parasites
byCristina Amarante
 
Phylum protozoa
byDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
 
Protozoa
byDepartment of Parasitology, University of Peradeniya
 
2.E Protozoa
byMIKROBIOLOGI FABIO UNSOED
 
Chapter5 microbiology farid
byأ. فريد أبو العمرين
 
INTESTINAL HELMINTHS & INTESTINAL PROTOZOA
byDrLaximan Sawant
 
Modul 2 kb 2.1
byUwes Chaeruman
 
fuel for future : algae biofuel
byDishant Nimavat
 

Similar to Clear Concept of Protozoa fish

PPTX
General characteristics and classification of phylum Protozoa
byDr. Asif Anas
 
PPT
classification of Protozoa
bySanya Yaseen
 
PPTX
Protozoa
byAJAY MANDAL
 
PPTX
Study of animals from Protozoa, (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena) and Porifera (S...
byFergusson College, Pune
 
PPTX
Protozoa
byRachana Choudhary
 
PPT
PROTOZOA _slide_presentation slide .ppt
bysaheedmusa1
 
PPTX
Protozoa.PPTX Microscopic Eukaryotes Unicellular
byPragya
 
PPTX
General characteristics of protozoa
byHema Mallika
 
PPT
Kingdom Protista presentation
byAnzaDar3
 
PPT
Protozoa and Human Diseases.ppt
byMuhammadJunaid305163
 
PPT
Introduction to protozoa (2).ppt for all medicals
bySolomonBaro
 
PDF
Protists
byKirstenJoyceHufana
 
PPT
Protozoans For class_modified.ppt
byRanadeepDutta1
 
PPTX
Zoology Lecture Four. protozoa and spongespptx
byAbdirizak Mohamud Yusuf
 
PPTX
introduction to protozoa.pptx
byOsmanHassan35
 
PPTX
protozoans kd sync dud six ch vii goo .pptx
bysathishvsathish1
 
PPT
Protozoa1.ppt
bycaturcahyaningsiheng
 
PDF
lact8protoza-130927064752-phpapp01.pdf
byelphaswalela
 
PPTX
Ppresentation protozoa microbiology.pptx
byhammadayaz220
 
PPTX
introduction to protozoa.pptx medical parasitology
byosmanolow
 
General characteristics and classification of phylum Protozoa
byDr. Asif Anas
 
classification of Protozoa
bySanya Yaseen
 
Protozoa
byAJAY MANDAL
 
Study of animals from Protozoa, (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena) and Porifera (S...
byFergusson College, Pune
 
Protozoa
byRachana Choudhary
 
PROTOZOA _slide_presentation slide .ppt
bysaheedmusa1
 
Protozoa.PPTX Microscopic Eukaryotes Unicellular
byPragya
 
General characteristics of protozoa
byHema Mallika
 
Kingdom Protista presentation
byAnzaDar3
 
Protozoa and Human Diseases.ppt
byMuhammadJunaid305163
 
Introduction to protozoa (2).ppt for all medicals
bySolomonBaro
 
Protists
byKirstenJoyceHufana
 
Protozoans For class_modified.ppt
byRanadeepDutta1
 
Zoology Lecture Four. protozoa and spongespptx
byAbdirizak Mohamud Yusuf
 
introduction to protozoa.pptx
byOsmanHassan35
 
protozoans kd sync dud six ch vii goo .pptx
bysathishvsathish1
 
Protozoa1.ppt
bycaturcahyaningsiheng
 
lact8protoza-130927064752-phpapp01.pdf
byelphaswalela
 
Ppresentation protozoa microbiology.pptx
byhammadayaz220
 
introduction to protozoa.pptx medical parasitology
byosmanolow
 

More from হিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু

PPTX
Phylum Echinodermata Clear Concept
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
PPTX
Clear Concept in Phylum Mollusca
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
PPTX
Phylum Coelenterata Clear Concept
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
PPTX
Phylum Arthopoda Clear Concept
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
PPTX
Basic Concept Of Annelida Phylum
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
PPT
Clear Concept Of Oceanic Temperature
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
Phylum Echinodermata Clear Concept
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
Clear Concept in Phylum Mollusca
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
Phylum Coelenterata Clear Concept
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
Phylum Arthopoda Clear Concept
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
Basic Concept Of Annelida Phylum
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 
Clear Concept Of Oceanic Temperature
byহিমালয় আহমেদ হিমু
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
Life-Processes-in-Animals PPT/7TH CLASS NEW NCERT /CURIOSITY SCIENCE /BY K SA...
bySandeep Swamy
 
