This document discusses intestinal protozoa, specifically focusing on intestinal amoebae. It outlines the life cycles and pathogenic effects of Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium coli. It describes the mechanisms of pathogenesis of E. histolytica including adhesion molecules and cytolytic factors. The clinical manifestations of intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis are described. Methods for diagnosis including microscopy, antigen detection, and molecular tests are also summarized.
Amoeba are structurally simple protozoans that can invade and damage the intestinal tract. Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal amoeba that can cause amoebic dysentery or form extra-intestinal abscesses in the liver and lungs. E. histolytica was first discovered in 1875 and exists in trophozoite, precyst, and cyst forms. The cyst form is infectious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. In the intestine, trophozoites may invade the colonic mucosa, causing ulcers or abscesses with symptoms of bloody diarrhea. Liver abscesses are a common extraintestinal manifestation and can spread infection to other organs.
This document provides information about various protozoan parasites classified as amoebas. It describes the morphology, life cycles, and pathogenic characteristics of several intestinal amoebas that can infect humans, including Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba gingivalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Iodamoeba butschlii. For each parasite, it details their trophozoite and cyst stages, structures, sites of infection, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. The document aims to educate on the classification, identification, and clinical significance of different amoeba species.
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
This document provides an overview of Entamoeba, including its classification, morphology, life cycle, virulence factors, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic protozoan that can cause intestinal and extra-intestinal infections like amoebic dysentery and liver abscess.
- It has three morphological stages - trophozoite, precystic, and cystic stages. Trophozoites cause tissue invasion and disease.
- The infective transmissive stage is the mature quadrinucleated cyst which is ingested and excysts in the intestine.
- Virulence factors like lect
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
This document summarizes key information about Taenia species, including T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. multiceps. It describes the medically important species, diseases they cause, hosts, morphology, life cycles, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans. T. solium can also cause cysticercosis, which can lead to seizures. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host while T. solium uses pigs. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs or proglottids. Cysticercosis is diagnosed via imaging, biopsy or serology. Treatment
1. The document discusses various aspects of free-living amoebae (FLA) including Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris.
2. It covers their classification, structure, life cycles, modes of infection, clinical manifestations like primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.
3. The summary also discusses their diagnosis through microscopy, culture, molecular and imaging techniques as well as challenges in treatment.
Amoeba are structurally simple protozoans that can invade and damage the intestinal tract. Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal amoeba that can cause amoebic dysentery or form extra-intestinal abscesses in the liver and lungs. E. histolytica was first discovered in 1875 and exists in trophozoite, precyst, and cyst forms. The cyst form is infectious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. In the intestine, trophozoites may invade the colonic mucosa, causing ulcers or abscesses with symptoms of bloody diarrhea. Liver abscesses are a common extraintestinal manifestation and can spread infection to other organs.
This document provides information about various protozoan parasites classified as amoebas. It describes the morphology, life cycles, and pathogenic characteristics of several intestinal amoebas that can infect humans, including Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba gingivalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Iodamoeba butschlii. For each parasite, it details their trophozoite and cyst stages, structures, sites of infection, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. The document aims to educate on the classification, identification, and clinical significance of different amoeba species.
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
This document provides an overview of Entamoeba, including its classification, morphology, life cycle, virulence factors, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic protozoan that can cause intestinal and extra-intestinal infections like amoebic dysentery and liver abscess.
- It has three morphological stages - trophozoite, precystic, and cystic stages. Trophozoites cause tissue invasion and disease.
- The infective transmissive stage is the mature quadrinucleated cyst which is ingested and excysts in the intestine.
- Virulence factors like lect
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
This document summarizes key information about Taenia species, including T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. multiceps. It describes the medically important species, diseases they cause, hosts, morphology, life cycles, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans. T. solium can also cause cysticercosis, which can lead to seizures. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host while T. solium uses pigs. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs or proglottids. Cysticercosis is diagnosed via imaging, biopsy or serology. Treatment
1. The document discusses various aspects of free-living amoebae (FLA) including Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris.
2. It covers their classification, structure, life cycles, modes of infection, clinical manifestations like primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.
3. The summary also discusses their diagnosis through microscopy, culture, molecular and imaging techniques as well as challenges in treatment.
Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric parasite that is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contact with contaminated water. The oocyst stage of its life cycle is very resilient and can survive in water even after treatment. Infection occurs when an oocyst embeds itself in the gut epithelium. There is no cure for immunocompromised individuals who become infected.
This document discusses the Taenia solium parasite, also known as the pork tapeworm. It has an adult stage that lives in the human intestine and a larval stage (cysticercus cellulose) that lives in pigs. The life cycle involves humans ingesting pork contaminated with the larval cysts, which develop into the adult tapeworm in the small intestine. Common symptoms in humans include abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea. The larval cysts can also spread to other tissues like brain, eyes and muscles, causing neurocysticercosis with symptoms depending on the location of cysts. Diagnosis involves examination of stool samples or imaging tests, while treatment involves antiparasitic medications like albendazole
There are over 100 species of Plasmodium, some of which can infect humans and cause malaria. The four main species that infect humans are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum. P. falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for over 1 million deaths per year globally. The life cycle of Plasmodium involves both sexual and asexual reproduction in humans and mosquitoes. Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the parasite between humans during blood-feeding. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria is usually done by examining thick and thin blood smears under a microscope to look for the parasite in red blood cells. Treatment depends on the species,
This document provides an overview of Entamoeba histolytica, including its history, structure, transmission, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. E. histolytica is a parasitic protozoan that infects the human colon and causes acute diarrhea and dysentery. It has two stages - the active trophozoite stage that causes infection, and the transmissive cyst stage. The cysts are ingested and excyst in the gut, releasing trophozoites that colonize the colon and cause tissue destruction through enzymatic lysis of epithelial cells. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment depends on the site of infection but generally involves nitroimidazole derivatives for intestinal
The document outlines the classification and characteristics of medically important parasites. It discusses the classification of parasites into helminths (trematodes, cestodes, nematodes) and protozoa. For each type of parasite, it describes morphological features, life cycles, important stages, habitats, and modes of infection. The objectives are to differentiate parasite types based on these characteristics and list examples of medically significant parasites.
