The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) governs the formal scientific names used for plants. Some key points:
- Carl Linnaeus is considered the father of modern taxonomy and introduced the system of scientific naming for species in 1753.
- Names are determined by nomenclature types and are based on priority of publication. Each taxonomic group can have only one correct scientific name.
- Names are revised in subsequent International Botanical Congresses starting in 1892 to establish standards for effective/valid publication, author citation, typification, and rejection of illegitimate names.
- Related codes also exist for zoological nomenclature, cultivated plants, bacteria,
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
The topic of Discussion is the Process of Classification, Identification & Nomenclature of an organism based upon their similarities and placing them under a common taxa. The rules of Nomenclature and Taxonomy.
PL. PATH - 601 (Advanced Mycology) Topic- Advances in nomenclature and taxono...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
This is my presentation for Advanced Mycology in 1st semester of Ph.D. program. There are advances in nomenclature and taxonomic criteria and their procedures. The history of nomenclature and some changes done in 18th international botanical congress are explained here.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
This presentation has been designed to give the foundation of taxonomy in general and Plant Taxonomy in particular as a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of the plant world.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Content
• Introduction
• Principles
• Who introduced this
• Important Rules of Nomenclature
• Subsequent Meeting of IBC
• Ranks of taxonomic catgories
• Codes of Nomenclature
• Typification
• Publication
• Author Citation
• Choice of names
• Rejection of names
3. Introduction
‘The nomenclature involves the principle govern by rules formulated &
adopted by International botanical congress , the rules developed by
IBC are listed formally in a code called International code of botanical
nomenclature’
4. Principles
• Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoology nomenclature
• The application of name of taxonomy groups is determined by means
of the nomenclature types
• The nomenclature taxonomic groups is based upon the priority of the
publication
• Each taxonomic group with a particular position & rank can only hare
one correct scientific name
• The scientific name of taxonomic group treated or written in latin
language
• The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited
5. Who introduced this
• The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited
to Swedish natural Carl Linnaeus , effectively beginning with his work
species plantarum in 1753
• Linnaeus :- Swedish botanist , physician & zoologist who laid the
foundation for the modern biological naming scheme of bionomical
nomenclature
• He is known as the father of modern taxonomy & is also considered
one of the father of modern ecology
6. Important Rules of Nomenclature
• Ranks & ending of taxa
• Principle of priority
• Type method
• Synonyms & related definitions
• Citation of author
• Name of cultivated plants
• Latin diagnosis
• Effective & valid publication
7. Subsequent Meeting of IBC
• 1892 –Rochester code
• 1905 –Vienna code
• 1907 –American code
• 1910 –Lawrence
• 1930 –Cambridge congress
• 1983 –latest I.C.B.N. Sydney Australia
a. 6 Principle
b. 75 Rules
c. 57 Recommendations
8.
9. Codes of Nomenclature
• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) for plants
( including Fungi & Cyanobacteria )
• International Code for Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP )
only for cultivated plants
• International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) for Animals
• International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria ( ICNB )
• International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ICTV ) for Viruses
10. Typification
• The code has greatly emphasized on typification of taxa in order to bring
about stabilization of names. The naming of taxonomic groups is
determined by means of nomenclature types where a nomenclatural type
is that element , to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached ,
either as a correct name or as a synonym. It is not necessarily the most
typical or representative element of the taxon.
1.Holotype
2.Isotype
3.Paratype
4.Syntype
5.Lectotype
6. Neotype
7.Topotype
11. Publication
Effective Publication – is publication which is accordance with the rules
( i.e. printed matters has to be distributed to the general public or at
least to botanical institutions with libraries accessible to botanist
generally )
Valid Publication –is a publication that is accordance with the rules I.e.
• Have a latin diagnosis or description &
• Give a clear indication of rank
• Designate a type & its location
• Publish in a scientific journal
12. Author Citation
The name of a taxon ( unitary , binary or ternary ) is incomplete unless
the name of the author or authors who first validly published the name
, is cited along the name with it. This helps in verifying the dates of
publication and in imparting precision in biological nomenclature.
There are several rules for author citation
• Usually the names are cited in abbreviated forms but never
underlined , e.g. Vitex Linn
• If the name of the plant is jointly published by two authors , their
names should be linked by means of et. Or an ampersand ( & )
• When more than three author are involved , citation is normally
restricted to the first author & is followed by et al.
13. Choice of names
• When the taxon rank is changed , for e.g. , species becomes a genus ,
the earliest legitimate name in its new rank is its correct name
• When two or more taxa of the same rank are united into one , e.g.
two or more genera are united , the oldest legitimate name of these
taxa should be retained as the name of the united taxon.
• When a genus or a species is divided into two or more genera or
species , the original name of the genus or species must be retained
• When a species is transferred to another genus without the change of
rank , the original name must be retained.
14. Rejection of names
a legitimate name or epithet must not be rejected merely because it is
inappropriate or disagreeable , or because another is preferable or better
known ,or because it has lost its original meaning. However , a name must be
rejected if it was nomenclaturally superfluous when published. Similarly , a
name or epithet rejected is replaced by the oldest legitimate name or in a
combination by the oldest available epithet in the rank concerned. The
following types of name can be considered to be illegitimate & unusable