PPTX
Details Study of Joints (articulation).pptx
byAshish Umale
 
PPTX
Introduction to Mendelian inheritance.pptx
bypramodphirke1
 
PDF
Plant Respiration.pdf Remedial Biology Unit-5 B.Pharm 1st Year
bySaurabh Dubey
 
PPTX
Cultivation Practice of Chilli and sweet Pepper.pptx
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
PPTX
Cultivation practice of Root vegetables.pptx
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
PPTX
CHAPTER NO. 05 BIOLOGICAL SOURCE,CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICA...
byGanu Gavade
 
PPTX
Cultivation Practice of Potato in Nepal.pptx
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
PPTX
4. Nursery raising of vegetable crops.pptx
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
PPTX
1. Importance, scope and constraints of vegetable and spice crop production i...
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
PPTX
Acid Base Titration First Year B Pharm.pptx
byMs. Ashatai Patil
 
PPTX
Centrifugation pharmaceutical engineering
byShraddha Bandgar
 
PDF
ADIEU, BRIGITTE BARDOT - THE ACTRESS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD.pdf
byMilanStankovic19
 
PPTX
CHAPTER 4. Size Reduction, Size Separation, Mixing, Filtration, Drying, Extra...
bySharibJamal
 
PPTX
Haemolytic_Anaemia_UG_MBBS_Haemolysis_haemolysis
byDibyajyoti Prusty
 
PDF
DNA.CEO: DNA-Computing For Kids, Teens, & Dummies (Like Me)
byVladislav Solodkiy
 
PPTX
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles - The Americas 12-28 2025 .pptx
byYale School of Public Health - The Virtual Medical Operations Center (VMOC)
 
PPTX
L5 DRG Pulsed Radiofrequency ablation.pptx
bySandeep Margan
 
PDF
The Industrialisation of Deception: An Analysis of the 2024 Cybercrime Landscape
bykrutivyas2005
 
PPTX
What are the Custom lot_serial number in Odoo 19
byCeline George
 
Life-Processes-in-Animals PPT/7TH CLASS NEW NCERT /CURIOSITY SCIENCE /BY K SA...
bySandeep Swamy
 
Details Study of Joints (articulation).pptx
byAshish Umale
 
Introduction to Mendelian inheritance.pptx
bypramodphirke1
 
Plant Respiration.pdf Remedial Biology Unit-5 B.Pharm 1st Year
bySaurabh Dubey
 
Cultivation Practice of Chilli and sweet Pepper.pptx
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
Cultivation practice of Root vegetables.pptx
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
CHAPTER NO. 05 BIOLOGICAL SOURCE,CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICA...
byGanu Gavade
 
Cultivation Practice of Potato in Nepal.pptx
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
4. Nursery raising of vegetable crops.pptx
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
1. Importance, scope and constraints of vegetable and spice crop production i...
byUmeshTimilsina1
 
Acid Base Titration First Year B Pharm.pptx
byMs. Ashatai Patil
 
Centrifugation pharmaceutical engineering
byShraddha Bandgar
 
ADIEU, BRIGITTE BARDOT - THE ACTRESS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD.pdf
byMilanStankovic19
 
CHAPTER 4. Size Reduction, Size Separation, Mixing, Filtration, Drying, Extra...
bySharibJamal
 