Leishmania donovani is a parasite endemic to parts of India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South America, and Russia. It has both an amastigote stage inside human cells and a promastigote stage in the gut of sandflies. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and sandflies. In humans it causes visceral leishmaniasis with symptoms like fever, enlarged spleen and liver, and anemia. Diagnosis involves microscopy of tissues or culture. Treatment is with antimony compounds or pentamidine.
This document provides information about parasites and parasitology. It discusses different types of parasites like protozoa, helminthes, and examples. It then focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its life cycle, morphology, geographical distribution, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology. Key points are that E. histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery. It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms and is transmitted when cysts from infected feces contaminate food or water. The parasite infects the large intestine where it can cause intestinal lesions or spread to other organs.
The document discusses Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine and causes giardiasis. It was first observed microscopically in 1681. It attaches to the small intestine epithelium and reproduces via binary fission. The life cycle involves ingestion of dormant cysts found in contaminated water or food, which excyst in the intestine to the active trophozoite stage before becoming cysts again. Symptoms include diarrhea. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites microscopically in stool samples. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole or tinidazole.
This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It defines parasitology as the study of organisms that live temporarily or permanently in or on the human body. There are three main classes of medical parasitology: medical protozoology, medical helminthology, and medical entomology. The document defines key parasitology terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, life cycle, and provides classifications of different types of parasites including protozoa and helminths.
The document discusses Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, the beef and pork tapeworms respectively. It defines their life cycles, which involve humans as the definitive host and cattle or pigs as intermediate hosts. The adult tapeworms reside in the human small intestine and release proglottids containing eggs, which are passed in feces. If ingested by cattle or pigs, the eggs can develop into cysticerci that are then consumed undercooked to continue the life cycle. Symptoms of taeniasis include abdominal pain and irritation at the site of attachment. Cysticercosis occurs if eggs are accidentally ingested by humans and can involve various tissues. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or progl
This document provides a classification and overview of intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba, Giardia, Dientamoeba, Trichomonas, and Balantidium. It describes the morphology, life cycles, pathogenicity and clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. Laboratory diagnosis and treatment options for intestinal amebiasis and extraintestinal complications like hepatic amebiasis are also summarized. The document briefly mentions other non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae including Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba gingivalis, Endolimax n
This document provides an introductory overview of parasitology including:
1. Definitions of key terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, and vectors.
2. Classifications of parasites by cellular organization, habitat, duration of infection, and more.
3. Explanations of parasite life cycles, modes of transmission, common sites of infection in the body, and examples of parasitic diseases.
4. The learning objectives cover parasite and host taxonomy, host-parasite interactions, laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, and major parasites that infect people in Bangladesh.
Classification of flagellates and giardia lambliaArya Anish
This document provides a classification of flagellates and details about Giardia lamblia. It describes the morphology, life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of G. lamblia. Key points:
- G. lamblia is a lumen-dwelling flagellate that infects the duodenum and jejunum.
- It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms, with the cyst being the infective form transmitted via contaminated food/water.
- Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain and malabsorption. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of cysts/trophozoites in stool or duodenal samples. Treatment is with metronidazole or related drugs
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic nematode that can cause the disease strongyloidiasis. It has a complex life cycle involving both free-living and parasitic stages. The parasite penetrates intact skin and has two life cycles - an intestinal cycle that can persist for decades, and a pulmonary cycle seen in severe infections. Symptoms range from mild skin symptoms to severe pneumonia-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves examining stool, sputum, or gastric/duodenal samples for eggs or larval stages. Treatment involves ivermectin and albendazole. Prevention relies on good hygiene and sanitation practices.
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their characteristics, morphology, types, reproduction methods, diseases they cause, and drugs used to treat protozoa infections. It defines protozoa as unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and describes their ectoplasm and endoplasm layers. The document classifies protozoa into four main types - flagellates, ciliates, sarcodina, and sporozoates - and provides examples of diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan species, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis. It also lists some common antiprotozoal drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, and metronid
Pedi gu review fungal and parasitic infectionsGeorge Chiang
This document summarizes various fungal, parasitic, and inflammatory diseases that can affect the genitourinary tract in pediatric patients. It describes common fungal infections like candidiasis and aspergillosis. It also discusses parasitic infections including schistosomiasis and echinococcosis. Finally, it outlines other inflammatory conditions such as viral and bacterial cystitis, eosinophilic cystitis, and interstitial cystitis. Diagnosis and treatment options are provided for each condition.
Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric parasite that is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contact with contaminated water. The oocyst stage of its life cycle is very resilient and can survive in water even after treatment. Infection occurs when an oocyst embeds itself in the gut epithelium. There is no cure for immunocompromised individuals who become infected.
