Classification notes
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Students are instructed to prepare their interactive notes for a taxonomy unit by making a cover page with their name, class, and an illustration of taxonomy. They should staple paper behind the cover to take notes on classification, where organisms are now grouped by evolutionary relationships determined by characteristics and DNA sequencing. The taxonomic categories from domain to species are listed, with an example classification of humans provided. Students are tasked with creating a mnemonic and drawing to illustrate the categories for their interactive notes.
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Here are the answers to your questions:
1. A scientific name is better than a common name because it uniquely identifies one species, while a common name could refer to multiple species. This avoids confusion when scientists from different places or languages are communicating.
2. The 8 major taxonomic groups are: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
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1. Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system which provides a standardized way to name species.
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Type method
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18.pdf
Taxonomy: Classifying and
Naming Organisms
After completing this exercise, you will be able to
1. define common name, scientific name, binomial, genus, specific epithet, species, taxonomy,
phylogenetic system, dichotomous key, herbarium;
2. distinguish common names from scientific names;
3. explain why scientific names are preferred over common names in biology;
4. identify the genus and specific epithet in a scientific binomial;
5. write out scientific binomials in the form appropriate to the Linnean system;
6. construct a dichotomous key;
7. explain the usefulness of an herbarium;
8. use a dichotomous key to identify plants, animals, or other organisms as provided by your
instructor.
Introduction
We are all great classifiers. Every day, we consciously or unconsciously classify and categorize the objects around
us. We recognize an organism as a cat or a dog, a pine tree or an oak tree. But there are numerous kinds of oaks,
so we refine our classification, ivin the trees distinguishing names such as "red oak," "white oak," or "bur
oak." These are examples o common name names with which you are probably iiillsHamiliar. -
---scientists are continuall exchanging information about living organisms. But not all scientists speak the
same language. Th ommon nam "white oak," familiar to an An:erican, is probably not familiar to a Spanish
~logist, even though the tree we know as white oak may exist in Spain as well as in our own backyard.
Moreover, even within our own language, the same organism can have several common names. For example,
within North America a gopher is also called a ground squirrel, a pocket mole, and a groundhog. On the other
hand, the same common name may describe many different organisms; there are more than 300 different trees
called "mahogany"! To circumvent the problems associated with common names, biologists use t[ctenti1i9
0 a§9 !hat are ni ue to each kin · and tha ar u throu hout
A cientific nam js two-parted, a bin mial. The.iirst word of the binomial designates the group to which
the organism be ongs; this is the enus arne (the plural of genus is genera). All oak trees belon to the genus
Quercus, a word derived from Latin . . ach kind of organism within a genus is given a ecific e ithe Thus, the
scientific name for white oak is Quercus alba (~Clfic ep1tljl is_Ellzg), while that of bur oa IS Quercus macrocarpa
~is macrocarl!£!1
Notice that the genus name is always capitalized; the specific e.Pithet usually is not capitalized (although
it can be if it is the proper name oi' a person or place). The binomial is written in italics (since theseare Latin
names); if italics are not available, the genus name and specific epithet are underlined.
You will hear discussion of "species" of organisms. For example, on a field trip, you may be asked "What
~ecies is this tree?" Assuming you are looking at a white oak, your reply would be "Quercus alba." .The scientific
name of the .
Binomial Classification of Animals and Taxonomy
Classification groups organisms based on similarities and arranges them in a logical, hierarchical order. The fundamental unit of classification is the taxon, with species being the lowest taxon and kingdom being the highest. Organisms are identified using their binomial scientific name, consisting of the genus and specific epithet. Phylogenetic trees show hypothesized evolutionary relationships between taxa based on evidence from fossils, morphology, embryology, and DNA. Dichotomous keys use a series of choices to identify organisms based on distinguishing characteristics.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. It involves grouping organisms into a hierarchical classification system based on similarities. The goal of taxonomy is to organize the diversity of life into a comprehensive classification scheme. Some key aspects of taxonomy include binomial nomenclature, which assigns each species a unique two-part scientific name, and dichotomous keys, which allow identification of unknown organisms through a series of choices. Modern taxonomy also incorporates evolutionary relationships revealed by phylogenetic analysis of genetic, morphological, and fossil data.
Taxonomy 1
The document discusses the basics of biological classification including:
1) The hierarchical system used to classify organisms from broad domains to specific species. This includes kingdoms being divided into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species.
2) Key concepts in classification like taxonomy, phylogeny, and binomial nomenclature which assigns each species a unique two-part scientific name.
3) Methods used to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms like fossils, DNA, morphology and embryology which are represented in phylogenetic trees.
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This document discusses taxonomy and biological classification. It defines key terms like biodiversity, taxon, and taxonomy. It explains the process of taxonomy, which includes characterization, identification, classification, and nomenclature. The rules of binomial nomenclature and biological naming are provided, with examples like Homo sapiens. The hierarchical levels of classification are defined, from species to kingdom. The relationships between genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom are illustrated in a diagram.
