The document discusses the four main categories of movements that can occur at synovial joints: gliding, angular movements such as flexion and extension, rotation, and special movements. It provides examples of different angular movements including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. Rotation and special movements are also briefly mentioned.
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a specialized type of dense collective tissue designed to give support , bear weight and withstand tension , torsion , and bending.
General Features :
• Cartilage supports regions of body that requires flexibility.
• Non nervous structure
• Avascular
• Very poor regeneration power
• Usually surrounded by pericondrium (dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage) except fibro cartilage.
Classification:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Fibro Cartilage :
White colored, tough cartilage containing dense connective tissue and collagen fibers often known as intervertebral discs is called fibro cartilage.
Structure :
Fibro cartilage consists of chondrocytes dispersed among bundles of type 1 collagen fibers.
Chondrocytes are present in lacunae (cavity).
The arrangement of cells is different from all other type of cartilages.
Chondrocytes are arranged in parallel rows of 2, 4 or 6 cells.
These rows of cells are called isogenous cell groups.
Chemical Compounds Present :
Proteoglycans rich in sulphated glucosaminoglycans especially
Chondroiton sulphate
Dermatan sulphate
Stain :
Due to the abundance of collagen type 1 fibers , the matrix of fibrocartilage stains intensely acidophilic/eosinophilic. (since collagen is basic in nature)
Stained by EOSIN which is pink in color.
Chondrocytes are stained in purple usually by HEMATOXYLIN and looks purple in color due to acidic nature of large centeral nucleus present.
Occurrence in body :
Intervertebral disc
Disc of pubic symphysis
Menisci of knee joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Temporomandibular joint
Ligamentum tere
Labrum glenoidale
Labrum acetabulare
Fibrocartilage is also found at places where tendons and ligaments attach to bones.
Disorders:
Degeneration of fibrocartilage is seen in degenerative disc disease.
A fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) is an unusual cause of spinal cord and cerebral ischemia (insufficient bloodsupply). Symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in the neck and/or back; progressive weakening reduced sensation and paralysis. It may be caused by the blocking of an artery interrupting vascular supply.
A herniated disk is a disk that ruptures. This allows the jelly-like center of the disk to leak, irritating the nearby nerves. This can cause sciatica or back pain.
References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herniateddisk.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3289246
histology by laiq hussaain
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a specialized type of dense collective tissue designed to give support , bear weight and withstand tension , torsion , and bending.
General Features :
• Cartilage supports regions of body that requires flexibility.
• Non nervous structure
• Avascular
• Very poor regeneration power
• Usually surrounded by pericondrium (dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage) except fibro cartilage.
Classification:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Fibro Cartilage :
White colored, tough cartilage containing dense connective tissue and collagen fibers often known as intervertebral discs is called fibro cartilage.
Structure :
Fibro cartilage consists of chondrocytes dispersed among bundles of type 1 collagen fibers.
Chondrocytes are present in lacunae (cavity).
The arrangement of cells is different from all other type of cartilages.
Chondrocytes are arranged in parallel rows of 2, 4 or 6 cells.
These rows of cells are called isogenous cell groups.
Chemical Compounds Present :
Proteoglycans rich in sulphated glucosaminoglycans especially
Chondroiton sulphate
Dermatan sulphate
Stain :
Due to the abundance of collagen type 1 fibers , the matrix of fibrocartilage stains intensely acidophilic/eosinophilic. (since collagen is basic in nature)
Stained by EOSIN which is pink in color.
Chondrocytes are stained in purple usually by HEMATOXYLIN and looks purple in color due to acidic nature of large centeral nucleus present.
Occurrence in body :
Intervertebral disc
Disc of pubic symphysis
Menisci of knee joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Temporomandibular joint
Ligamentum tere
Labrum glenoidale
Labrum acetabulare
Fibrocartilage is also found at places where tendons and ligaments attach to bones.
Disorders:
Degeneration of fibrocartilage is seen in degenerative disc disease.
A fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) is an unusual cause of spinal cord and cerebral ischemia (insufficient bloodsupply). Symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in the neck and/or back; progressive weakening reduced sensation and paralysis. It may be caused by the blocking of an artery interrupting vascular supply.
A herniated disk is a disk that ruptures. This allows the jelly-like center of the disk to leak, irritating the nearby nerves. This can cause sciatica or back pain.
References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herniateddisk.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3289246
histology by laiq hussaain
Carpal Bone Anatomy Details PPT
Part-4 (UL Bone)
Carpal Bone names, attachments, clinical anatomy, General and specific points.
Carpal bones: 8
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Carpal Bone Anatomy Details PPT
Part-4 (UL Bone)
Carpal Bone names, attachments, clinical anatomy, General and specific points.
Carpal bones: 8
Like, share and comment.