This document discusses the Taenia solium parasite, also known as the pork tapeworm. It has an adult stage that lives in the human intestine and a larval stage (cysticercus cellulose) that lives in pigs. The life cycle involves humans ingesting pork contaminated with the larval cysts, which develop into the adult tapeworm in the small intestine. Common symptoms in humans include abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea. The larval cysts can also spread to other tissues like brain, eyes and muscles, causing neurocysticercosis with symptoms depending on the location of cysts. Diagnosis involves examination of stool samples or imaging tests, while treatment involves antiparasitic medications like albendazole
There are over 100 species of Plasmodium, some of which can infect humans and cause malaria. The four main species that infect humans are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum. P. falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for over 1 million deaths per year globally. The life cycle of Plasmodium involves both sexual and asexual reproduction in humans and mosquitoes. Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the parasite between humans during blood-feeding. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria is usually done by examining thick and thin blood smears under a microscope to look for the parasite in red blood cells. Treatment depends on the species,
This document provides an overview of Entamoeba histolytica, including its history, structure, transmission, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. E. histolytica is a parasitic protozoan that infects the human colon and causes acute diarrhea and dysentery. It has two stages - the active trophozoite stage that causes infection, and the transmissive cyst stage. The cysts are ingested and excyst in the gut, releasing trophozoites that colonize the colon and cause tissue destruction through enzymatic lysis of epithelial cells. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment depends on the site of infection but generally involves nitroimidazole derivatives for intestinal
The document outlines the classification and characteristics of medically important parasites. It discusses the classification of parasites into helminths (trematodes, cestodes, nematodes) and protozoa. For each type of parasite, it describes morphological features, life cycles, important stages, habitats, and modes of infection. The objectives are to differentiate parasite types based on these characteristics and list examples of medically significant parasites.
Leishmania donovani is a parasite endemic to parts of India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South America, and Russia. It has both an amastigote stage inside human cells and a promastigote stage in the gut of sandflies. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and sandflies. In humans it causes visceral leishmaniasis with symptoms like fever, enlarged spleen and liver, and anemia. Diagnosis involves microscopy of tissues or culture. Treatment is with antimony compounds or pentamidine.
This document provides information about parasites and parasitology. It discusses different types of parasites like protozoa, helminthes, and examples. It then focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its life cycle, morphology, geographical distribution, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology. Key points are that E. histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery. It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms and is transmitted when cysts from infected feces contaminate food or water. The parasite infects the large intestine where it can cause intestinal lesions or spread to other organs.
The document discusses Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine and causes giardiasis. It was first observed microscopically in 1681. It attaches to the small intestine epithelium and reproduces via binary fission. The life cycle involves ingestion of dormant cysts found in contaminated water or food, which excyst in the intestine to the active trophozoite stage before becoming cysts again. Symptoms include diarrhea. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites microscopically in stool samples. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole or tinidazole.
This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It defines parasitology as the study of organisms that live temporarily or permanently in or on the human body. There are three main classes of medical parasitology: medical protozoology, medical helminthology, and medical entomology. The document defines key parasitology terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, life cycle, and provides classifications of different types of parasites including protozoa and helminths.
The document discusses Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, the beef and pork tapeworms respectively. It defines their life cycles, which involve humans as the definitive host and cattle or pigs as intermediate hosts. The adult tapeworms reside in the human small intestine and release proglottids containing eggs, which are passed in feces. If ingested by cattle or pigs, the eggs can develop into cysticerci that are then consumed undercooked to continue the life cycle. Symptoms of taeniasis include abdominal pain and irritation at the site of attachment. Cysticercosis occurs if eggs are accidentally ingested by humans and can involve various tissues. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or progl
This document provides a classification and overview of intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba, Giardia, Dientamoeba, Trichomonas, and Balantidium. It describes the morphology, life cycles, pathogenicity and clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. Laboratory diagnosis and treatment options for intestinal amebiasis and extraintestinal complications like hepatic amebiasis are also summarized. The document briefly mentions other non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae including Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba gingivalis, Endolimax n
This document provides an introductory overview of parasitology including:
1. Definitions of key terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, and vectors.
2. Classifications of parasites by cellular organization, habitat, duration of infection, and more.
3. Explanations of parasite life cycles, modes of transmission, common sites of infection in the body, and examples of parasitic diseases.
4. The learning objectives cover parasite and host taxonomy, host-parasite interactions, laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, and major parasites that infect people in Bangladesh.
Classification of flagellates and giardia lambliaArya Anish
This document provides a classification of flagellates and details about Giardia lamblia. It describes the morphology, life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of G. lamblia. Key points:
- G. lamblia is a lumen-dwelling flagellate that infects the duodenum and jejunum.
- It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms, with the cyst being the infective form transmitted via contaminated food/water.
- Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain and malabsorption. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of cysts/trophozoites in stool or duodenal samples. Treatment is with metronidazole or related drugs
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic nematode that can cause the disease strongyloidiasis. It has a complex life cycle involving both free-living and parasitic stages. The parasite penetrates intact skin and has two life cycles - an intestinal cycle that can persist for decades, and a pulmonary cycle seen in severe infections. Symptoms range from mild skin symptoms to severe pneumonia-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves examining stool, sputum, or gastric/duodenal samples for eggs or larval stages. Treatment involves ivermectin and albendazole. Prevention relies on good hygiene and sanitation practices.