Diversity
Biologists classify and organize living things into taxonomic groups to better study the diversity of life in a logical manner. The science of classification is called taxonomy. Carolus Linnaeus is considered the father of taxonomy and made two main contributions - assigning each organism a two-part Latin name called binomial nomenclature and grouping organisms in a hierarchical classification system of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Modern classification systems aim to represent evolutionary relationships and lineages of descent rather than just physical characteristics.
Taxonomy 1
1. Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on similarities. It involves assigning organisms unique scientific names and grouping them in a hierarchical system from the most general domains to the most specific species level.
2. Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships between organisms as depicted in phylogenetic trees, which are hypotheses based on evidence from fossils, morphology, DNA, and other sources.
3. Organisms are classified into taxonomic ranks including domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species to reflect their evolutionary relationships.
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Binomial Nomenclature:
Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living organisms. It was introduced by the Swedish botanist and physician Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. In this system, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name consisting of the genus and the species. For example, Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans, with Homo representing the genus and sapiens representing the species.
Classification:
In biology, classification is the process of organizing living organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics. The main levels of classification, from broad to specific, are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. This system helps scientists categorize and study the vast diversity of life on Earth.
Evolution:
Evolution is the process by which species of living organisms change over time through the gradual accumulation of small genetic variations. This concept, introduced by Charles Darwin in the 19th century, is driven by natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
Diversity:
Biological diversity, often referred to as biodiversity, encompasses the variety of life on Earth, including the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic variations within species. It is a crucial aspect of the natural world, contributing to ecosystem stability, resilience, and the overall health of the planet.
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earning Material Upload Naming System:
This phrase is a bit ambiguous. If you are referring to a system for organizing and naming learning materials for upload, it could involve creating a structured naming convention or taxonomy to easily categorize and locate educational resources. This might include details like subject, level, or topic in the file names.
Binomial Nomenclature:
Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living organisms. It was introduced by the Swedish botanist and physician Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. In this system, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name consisting of the genus and the species. For example, Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans, with Homo representing the genus and sapiens representing the species.Classification:
In biology, classification is the process of organizing living organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics. The main levels of classification, from broad to specific, are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. This system helps scientists categorize and study the vast diversity of life on Earth.
Evolution:
Evolution is the process by which species of living organisms change over time through the gradual accumulation of small genetic variations. This concept, introduced by Charles Darwin in the 19th century, is driven by natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
Diversity:
Biological diversity, often referred to as biodiversity, encompasses the variety of life on Earth, including the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic variations within species. It is a crucial aspect of the natural world, contributing to ecosystem stability, resilience, and the overall health of the planet.
B10vrv5181
This document provides an overview of classifying organisms into a biological hierarchy. It discusses how Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature to scientifically name each species, and a classification system that organized species into seven taxa: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom based on anatomical similarities. Over time, problems with this traditional classification system emerged as it did not always reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms.
INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TAXONOMY WITH DIVERSE TAXONOMIC APPROACHES
INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TAXONOMY WITH DIVERSE TAXONOMIC APPROACHESNistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
This presentation has been designed to give the foundation of taxonomy in general and Plant Taxonomy in particular as a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of the plant world.Taxonomy foldable ppt (2)
The document provides instructions for creating a foldable taxonomy organizer with 5 colored paper sheets. It describes folding the purple paper first and then folding the other colored papers over top, with a half inch edge on each, in the order of purple, green, yellow, pink, and blue. It instructs to staple the completed foldable at the top. The foldable is meant to help organize information about taxonomy, including levels like species, genus, family, order, and domains of life.
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Basic concepts in systamatics,taxonomy and phylogenetic tree
Basic concepts in systamatics,taxonomy and phylogenetic tree
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )
18.pdfTaxonomy Classifying and Naming Organisms Aft.docx
18.pdfTaxonomy Classifying and Naming Organisms Aft.docx
INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TAXONOMY WITH DIVERSE TAXONOMIC APPROACHES
INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TAXONOMY WITH DIVERSE TAXONOMIC APPROACHES
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Respiratory system
The respiratory system has two main functions: to supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It has an upper respiratory tract that warms and filters air and a lower tract that includes the trachea and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli that absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and have a sponge-like structure.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart, made of strong cardiac muscle, has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventricle and lungs, then the left atrium and ventricle before being pumped through arteries like the aorta to the body. Oxygen-depleted blood returns via veins like the vena cava to the heart.
Digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. It consists of a long continuous digestive tract that food moves through, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that produce fluids entering the digestive tract include the liver, which produces bile to help digest fat, the gallbladder which stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas which produces digestive enzymes.
Muscles
Muscles are able to contract and shorten, pulling on bones via tendons to cause movement. They require a lot of oxygen and nutrients delivered by blood vessels. Muscle cells use aerobic respiration to generate energy from oxygen, and if worked too hard will switch to less efficient anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid. The document also lists some major muscle names in the arms, trunk, and legs.