Haemolytic_Anaemia_UG_MBBS_Haemolysis_haemolysis
byDibyajyoti Prusty
 
DNA.CEO: DNA-Computing For Kids, Teens, & Dummies (Like Me)
byVladislav Solodkiy
 
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles - The Americas 12-28 2025 .pptx
byYale School of Public Health - The Virtual Medical Operations Center (VMOC)
 
L5 DRG Pulsed Radiofrequency ablation.pptx
bySandeep Margan
 
The Industrialisation of Deception: An Analysis of the 2024 Cybercrime Landscape
bykrutivyas2005
 
What are the Custom lot_serial number in Odoo 19
byCeline George
 

Clear Concept of Protozoa fish

  • 1.
  • 2.
    WHAT IS PROTOZOA Gr.;Protos: first//Zoon: Animal Heterogeneous Grouping Of Single-Celled Organism. Protozoa are those animals which consists of single cell that may be simple. They are microscopic in size. They displays all types of symmetry great range of structural complexity and adaptation for all types of environmental conditions. Their evolution parallels that of multicellular animals and their origin is perhaps polyphyletic. Infact they are microscopic and acellular animalcules ,without tissues and organs, having one or more nuclei but no nucleus ever in charge of specialized part of cytoplasm. They exist either single or in colonies.
  • 3.
    CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA •Small, Microscopic Animalcules, Ordinarily not visible without microscope. • Simples & Most primitive of all animals with protoplasmic grade of organization. • Body Unicellular. Containing one or more Nuclei which are Monomorphic or Dimorphic. • Solitary or Forming loose colonies in which individuals remain alike and independent.
  • 4.
    CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA •Body symmetry none , bilateral , radial or spherical. • Body naked or bounded by a Pellicle and often provided with simple shells or exoskeletons. • Body form usually constant varied in some while changing with environment or age in many. • The single cell body performs all essential and vital activities, which characterized the animal body.
  • 5.
    CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA •Locomotor organelles are finger like pseudopodia or whip like flagella or hair like cilia or absent. • Nutrition holozoic (animal like), holophytic (plant like), Saprozoic or Parasitic. Digestion occurs intracellularly inside food vacuoles. • Respiration & Excretion through general surface or through contractile vacuoles which serves mainly for osmoregulation.
  • 6.
    CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA •Reproduction asexual by binary or multiple fission and budding and sexual by conjugation of adults (Hologamy) or by fusion of gametes (syngamy) • Life history often complicated with alternation of asexual and sexual phases.
  • 7.
    CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA •Encystment commonly occurs to help in dispersal as well as to resist unfavorable conditions of food, temperature and moisture. • Free living Protozoa mostly aquatic, inhabiting fresh and sea waters and damp places. Parasitic and commensal Protozoa live over or inside the bodies of animals and plants. Sufficient moistures essential in their environment.
  • 8.
    CHARACTERS OF PROTOZOA •The single celled individual not differentiated into somatoplasm & germplasm. Therefore , exempt from natural death which is the price paid for the body.
  • 9.
    CLASSIFICATION Phylum: PROTOZOA Sub Phylum: Plasmodroma Mastigophora SarcodinaSporozoa Opalinata Sub Phylum: Ciliophora Ciliata CLASSIFICATION BY Hyman (1940),Hickman(1961)& Storer (1965)
  • 10.
    Plasmodroma • Simple andprimitive • Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella or none. Cilia absent. • Nucleus reproduction by syngamy • Asexual reproduction by binary or multiple fusion. • Life cycle may include an alternation of generations.
  • 11.
    Ciliophora • More complex •Cilia or sucking tentacles present in at least one stage of life cycle. • Usually two types of nuclei. • Sexual reproduction by conjugation. • Asexual reproduction by binary fusion and budding. • No alternation of generations