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their characteristics, morphology, types, reproduction methods, diseases they cause, and drugs used to treat protozoa infections. It defines protozoa as unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and describes their ectoplasm and endoplasm layers. The document classifies protozoa into four main types - flagellates, ciliates, sarcodina, and sporozoates - and provides examples of diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan species, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis. It also lists some common antiprotozoal drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, and metronid
Pedi gu review fungal and parasitic infectionsGeorge Chiang
This document summarizes various fungal, parasitic, and inflammatory diseases that can affect the genitourinary tract in pediatric patients. It describes common fungal infections like candidiasis and aspergillosis. It also discusses parasitic infections including schistosomiasis and echinococcosis. Finally, it outlines other inflammatory conditions such as viral and bacterial cystitis, eosinophilic cystitis, and interstitial cystitis. Diagnosis and treatment options are provided for each condition.
This document contains questions about phycology (the study of algae) with missing words. It asks the student to:
1. Write a short note about algal modes of nutrition.
2. Discuss the morphological diversity of algae using a labeled diagram.
3. Provide the missing words in 22 statements about algal structure, life cycles, reproduction, pigments, and storage products.
Fungi can be unicellular yeasts or filamentous hyphae. Most fungi occur as hyphae that can be septate or coenocytic. Fungi are heterotrophs that can be saprophytes, symbionts, or parasites. They reproduce asexually via spores or sexually. Their vegetative phase is generally sedentary. Major fungal phyla include Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota.
Protozoa are the oldest and simplest known form of animal life. They are single-celled organisms that live in water or damp areas. They ingest food through cellular absorption and reproduce through fission. Protozoa are classified into five phyla - Sporozoa, Ciliophora, Rhizopoda, Zoomastigophora - based on characteristics like presence of spores, cilia, pseudopodia, or flagella. Sporozoa includes organisms like Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. Ciliophora use cilia for movement. Rhizopoda use lobose pseudopodia to prey on other organisms. Zoomastigophora have flagella and
Powerpoint on viruses, bacteria, protists and Fungi. Intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences syllabus. Includes information on HIV, virus reproduction, malaria, TB, thrush, characteristics of microbes etc. Hope it helps!
This document provides information about protozoology and the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It begins with an introduction to protozoology and classifications of protozoa. It then discusses the general characteristics, life cycles, and importance of protozoa. The document focuses on E. histolytica, outlining its habitat, transmission, morphology, life cycle within the human host, virulence factors, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms of infection, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. E. histolytica causes amebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extraintestinal disease such as liver abscesses if the parasite invades tissues.
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
This document discusses medically important protozoa, including their classification, epidemiology, morphology, lifecycles, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, providing details on its lifecycle involving the ingestion of cysts, excystation in the intestines, tissue invasion via trophozoites, and formation of cysts that are passed in feces. Symptoms of E. histolytica infection range from asymptomatic carriage to intestinal amebiasis and extraintestinal amebiasis involving the liver and other organs. Diagnosis involves cyst examination in stool and antigen detection, while treatment involves metronidazole and other agents depending on
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms found in moist environments. Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that can cause amoebiasis, commonly known as amoebic dysentery. It has two stages in its life cycle - the actively feeding trophozoite stage and the transmissible cyst stage. The trophozoites can invade and damage the intestinal lining, causing bloody diarrhea. They may also spread via the bloodstream to other organs like the liver, where they cause abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify the trophozoite or cyst forms.
This document provides information about amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica. It discusses the life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Regarding life cycle, E. histolytica has stages of cysts which are ingested and release trophozoites in the intestines. Trophozoites colonize the intestines and form cysts which are released causing further infections. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to dysentery and liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves examining stool for cysts/trophozoites and imaging abscesses. Treatment includes metronidazole or tinidazole antibiotics. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and water treatment to avoid fecal-oral transmission.
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms classified into groups including amoebas, flagellates, and ciliates. The document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis. E. histolytica has a life cycle involving an infective cyst stage and invasive trophozoite stage. It is transmitted via the fecal-oral route in areas with poor sanitation. Amoebiasis ranges from asymptomatic carriage to acute dysentery and extra-intestinal infections like amoebic liver abscess. Diagnosis involves stool examination for cysts and trophozoites. Treatment depends on the infection stage and severity.
Amebiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and infects 50 million people annually. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery. Rarely, the infection may spread to other organs and cause liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopy of stool or biopsy samples to identify the protozoan trophozoites. Treatment consists of metronidazole or tinidazole to eliminate the intestinal infection, followed by other drugs like paromomycin or diloxanide furoate to clear cysts from the gut and prevent recurrence.
1. Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite that can cause amoebiasis. It exists in trophozoite, precyst, and cyst forms and passes between humans via the fecal-oral route.
2. E. histolytica infects the large intestine where it may cause intestinal lesions like ulcers or spread to other organs via blood circulation to cause extra-intestinal infections like liver abscesses.
3. The life cycle involves ingestion of cysts which excyst in the intestines to release trophozoites that multiply and some encyst to be passed in feces to continue the cycle and potential transmission to new hosts.
Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite that was first discovered in 1875. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries with poor sanitation. The life cycle involves an infective cyst stage that is ingested and passes through the stomach to the intestines, where it excysts into trophozoites. Trophozoites can invade the intestinal lining causing amoebic dysentery. They may spread to other organs via the bloodstream, causing liver or lung abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples or biopsies to identify trophozoites or cysts. Treatment depends on severity but generally involves metronidazole or paromomycin antibiotics for 5-10 days.