Bones
The document lists and describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae. The skull has 22 bones including 8 in the cranium and 14 in the face. The rib cage contains 12 ribs pairs and the breastbone. The vertebrae consist of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx bones. The appendicular skeleton attaches the arms and legs to the axial skeleton. It lists the bones of the arm as the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius and carpals. The bones of the leg are the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula,
Organ systems projects
The document provides instructions for creating an interactive notebook on human biology. Students are told to staple paper to the cover and include identifying information and a picture. The notebook then outlines and describes the 11 human organ systems, their functions, and key organs. Students will work in groups to write and perform a 1-2 minute skit about the location and function of an assigned organ.
Climate change poster
The document provides instructions for creating a poster showing the impacts of climate change on a specific area or species. It states that the poster should identify at least 3 impacts of climate change, providing a brief explanation and picture for each impact. It also lists potential topics that could be covered on the poster, such as the impacts of climate change on polar bears, coral reefs, agriculture, and coastal cities.
Invasive plants notes
The document defines invasive plants as non-native plants that spread rapidly, out-compete native plants, and have negative ecological or economic impacts. It lists traits of invasive plants such as fast growth, efficient nutrient and water absorption, both sexual and asexual reproduction, effective seed dispersal mechanisms, wide environmental tolerance, and some produce toxins that inhibit other plants. The document also notes invasive plants cost over $140 billion per year in the US, threaten half of endangered species, and can be toxic, increase fire hazards, or cause injury with spines.
Flower notes
Flowers are reproductive organs that bring together pollen and eggs to produce seeds. They have four main parts: sepals which protect the developing flower, petals which are often brightly colored to attract pollinators, stamens which are the male part containing anthers that produce pollen, and carpels which are the female part containing an ovary with eggs and a stigma to receive pollen. A flower lab involves making a detailed drawing of a flower, labeling the parts, and cutting open the ovary to locate the eggs inside.
Seed notes
Seeds contain an embryonic plant and stored food to nourish and protect the embryo. Seeds also disperse the embryo through mechanisms like wind, water, or animals. Additionally, seeds enter dormancy to wait for suitable environmental conditions before germinating. Seeds are important because many are edible and provide humans with most of their calories through cereal grains, beans, and nuts. Students are instructed to write a letter explaining what seeds are and why they are important from the perspective of a seed.
Leaf structure
The document summarizes the structure and function of leaves. It notes that leaves contain a cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and vascular bundles. The cuticle forms a waxy outer covering that prevents water loss. The epidermis forms the top and bottom layers of the leaf and provides protection. The palisade mesophyll contains tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts and performs most photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed cells with fewer chloroplasts. The vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem that transport water and food. Stomata are pores on the underside of leaves that open and close to regulate gas exchange.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugar, which plants then use as food. It takes place in chloroplasts, small oval structures inside plant cells that contain chlorophyll to capture light energy. Chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that became incorporated into plant cells. Photosynthesis also produces oxygen as a byproduct.
Intro to plants
All plants share three main traits: they are eukaryotic, have cell walls containing cellulose, and produce their own food through photosynthesis. The document discusses four types of plants: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms which have cones, and angiosperms which have flowers.
Cladograms
A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between species by depicting lineages and their shared common ancestors. It represents groups of species that share a single common ancestor as clades. Derived characteristics are traits that evolved in a common ancestor and were passed down to its descendants, helping to determine how species are related on the cladogram. The example shows how to build a cladogram by determining which species share certain traits like legs, fur, being carnivorous, or having retractable claws.
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+
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−
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with a host spectroscopic redshift of
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0.007
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(
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−
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)
∼
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19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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) with
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CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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•Biological
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•Chemical
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Classification
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1.Direct Titration
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Potentiometry
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•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
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ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
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Classification notes
- 1. Welcome Back! • Please have your signed course info sheet ready to hand in
- 2. Make a cover for your Interactive Notes for the taxonomy unit Include: 1. The name of the unit (Taxonomy) 2. Your name 3. Class period 4. An illustration representing taxonomy (the study of how species are related)
- 3. Assemble your Interactive Notes 1. Staple 3 pieces of binder paper behind your cover sheet 2. Number the pages (First lined page=1, back of that page=2, etc.) 3. Write “Input” on top of the even # pages and “Output” on odd # pages 4. Put warm ups on page 1
- 4. Notes: Classification Take notes on page 2 of your I.N. Taxonomy = branch of biology that groups and names organisms
- 5. In the past, organisms were grouped by what they looked like
- 6. Now organisms are grouped by evolutionary relationships, which are determined by: 1. Characteristics 2. DNA sequencing
- 7. Taxonomic Categories • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species
- 8. Example: Humans • Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Primates • Family Hominidae • Genus Homo • Species sapiens
- 9. Output (pg. 3 of I.N.) • Come up with your own mnemonic (memory aid) for the taxonomic categories • Example: Dumb Kids Playing Chase On Freeways Get Squished Draw a color illustration of your mnemonic
- 10. Output (pg. 3 of I.N.) • Come up with your own mnemonic (memory aid) for the taxonomic categories • Example: Dumb Kids Playing Chase On Freeways Get Squished Draw a color illustration of your mnemonic