  • 12.
    CLASS: SARCODINA • Bodynaked or with internal shells or external tests. • With Pseudopodia for locomotion & food capture. • Amoeboid during most of life cycle. • No spore formation, no Conjugation. • Mostly free living.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
    CLASS: MASTIGOPHORA • Bodycovered by thin Pellicle or test of Cellulose, Chitin or Silica. • One to many flagella for locomotion & food capture, some with Pseudopodia. • Nutrition Autotrophic, Heterotrophic or Mixotrophic. • Asexual Reproduction or by Longitudinal fission. • No spore formation .No Conjugation. • Free living or Parasitic.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
    CLASS: OPALINATA • Bodyuniformly covered by cilia-like flagella in oblique rows. • Cytostome absent, Nutrition Saprozoic. • Nucleus 2 to many , monomorphic or identical. • Reproduction by binary fission or by gamete conjugation. • Endo parasites in cold blooded vertebrates.
  • 25.
    CLASS: SPOROZOA • Bodycovered with a thick pellicle. • No locomotory organ , mouth and contractile vacuoles are present. • Nutrition Saprozoic. • Asexual reproduction by multiple fission. • Sexual reproduction by spore formation. • Life cycle complex . All internal parasites.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
    CLASS: CILIATA • ComplexProtozoa with a firm pellicle. • Locomotory organelles cilia or sucking tentacles , in at least one stage of life cycle. • Nuclei of 2 kind. (dimorphic) • Nutrition holozoic. • Asexual reproduction by binary fission. • Sexual reproduction by conjugation and auto gamy.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
    BODY STRUCTURE In Protozoacytoplasm remain separated from external environment by a cell envelope. This is of special importance as this covering protects the body from harmful influences of external environment, permits a controlled exchange of substances across it, perceives mechanical and chemical stimuli and establishes contact with other cells.
  • 36.
  • 37.
    Plasmalemma In some forms,like Amoeba, Chrysamoeba and Saprozoa body covering is a thin plasma membrane or Plasmalemma. It posses the typical bilayered lipid & protien ultra structure in general. Flexibility of this membrane allows change in shape. In Amoeba , it is provided with longitudinal ridges of mucopolysaccharides which help in adhesion to substratum.
  • 38.
    Pellicle In other Protozoa,Euglena, the body covering is in the form of a differentiated pellicle, which is some what thicker and firm. It is underlined by plasma membrane and is formed of proteins . The rigidity of pellicle gives definite shape to the body. The thickened pellicle in some of the more specialized Protozoa is variously ridge and sculptured as in Paramecium , Coleps ect.
  • 39.
    SKELETONS •Cyst •Theca •Lorica •Shell or test InDifferent groups of protozoa, various kinds of permanent non living external or internal layers are secreted. These may be composed of organic and inorganic materials, which are often impregnated with foreign bodies. These constitute the protozoan skeleton.
  • 40.
    Cyst It is temporarysheath and its formed both in free living and parasitic Protozoa when they pass into a dormant state. Exhaustions of food supply , drought and putrefaction favour Encystment.
  • 41.
    Theca Many dinoflagellates beara coat of closely fitted armour of cellulose, called Theca. In some forms, theca is composed of two valves while in a majority of dinoflagellates it is differentiated into a number of plates laid out in a definite pattern and variously sculptured or ornamented.
  • 42.
    Lorica It is acovering which fits less closely to the organism than theca. It may be gelatinous or tectinous . It is usually a cup or vase like structure with an opening, through which emerges the anterior part of organism’s body or its appendages. Base of Lorica in sessile species may be attached directly to the substratum ( Phacus, Salpinogoeca) or may end in astalk (Monosiga).In colonial Loricated individuals,one lorica may be attached to another directly or by means of stalk (Poteriodendron)