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amebiasis. It is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from fecally contaminated food, water, or objects. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can cause intestinal disease with diarrhea or dysentery. Rarely, the parasite can spread to other organs like the liver to cause amoebic liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of cysts or trophozoites in stool samples. Treatment depends on symptoms but involves drugs like metronidazole to eliminate the parasite from the intestines and other infected tissues.
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
This document summarizes laboratory diagnosis of parasites. Common specimen types for diagnosis include stool, sputum, urine and tissue. Diagnostic methods include microscopic examination, serology, fluorescent stains and molecular assays. Common parasites that can be diagnosed include protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium), helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis), and intestinal pathogens (Blastocystis hominis, Microsporidia). Symptoms, morphology of parasites and life cycles are described to aid in diagnosis.
The document summarizes several intestinal protozoan parasites that can infect humans. It describes the causal agents, life cycles, transmission routes, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment for parasites including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Balantidium coli. Key details provided on the parasites include their sites of infection in the host, symptoms caused, and diagnostic methods such as acid-fast staining of stool samples.
The document summarizes several intestinal protozoan parasites that can infect humans. It describes the causal agents, life cycles, transmission routes, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment for parasites including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Balantidium coli. Key details provided on each parasite include their geographic distribution, sites of infection within the host, symptoms caused, and diagnostic microscopic stages observed in stool samples.
This document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis. It begins with general characteristics of protozoa and classifications of E. histolytica. It then covers the morphology, lifecycle, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis. The diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of amoebiasis are also summarized. Key points include that E. histolytica has trophozoite, precyst, and cyst forms, is transmitted via ingestion of cysts, and causes intestinal lesions and liver abscesses in some cases. Diagnosis involves stool and serum tests to identify the different life stages, and treatment involves antibiotics like
Humans
- Trophozoites: 10-30 μm, pear-shaped or rounded with broad blunt pseudopodia
- Nucleus: single, central or subcentral, coarsely granular chromatin
- Feeds on bacteria and debris in mouth
- Cysts: spherical, 8 nuclei, 15-25 μm in size
- Non-pathogenic
- Transmission: direct contact
- Diagnosis: finding trophozoites or cysts in dental plaque or gingival scrapings
This document summarizes key information about trematodes (flukes). It describes their life cycles, which involve alternation between hosts and larval stages. It focuses on human trematodes that infect the blood, intestines, liver, and lungs. Specific sections provide details on key blood flukes (Schistosoma species), including their life cycles, geographical distribution, pathogenesis, symptoms, and diagnosis. Other tissue-dwelling flukes discussed include Clonorchis sinensis (the Asian liver fluke) and Paragonimus westermani (the Oriental lung fluke), along with their life cycles, pathology, disease presentation, and diagnosis.
This document summarizes several intestinal and urogenital protozoa that are significant to human health, including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Balantidium coli. It describes the morphology, life cycles, transmission, symptoms, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of amebiasis caused by E. histolytica as well as giardiasis caused by G. lamblia. It also briefly discusses cryptosporidiosis caused by C. parvum and balantidiasis caused by B. coli. The document contains several images that illustrate the microscopic appearance of trophozoites and cysts of these protozoan
This document provides an overview of malaria, including:
1. The five Plasmodium species that cause human malaria, with P. falciparum and P. vivax present in Sri Lanka.
2. The life cycles of the parasites, including their prepatent and incubation periods in the human host.
3. The pathophysiology of malaria, including the erythrocytic cycle causing haemolysis, host immune response, and mechanisms of severe malaria like cytoadherence.
4. Clinical features ranging from uncomplicated to severe malaria, and differences between recrudescence and relapse.
Bancroftian filariasis is endemic in Sri Lanka's coastal belt, infecting 9.5 million people. Adult worms induce lymphatic dilation and granuloma formation, not mechanical blockage. Repeated secondary infections cause lymphedema and elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves antigen detection or microscopy for microfilariae. Treatment is diethylcarbamazine and prevention involves annual mass drug administration with albendazole to interrupt transmission.
1) Plasmodium is a genus of protozoan parasites that cause malaria in humans. Five Plasmodium species infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most deadly.
2) The malaria parasites have a complex life cycle involving an insect vector (Anopheles mosquitoes) and a human host. They undergo asexual reproduction in humans and sexual reproduction in mosquitoes.
3) Laboratory diagnosis of malaria primarily relies on microscopy to identify the parasite in blood smears, though antigen detection tests are also used. Preventive measures aim to reduce human-vector contact and parasite populations through insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and early treatment of infected individuals.
This document discusses filarial worms that infect humans. It outlines the major filarial parasites found worldwide and in Sri Lanka, describing their life cycles, locations of adult worms in the body, microfilaria periodicity, and vectors. It focuses on the life cycle and transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti, the only endemic lymphatic filaria in Sri Lanka. Laboratory methods for diagnosing filarial infections are also summarized. Global and national efforts for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis, including mass drug administration and vector control in Sri Lanka, are briefly described.
This document provides an overview of the classification and visualization of infective agents. It begins by listing the main categories of infective agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It then discusses techniques for visualizing microorganisms under light and electron microscopy. Specific parasites are described in more detail, including their classification, life cycles, and diseases they cause. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminths are all systematically classified. Arthropods that act as vectors for disease transmission are also outlined.
This document discusses mosquitoes of medical importance in Sri Lanka, focusing on Aedes, Anopheles culicifacies, and Culex species. It outlines the diseases transmitted by each mosquito (e.g. Anopheles culicifacies transmits malaria), their life cycles, breeding habitats, and control strategies used in Sri Lanka like indoor residual spraying and eliminating larval habitats. The goal is to reduce mosquito densities and break disease transmission cycles to control mosquito-borne illnesses.