Thank you
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Types of movements at synovial joints
1. TYPES OF MOVEMENTS
AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS.
DAWN V TOMY M.PHARM.,
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY,
ST.JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
CHERTHALA, ALAPPUZHA.
2. Movements at synovial joints are grouped into four main categories:
• (1) gliding,
• (2) angular movements,
• (3) rotation and
• (4) special movements.
Gliding is a simple movement in which relatively flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another. The intercarpal and intertarsal joints are examples of articulations where gliding movements occur.
Angular movements, there is an increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones. The major angular movements are flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
Flexion and extension are opposite movements.
Flexion (flex - to bend): decrease in the angle between articulating bones.
Extension (exten - to stretch out): an increase in the angle between articulating bones, to restore anatomical position after it has been flexed.
Movements occur along the sagittal plane.
• Bending the head toward the chest at the atlanto-occipital joint between the atlas (the first vertebra) and the occipital bone of the skull, and at the cervical intervertebral joints between the cervical vertebrae.
• Bending the trunk forward at the intervertebral joints.
• Moving the humerus forward at the shoulder joint, as in swinging the arms forward while walking.
• Moving the forearm toward the arm at the elbow joint between the humerus, ulna, and radius.
• Moving the palm toward the forearm at the wrist or radiocarpal joint between the radius and carpals.
• Bending the digits of the hand or feet at the interphalangeal joints between phalanges.
• Moving the femur forward at the hip joint between the femur and hip bone, as in walking.
• Moving the leg toward the thigh at the tibiofemoral joint between the tibia, femur, and patella, as occurs when bending the knee.
Example of joints involved are (a) Shoulder joint (b) Wrist joint (c) Hip joint (d) Metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers (not the thumb).
Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist along the frontal plane involves the intervertebral joints, is called lateral flexion.
Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position is called hyperextension (hyper-beyond or excessive).
Examples of hyperextension include:
• Bending the head backward at the atlanto-occipital and cervical intervertebral joints
• Bending the trunk backward at the intervertebral joints
• Moving the humerus backward at the shoulder joint, as in swinging the arms backward while walking.
• Moving the palm backward at the wrist joint.
• Moving the femur backward at the hip joint, as in walking, Hyperextension of hinge joints, such as the elbow, interphalangeal, and knee joints, is usually prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of the bones.
Abduction (ab - away) is the movement of a bone away from the midline.
Adduction (ad - toward) is the movement of a bone toward the midline.
Movements occur along the frontal plane.
Examples of abduction include moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint, moving the palm laterally at the wrist joint, and moving the femur laterally at the hip joint. The movement that returns each of these body parts to the anatomical position is adduction.
Circumduction (circ - circle) is movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle. Circumduction is a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction. Examples of circumduction are moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint, moving the hand in a circle at the wrist joint, moving the thumb in a circle at the carpometacarpal joint, moving the fingers in a circle at the metacarpophalangeal joints (between the metacarpals and phalanges), and moving the femur in a circle at the hip joint. Both the shoulder and hip joints permit circumduction.
Rotation (rota - revolve), a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. Example is turning the head from side to side at the atlanto-axial joint (between the atlas and axis), as when you shake your head “no”.
Turning the trunk from side to side at the intervertebral joints while keeping the hips and lower limbs in the anatomical position.
In the limbs, rotation is defined relative to the midline, If the anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the midline, the movement is called medial (internal) rotation.
Special movements occur only at certain joints and includes elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition.
• Elevation (to lift up) is an upward movement of a part of the body, example closing the mouth at the temporomandibular joint to elevate the mandible or shrugging the shoulders at the acromioclavicular joint to elevate the scapula. Its opposing movement is depression. Other bones that may be elevated (or depressed) include the hyoid, clavicle, and ribs.
• Depression (to press down) is a downward movement of a part of the body, such as opening the mouth to depress the mandible or returning shrugged shoulders to the anatomical position to depress the scapula.
• Protraction (to draw forth) is a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane. Its opposing movement is retraction. You can protract your mandible at the temporomandibular joint by thrusting it outward or protract your clavicles at the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints by crossing your arms.
• Retraction (to draw back) is a movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position.
• Inversion (to turn inward) is movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints (between the tarsals). Its opposing movement is eversion.
• Eversion (to turn outward) is a movement of the sole laterally at the intertarsal joints.
• Dorsiflexion refers to bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint (between the tibia, fibula, and talus) in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface). Dorsiflexion occurs when you stand on your heels. Its opposing movement is plantar flexion.
• Plantar flexion involves bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface, as when you elevate your body by standing on your toes.
• Supination is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly as in anatomical position.
• Pronation is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly.
• Opposition is the movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand. This is the distinctive digital movement that gives humans and other primates the ability to grasp and manipulate objects very precisely.