  • 43.
    Shell or Test Shellsor test are widespread among protozoa. These are coverings in loose contact with the body , provided with one or more openings through which the animal can protrude itself.
  • 44.
    • In shelledamoeba like Arcella and allied forms, the shell is thin and made up of a chitinous material called tectin or pseudochitin ( proteins+carbohydrates).
  • 45.
    • In Difflugiaand others shell are formed of sand particles & other substances like pieces of Foraminiferan shells and sponge spicules which are embedded in secreted matrix acting as cement.
  • 46.
    • Siliceous shells, made up of silica are found in some Rhizopoda (euglypha).
  • 47.
    • Foraminiferan secretemostly a calcareous shell. Made of calcium carbonate .It may be singled chambered or multi chambered and dimorphic in some cases (elphidium, discorbis)
  • 48.
    LOCOMOTION The ability ofan organism to move in a particular direction
  • 49.
    LOCOMOTORY ORGANELLES • Pseudopodia •Flagella • Cilia • Pellicular Contractile Structures
  • 50.
    Pseudopodia • False Feet Temporarystructures formed by streaming flow of cytoplasm Sarcodina move with this structures
  • 51.
  • 52.
    Lobopodia • Lobe likepseudopodia with broad and rounded ends. • Composed of both Ectoplasm & Endoplasm.
  • 55.
    Filopodia • More orless Filamentous pseudopodia • Composed of Ectoplasm • Branched & form simple or complex network
  • 56.
    Reticulopodia • Filamentous pseudopodia •Branched & interconnected profusely to form a network.
  • 58.
    Axopodia • Straight pseudopodia •Radiating from the surface of the body. • Contains a central axial rod covered by granular and adhesive cytoplasm.
  • 60.
    Flagella • Thread likeprojections on cell surface. • Consists of an elongate, stiff axial filament, the axoneme , enclosed by an outer sheath. • Number of Flagella vary in Mastigophora from one to eight or more. • One or two in free living species. • One to many in parasitic organism.
  • 62.
    Cilia • Highly vibratilesmall endoplasmic process. • Modified flagella. • Contains:-- membranous sheath, plasma membrane, enclosed fluid matrix. • Characteristics of Ciliata.
  • 63.
    Pellicular Contractile Structure •Pellicleor Ectoplasm called myonemes. These may be in the form of ridges grooves (euglena) or contractile myofibrils(larger ciliates) or microtubules (trypanosoma).
  • 64.
    LOCOMOTION METHOD •Amoeboid Movement •FlagellarMovement •Ciliary Movement •Metabolic Movement
  • 65.
    Amoeboid Movement • Characteristicsof Sarcodina and certain Mastigophora & Saprozoa. It consists in the formation of pseudopodia by the streaming flow of cytoplasm in the direction of movement. Locomotion by pseudopodia is possible only over a surface.
  • 67.
    Flagellar Movement • Characteristicsof Mastigophora • Flagella need liquid medium for locomotion. • Three types: ** Paddle Stroke ** Undulating motion ** Simple Conical Gyration
  • 68.
    Paddle Stroke Ulehla andKrijsman (1952) Common movement of a flagellum is sideways lash, consisting of an effective down stroke with flagellum held out rigidly, and a relaxed recovery stroke in which flagellum, strongly curved is brought forward again.
  • 69.
    Undulating Movement • Wavelike undulations. Tip to Base: forward Base to tip: backward Spiral undulations cause the opposite rotaion to the organism.
  • 70.
    Simple Conical Gyration •Butschil’s screw theory postulates a spiral turning of flagellum like a screw. • This exerts propelling action, pulling the animal forward through water with – a spiral rotation – gyration( revolving in circle) around the axis of movement.
  • 71.
    Ciliary Movement • Performedby cilia • Also need liquid medium for movements. • The speed of Ciliary locomotion varies from 400 to 2000 microns per second.
  • 72.
  • 74.
    Metabolic Movement • Thisis typical life of certain flagellates and most sporozoans at certain stages of their life cycles. • Gliding or wriggling or peristaltic movement. Myonemes • Gregarine movements
  • 75.