This document discusses parasitic causes of diarrhoea. It describes the common intestinal parasites that cause diarrhoea such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and their pathological effects. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of amoebiasis, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are outlined. Prevention and control of parasitic diarrhoeas through provision of safe water, proper sanitation and hygiene are emphasized.
Infections can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods in babies. Common infections transmitted from mother to baby include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, parvovirus B19, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, group B streptococci, and Listeria. Clinical manifestations in babies can include rash, jaundice, pneumonia, sepsis, and central nervous system abnormalities. Diagnosis involves testing amniotic fluid or infant samples. Treatment may involve antiviral medications for the mother or infant.
This document discusses poisonous snakes and snake envenomation in Sri Lanka. It begins by classifying snakes as either poisonous or non-poisonous. The six highly poisonous snakes in Sri Lanka are identified as the Common Krait, Ceylon Cobra, Russell's Viper, Saw-scaled Viper, Green Pit Viper, and Hump-nosed Viper. These snakes are categorized based on their venom composition and the systemic effects of their bites. First aid procedures and hospital treatment protocols for snake bites are outlined. Prevention methods like wearing protective footwear and being cautious of where one steps are recommended to avoid encounters with snakes.
This document provides information about tissue coccidia, specifically Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species. It outlines the objectives, life cycles, morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. Key points include that cats are the only known definitive host of T. gondii, which can cause severe disease in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Serological testing is used for diagnosis, while prevention involves hand washing and not eating undercooked meat.
This document discusses several intestinal nematodes including Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), and hookworms. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these parasites. Intestinal nematodes can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe depending on the worm burden. Diseases result from nutrient deficiency, intestinal obstruction, or blood loss caused by hookworms. Sanitation and hygiene practices like handwashing and use of toilets are important for prevention.
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2. OBJECTIVES
1. Name the common intestinal amoebae &ciliates that infect
humans
2. Of the intestinal amoebae, name the organisms that are
pathogenic to human
3. Outline the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica /Balantidium coli
indicating the stages that cause pathogenic effects and are of
diagnostic importance in the above
4. Identify points in Life cycle where preventive measures are
applicable
5. Describe the mechanism of pathogenesis
6. Describe the pathogenesis and clinical features of these stages
7. Describe the mode(s) of transmission, prevention and control of
amoebiasis
8. Describe the laboratory methods of diagnosis of these
organisms
3. Intestinal protozoan
• 1.Amoebae – moves by means of pseudopodia
• 2. Ciliates – are propelled by rows of cilia that
beat with a wave like motion
3. Flagellates- move by long whip like flagellae
4. Coccidia: lack the specialized organelles of
motility
Phylum protozoa is classified into 4
subdivisions based on methods of locomotion
6. can exist as trophozoite (growing stage) or cyst
( dormant stage)
Differentiate on morphological features of either
trophozoite or cyst
Differentiating features of trophozoite:
Size,
Type of motility – directional or non- directional
fast or sluggish
character of pseudopodia
,Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies : Red blood cells,
food vacuoles containing bacteria, yeast
7. Differentiating features of cyst :
size
shape
number of nuclei, structure of nuclei
presence of glycogen mass
Chromatoid body or bar - coalesced RNA
within the cytoplasm
number of nuclei, arrangement of peripheral chromatin,
position of the karyosome
Nuclear structure:
Chromatin ; Nuclear DNA present as peripheral
chromatin
Karyosome: small condensed mass of chromatin within the
nuclear space
Peripheral chromatin – chromatin adhering to nuclear
membrane
8. Genus : Entamoeba
Parasites of alimentary tract - man, monkeys
vertebrates and invertebrates
Characteristics of this genus :
Nucleus more or less spherical
Nuclear membrane line with chromatin
granules
Small karyosome situated at or near the
centre
Trophozoite has single nucleus
10. Amoebae that parasitize humans
Intestinal amoebae: ( inhabit the large intestine)
Entamoeba histolytica
E.dispar
E.coli
E.hartmani
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii
Dientamoeba fragillis
Oral cavity : Entamoeba gingivalis
11. There are two stages in the life cycle of
these amoebae.
