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Protozoa
Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic organisms classified in the kingdom Protista. There are approximately 92,000 known protozoan species. They exhibit various modes of locomotion including pseudopodia, cilia, flagella or myonemes. Protozoans can reproduce asexually through binary fission, multiple fission, plasmotomy or budding, or sexually through syngamy or conjugation. They are classified into groups based on their locomotion structures and include Ciliophora, which move using cilia, and Sarcomastigophora, which move using pseudopodia or flagella and are further divided into Mastigophora, Opalinata, and Sarc
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Protozoa
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- 2. PROTOZOA • Protozoa meansfirst animals and includes unicellular consumers. • They are included under the kingdom protista. • There are about 92,000 species of protozoans. • Anton von leeuwenhoek was the first to observe a protozoan (vorticella convellaria) under a microscope. • Goldfuss coined the term protozoa .
- 3. General characteristics • Thebody is unicellular and this single cell performs all functions and life activities. • They exhibit protoplasmic grade of organization. • They are either solitary or colonial , free living or symbiotic. • Many forms go encystment to tide over unfavourable conditions. • Somatoplasm and germplasm are not differentiated hence they are immortal We are the world ^__^
- 4. Body symmetry spherical, radial , bilateral or absent locomotion Pseudopodia , cilia , flagella or myonemes nutrition Holozoic , holophytic , osmotropic or mixotropic respiration Diffusion or anaerobic excretion Diffusion or contactile vacuoles Asexual reproduction Binnary fission , multiple fission , plasmotomy or budding Sexual reproduction Syngamy or conjugation digestion intracellular
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- 6. CILIOPHORA •Complex protozoans. •Cilia areuseful in locomotion and food capturing. •Infraciliary system is present. •Nuclear dimorphism is seen where micronucleus is reproductive and diploid and macronucleus is vegetative and polyploid. •Sexual reproduction by conjugation. •Asexual reproduction by binary fission or budding. •Eg : paramecium PARAMECIUM
- 7. CNIDOSPORA • These areparasitic without any locomotory structures. • Spores are provided with one or more polar filaments which is discharged and attached to the host tissue during infection. MYXOSPORIDEA Extracellular parasites with 2 polar filaments. Ex : myxobolus MICROSPORIDEA Intracellular parasites with a single polar filament. Ex : nosema bombycis
- 8. SPOROZOA • Parasitic withoutspecial locomotory structures . • Pseudopodia if present useful only in ingestion. • They bear an apical complex anteriorly for penetration into host cells. TELOSPOREA Spores are long Reproduction is asexual and sexual ( iso/anisogamy ) . plasmodium HAPLOSPOREA Spores are amoeboid Only asexual reproduction by mutiple fission . haplosporidium TOXOPLASMA Spores are absent Reproduction only asexual by endodyogeny . toxoplasma
- 9. SARCOMASTIGOPHORA • Locomotion isbrought about by pseudopodia or flagella. • It is divided into 3 superclass : - Mastigophora - locomotor organelles is flagella. Opalinata - locomotor organelle is cilia. Sarcodina - locomotor organelle is pseudopodia.
- 10. MASTIGOPHORA • PHYTOMASTIGOPHOREA • freeliving chloroplast bearing flagellates. • Nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic. • ZOOMASTIGOPHOREA • Parasitic without chloroplast. • Nutrition is holozoic or saprobic. euglena trypnosoma
- 11. OPALINATA •They are commensalsor parasites found in the gut of anurans. •Body is covered by oblique rows of cilia but they lack infraciliary system. •Some are binucleate and others mutinucleate but all are homokaryotic. •Asexual reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission or plasmotomy. •Sexual reproduction is by anisogamy. OPALINA
- 12. SARCODINA • Locomotion isbrought about by pseudopodia . They are divided into 3 classes : 1. Rhizopodea – locomotion is by lobopodia or filopodia (amoeba) or by reticulopodia (foraminiferans).they are mostly free living. 2. Piroplasmea – locomotory structures are absent as spores are absent. They are parasitic. Ex – babesia. 3. Actinopodea – they have axopodia for locomtion and they are marine or fresh water forms. Ex - actinophrys
- 13. RHIZOPODEA PIROPLASMEA ACTINOPODEA AMOEBABABESIA ACTINOPHHRYS