    Nutrition The process bywhich organisms obtained energy (in the form of food) for growth, maintenance and repair. • Take in food • Digest food • Assimilates food
  • 76.
    Nutrition in Protozoa •Protozoa obtain nourishment in many ways. They are: – Holozoic Nutrition – Holophytic Nutrition – Saprophytic or Saprozoic Nutrition – Parasitic Nutrition – Coprozoic Nutrition – Mixotrophic Nutrition
  • 79.
    Holozoic Nutrition • Gr.Holos,whole; zoon, animal. • Holozoic: completely animal like. • Depends on ready made solid food particles • Zootrophic or Heterotrophic Nutrition
  • 80.
    Holophytic Nutrition • Gr.Holos, whole; phyton, plant. • As typical plant • By photosynthesis • Chlorophyll contain chromatophore & Sunlight energy • Water & Carbon dioxide.
  • 81.
    Saprozoic Nutrition • Gr.Sapros, rotten ; zoon , animal. • Depends on organic matter dissolves in the medium • Parasitic Protozoa, free living flagellates • Osmotrophy
  • 82.
    Pinocytosis • Ingestion liquidfood trough body surface. • Absorb high molecular compounds. • Amoeba , certain flagellates Sporozoans and cihates.
  • 83.
    Nutrition of Parasites •Protozoan nourishes themselves partially or wholly • Rob the food of the host. • Feed upon its living tissues.
  • 84.
    Mixotrophic Nutrition • SeveralProtozoa can feed by more than one method • Mixotrophic: mixed type nutrition • Mesotrophic Nutrition
  • 85.
    Coprozoic Nutrition • FeedingFecal matter of other organisms
  • 86.
    Zootrophic They depend on readymade food particles Don’t depend upon sunlight Food: proteins Autotrophic They are unable to make their own food using simple substances Depend on sunlight & Chlorophyll Food: chlprophyll
  • 87.
    Zootrophic Digest: Proteins , Fats , Starch Sourceof Proteins Autotrophic Organic food Source of Nitrogen
  • 88.
    Contractile Vacuoles • Roundedand Pulsating space filled with a watery fluid. • Exapands (diastole) and Contracts (systole) rhythemically and serves for excretion and osmo regulation.
  • 90.
    Food Vacuoles • Noncontractile food vacuoles, small and large found in the endoplasm. • Contains water and solid food particles. • Disappear with the egestion of non- digestible food from the body
  • 93.
    Water Vacuoles • Transparent, colorless non contractile spherical spaces filled with water
  • 94.
    Reproduction • Production ofnew individuals more or less similar in form to the parent organisms.
  • 95.
    Reproduction in Protozoa •Sexual Reproduction • Asexual Reproduction
  • 97.
    Asexual Reproduction • Binaryfission • Plasmotomy • Budding • Multiple fission • Plasmogamy
  • 98.
    Binary Fission • Oneform of Mitosis • The two daughter organisms produced as a result of binary fission carry all the cytoplasmic organelles of the parent individual.
  • 102.
    Plasmotomy • Special typeof binary fission. • Protozoans (multinucleate) produce two or more multinucleate daughter individuals.
  • 103.
    Budding • Modified fission •Create small daughter individual in the form of a bud • When the bud breaks off ,It grows to full size.
  • 105.
    Multiple Fission • Sporulation •The parent body simultaneously divides into as many daughter individuals as there are nuclei.
  • 106.
    Plasmogamy • Rhizopoda • Twoor more individuals may fuse by their cytoplasm to form a plasmodium in which the nuclei remain distinct and they separate again unchanged afterwards. Non sexual and not syngamy
  • 107.
    Sexual Reproduction • Syngamyor Fusion – Hologamy – Isogamy – Anisogamy – Autogamy • Conjugation
  • 108.
    Syngamy • Compete fusionof two sex cells or gametes • Form Zygote – Hologamy – Isogamy – Anisogamy – Autogamy
  • 109.
    Hologamy • Do notform gametes but themselves behaves as gametes • Fuse together to form Zygote
  • 110.
    Isogamy • Two fusinggametes are similar in size and shape, differ in behaviour • Produce gametes by multiple fission.
  • 111.
    Anisogamy • Two fusinggametes are different in size and shape as well as in behaviour • Microgamete: male, large, motile • Macrogamete: female , non motile
  • 112.
    Autogamy • Fusion ofgametes derived from the same parent cell. • Meiotic division.