1.Trophozoite:mortile and feeding
stage. Multiply by binary fission
2. Cyst : Inactive, non motile and
infective stage
No cyst stages in D.fragilis &
E.gingivalis
12. Of several species of amoebae live in the
alimentary tract of human MAJORITY are
commensals ONLY Entamoeba
histolytica is pathogenic D.fragilis and I.butschlii,
may cause intestinal infection
14. • cosmopolitan distribution
• worldwide incidence: 0.2-50%
• highest prevalence in areas with
poor sanitation
• no animal reservoirs
•estimated 50 million cases/year
100,000 deaths/year
Entamoeba histolytica
15. Disease: amoebiasis
Blood and mucous diarrhoea
Pathogenic organism parasitize large
intestine of man
E. dispar identical morphology but not
Invasive ( non-pathogenic)
16. RBCs
Nucleus
20-40 µm, motility-active, progressive,
directional
Pseudopodia- finger like, hyaline, very rapidly
extruded
Inclusions- red blood cells (invasive forms)
Nucleus- single, fine central kayosome,
regular peripheral chromatin
Trophozoite
17. Cyst – spherical, 10-20 µm (E. hartmanni <10 µm)
Nuclei: 1-4, structure like in trophozoite
Chromatoid bodies: thick, 1-2 stain like chromatin,
disappear as cyst matures (does not stain with Iodine)
E. dispar identical morphology
18. Life cycle
Infective stage
• Ingestion of mature
cysts
• Excysts in small
intestine
• Each cyst give rise
immature trophozoites
• Maturation takes place
in caecum
•Trophozoites feed grow
and divide causing
pathological effects
19. Amoebiasis
Pathogenesis - Infection with
E.histolytica does not
necessarily lead to disease. The
outcome depends on :
•Host factors
•Parasite factors
20. Host Factor Contributions
• Physico-chemical environment of the
gut influenced by bacterial flora, mucus
secretion & gut motility
• Degree of immunological resistance
21. Important virulence factors of E.histolytica
• Adhesion molecules ( N- acetyl-D-
galactosamine inhibitable lectine
Gal/GalNac) – adhesion to colonic mucine and host
cells
• induce contact dependent cytolysis,
• Channel-forming peptides(Amoebapores):
Stored in cytoplasmic granules & release
following target cell contact, forms iron
exchanging channels in plasma membrane –
lysing the target cells
Parasitic factors
22. 3. Cystein protinases –
Aid in penetration of host tissue by digesting
extracellular matrix, cleaving collagen, elastin,fibrinoge in
extracellular matrix by stimulating host cell proteolytic cascade
Resistance to host response
• complement resistance-inactivates theinactivates the
complement factorscomplement factors and are thus resistantand are thus resistant
to Complement mediated lysis.to Complement mediated lysis.
• Limit the effectiveness of humoral
response by degrading
both IgA and IgG
4. Species/strain differences; E. dispar non
invasive, Pathogenic zymodemes =E.histolytica
24. • Penetration of mucus layer
• contact-dependent killing of epithelium
• breakdown of tissues (extracellular matrix)
• contact-dependent killing of neutrophils, leukocytes, etc.
initially produce focal and superficial erosions in large
intestine with unaffected mucosa in between
Adhere to colonic mucin
and host clls
26. •Trophozoites advance laterally and downward
into the submucosa producing a 'flask-shaped'
ulcer ( typical appearance of intestinal
amoebiasis)
Flask shaped ulcers -Base in submucosa and small opening on
the mucosal surface
• Trophozoite penetrates the intestinal
epithelium and then the muscularis mucosa &
enter in to submucosa
27. Trophozoites penetrate the muscle
and serous layers leading to
intestinal perforations ,peritonitis
Rarely involvement of blood vessels at the base of the
ulcer may produce profuse bleeding
Amoeboma - Amoebic granuloma
An inflammatory thickening of the intestinal wall,
due to repeated invasion of colon by E histolytica
common sites- ascending colon & caecum
Haematogenous spread to other organs
35. Clinical features
Intestinal disease
Majority of infections are asymptomatic
[cyst passers are infective carriers]
asymptomatic cyst passer
• Amoebic colitis
Gradual onset ( symptoms presenting over 1-2
weeks)
abdominal pain, tenesmus , watery or bloody
diarrhoea, anorexia, loss of weight. Fever only
10- 30%
Rectal bleeding without diarrhea can occur,
especially in children
38. Extraintestinal Disease _ sings &
symptoms depend on the organ affected
liver abscess –
Frequently affect adults than children,
Male>female
60-70% of patients with amebic liver abscess do
not have concomitant colitis, a history of dysentery
within the previous year
hepatomegaly, liver tenderness, pain in the
upper abdomen, High fever and anorexia,
Weight loss, vomiting, fatigue
40. Trophozoites
Direct wet faecal smears in saline can
demonstrate motile trophozoite. Fresh sample of
faeces ( preferably with in 30 min) should be
examine to visualize live trophozoite.
confirmed on a permanently stained smear to
identify morphological features of nucleus
Eg; Trichrome or Iron haematoxylin
• Biochemical Methods: Culture and
Isoenzyme analysis to differentiate
E.dispar from E.histolytica
44. Cyst
Wet faecal smear ( saline or iodine)
If cysts are few to be present in direct
smear, cysts can be concentrated
either by floatation ( Zinc sulphate
centrifugal floatation) or by
sedimentation ( Formal-Ether )
Faecal concentration methods
46. E.Coli cyst
Size – 10 -20 µm, >4nuclei
Nucleus ; eccentric karyosome with
irregular coarse chromatin
Chromatoid bodies infrequent ,needle
shape when present
Differentiation of E.Hislolytica from other non-
pathogenic intestinal protozoa is very important
48. Acute dysentery- predominant form
trophozoites
saline, stained smear, culture
Colitis – cysts - saline, iodine, concentration
methods
Faecal examination: minimum of 3 samples in
7 days
wet/permanent/culture
49. Diagnosis – Intestinal amoebiasis
Definitive diagnosis
[GOLD STANDARD]
– demonstrate parasite in
stools/rectal smears
STOOL
FULL REPORT
= SFR
Trophozoites
with ingested
red blood cells indicate
invasive amoebiasis
Presence of cysts does
not indicate active
disease but infective
carriers
(cysts are infective)
Without the specific
presence
of ingested RBCs in the
cytoplasm
the pathogen, E. histolytica
& the non pathogen, E.
dispar
Are morphologicaly
identical BUT
Biochemically different
50. Detection of E.histolytic specific antibodies
By Enzyme linked immunosorbent assy(ELISA)
Useful in non-endemic areas where E. histolytica
infection is not common
Antigen Detection in stool
• Antigen-based ELISA s
Advantages
Differentiate E. histolytica from E. dispar; (ii) they have
excellent sensitivity and specificity;
Immunodiagnosis
51. Emerging methods in Diagnosis
• These are considered the
most useful tests for
detecting E. histolytica.