  • 113.
    Conjuagtion – Random contactbrings individuals of opposite mating types together (called conjugants) – Meiosis results in four haploid pronuclei – Three pronuclei and the macronucleus degenerate. Mitosis and mutual exchange of pronuclei is followed by fusion of the pronuclei. – Conjugants separate. Nuclear divisions that restore nuclear characteristics of species follow. Cytoplasmic divisions may accompany these events
  • 116.
    Parthenogenesis • Gametes whichfail at cross-fertilization, develop parthenogenetically.
  • 117.
    Regeneration • Process ofregenerating animals’ lost parts. • Nucleus plays an important role in this process.
  • 118.
  • 119.
    Globigerina • Marine, foundin the bottom of deep sea. Found in creeping about on sea weeds • Also found in brackish water.
  • 122.
    Systematic Position • Systematicposition Phylum: Protozoa Sub phylum: Plasmodroma Class: Rhizopoda Order: Foraminiferida Genus: Globigerina
  • 123.
    Morphological Characters • Thebody is enclosed in a perforated calcareous shell having few chambers. • The chambers are compact and bulbous. • Protoplasm is distinguishable into an external layer and inner mass. • The external layer of protoplasm or ectoplasm is full of foam and contains large vacuoles. • Pseudopodia are numerous which protrude through pores of the shell.
  • 124.
    Lithocircus • Commonly Marineinvertebrate. • Found in deep sea. • Exclusively exhibits Symbiosis
  • 127.
    Systematic Position • Systematicposition Phylum: Protozoa Sub phylum: Plasmodroma Class: Rhizopoda Order: Radiolaria Genus: Lithocircus
  • 128.
    Morphological Characters • Bodyis covered by a shell of siliceous skeleton. • The animalcule is provided with a central capsule embedded in protoplasm. • The central capsules divides the protoplasm into extra capsular and intra capsular protoplasm. • Extra capsuler protoplasm gives to radiating thread like pseudopodia, while intra capsular protoplasm caontains single nucleus. • Contractile vacuole absent • Reproduction: asexual by binary fission
  • 129.
    Ephelota • Mainly Marine. •Two types of tentacles such as – long tentacles used for piercing & – short texta used for sucking.
  • 132.
    Systematic Position • Systematicposition: Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum: Cillophora Class:Suctoria Genus: Ephelota
  • 133.
    Morphological Characters • Bodyis spherical and bearing stalk. • There are two types of tentacles on the body. • Protoplasm contains an oval nucleus and few contractile vacuole. • Reproduction by budding. • The distal half of the animal sprout a number of small elevations or buds. • In budding process the nuclei behave as in the ordinary binary fission.
  • 134.
    Importance of Protozoa •Economically valuable in this Age of mammals. Helpful Protozoa Harmful Protozoa
  • 135.
    Helpful in Sanitation •Keep drinking water safe • Holozoic protozoa feed on putrefying bacteria, thus helps to purify water.
  • 136.
    Planktonic Protozoa asFood • Food for man, fish and other organisms. • Form a link in food chain in the oceanic environment.
  • 137.
    Symbiotic Protozoa • Symbiosisassociation • Beneficial to both the partners forming a dependency.
  • 138.
    Harmful Protozoa • SoilProtozoa • Water Pollution • Pathogenic Protozoa – Pathogenic Sarcodines – Pathogenic Flagellates – Pathogenic Sporozoans – Pathogenic Ciliates
  • 139.
    Soil Protozoa • Soilprotozoans feed upon the Nitrifying Bacteria • Decreses the amount of nitrogen to soil.
  • 140.
    Water Pollution • Pollutewater producing aromatic and oily secretions with objectionable odours • Some bioluminescent, living in sea , multiply extensively and occurs the phenomenon called bloom • Destruction of fish , poisoning of edible molluscs.
  • 141.
    Pathogenic Protozoa • Causedisease to animals are termed as Pathogenic protozoa. – Pathogenic sarcodines – Pathogenic Flagellates – Pathogenic Sporozoans – Pathogenic Ciliates
  • 142.
    • Entamoeba histolytica •Leishmania donovani • Plasmodium vivax • Balantidium coli