They test directly for the
parasite itself by exposing
some stool to a strip of
paper coated with
antibodies. The parasites
will stick to the antibodies
on the paper. The test
distinguishes E.
histolytica from other
parasites.
• Disadvantage : costly
52. Molecular Biology-Based Diagnostic
Tests - PCR
• Detection of parasite DNA in faeces by PCR
• Provide high sensitivity and specificity for the
diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis
54. •abscess aspiration
only selected cases
reddish brown liquid
trophozoites at the abscess wall
•imaging
X –ray, CT, MRI,
ultrasound
•Abscess fluid Ag detection (ELISA)
55. Typical aspirate- chocolate syrup
Trophozoites
are found on marginal wall
Commonly found in the last portions of
aspirated material
56.
57. Peters & Gilles. Atlas of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology- 4th
Ed. Mosby-Wolfe 1995
CT scan of abscess in R lobe
X ray showing fluid level
59. Test
Colitis Liver abscess
Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity
Microscopy
(stool)
<60% 10-50% <10%
Microscopy
(abscess fluid)
NAb
NA <25%
Stool antigen
detection
(ELISA)
>95% >95% Usually negative
Serum antigen
detection
(ELISA)
65% (early) >90% ∼75% (late),
100% (first 3∼
days)
Abscess
antigen
detection
(ELISA)
NA NA ∼100% (before
treatment)
PCR (stool) >70% >90% Not done
Serum
antibody
detection
(ELISA)
>90% >85% 70-80% (acute),
>90%
(convalescent)
sensitivity and specificity of tests of
diagnosis for amoebiasisa
60. Transmission
Through cysts
Sources of infection:
Food and water contaminated with infected
faeces.
Food handlers excreting cysts are an
important source of contamination of foods
Houseflies also act as a mechanical vectors
contaminating food
Sexual transmission
• Direct – hand to mouth
• Indirect- contamination of food/water
61. Man is only reservoir host
Because of the protection conferred by
cyst wall , cyst can survive days and
weeks in external environment
Cyst Can be killed:
Boiling- Above 68 ° C
Iodine (200 ppm)/acetic acid 5-10%
Remove from water by sand filtration
Ordinary chlorination does not kill cysts
62. Epidemiology
Amoebiasis is cosmopolitan but no correlation
between infection and disease
Generally in developed countries asymptomatic
In tropics/low socio-economic standards
High pathogenicity
High risk groups: travelers, institutional inmates
homosexuals,
immunocompromised individuals, children in day
care centers
64. Food safety
• Thoroughly cook all raw foods.
• * Thoroughly wash raw
vegetables and fruits before
eating.
• * Reheat food until the internal
temperature of the food
reaches at least 167º.
• Wash your hands before
preparing food, before eating,
after going to the toilet or
changing diapers
66. What are ciliates ?
Protozoa with cilia
Cilia -
Hair like structures used for locomotion
and feeding.
Shorter than flagella and more in
number
67.
68. • Use cilia for movement or feeding
• Can have more than one nucleus
(macronucleus, micronucleus)
• Feed through a “mouth” like structure (oral
groove,
Ciliophora – ciliates
69. Generally larger than other protozoa
Reproduce by binary fission
ONLY ciliate that is known to parasitize
man is Balantidium coli
70. Balantidium coli
Largest protozoan parasite of man
A common parasite of pigs
Pig the main reservoir
Human infection is less frequent
Parasitize distal ileum and colon
Invade the mucosa and causes blood
and mucous diarrheoa
It is a zoonotic infection
71. C/f similar to amoebic dysentery
but no extra-intestinal spread
Pathogenic to man as it invade the
intestinal tissue
78. Regarding E. histolytica
A. Cyst is the infective stage
B. Does not attach to intestinal mucosa
C. Inhabits the human large intestine
D. Extaintestinal spread is possible
E. Nucleus has a central karyosome
Regarding amoeba
A. E. gingivalis has cyst stage in their life cycle
B. Can differentiated by their characteristic movements
C. E. dispar is a human pathogen
D. E. coli and E. histolytica are morphologically identical
79. Regarding Balantidium coli
A. It is not pathogenic to human
B. Trophozoite has only one nucleus
C. It is a zoonotic parasite
D. Cyst is covered with cilia
E. Trophozoite is the infective stage to human
True /false E.histolytica
Inhabits human large intestine
E. Histolytica cyst is a infective stage to human
Transmitted by faeco-oral route
E.Histolytica trophozoite is morphologically identical to E. dispar
80. True or false
Genus Entamoeba has large katyosome in side the nucleus
E. Histolytica trophozoite moves sluggishly
E. Histolytica trophozoite has single nucleus with centrally placed karyosome
E. Gingivalis has trophozoite and cyst in their life cycle
Acute amoebic dysentery, predominant form is cyst in stools
Flask shaped ulcers are typical lesion in intestinal amoebiasis
Trophozoites in faecal samples is a commonly associated with hepatic amoebiasis
In amoebic colitis, predominant form in the faeces is trophozoite
E histolytica and E dispar cysts cannot differentiate microscopically
Fever is a common clinical feature of amoebic colitis.
Abscess fluid microscopy is useful in the diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess