Dna replication
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Notes mutations
A mutation is a change in DNA sequence that can be caused by copying errors during DNA replication or exposure to mutagens like UV light or chemicals. There are several types of mutations, including point mutations which change a single DNA base pair, frameshift mutations which insert or delete base pairs changing all subsequent amino acids, and chromosomal mutations which involve gains or losses of entire chromosomes during meiosis. These mutations can have varying effects from no effect to large negative effects depending on the type of mutation and which gene is affected.
Succession
Ecological succession is a series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time, typically resulting in an increase in species diversity. Succession can be primary, occurring in areas with no previous community traces like new lava, or secondary, in partially disturbed areas where soil survives. Pioneer species alter the environment making it suitable for other species in successional stages from grasses to shade-tolerant trees in a climax community.
Pcr
PCR is a technique used to make millions of copies of a particular region of DNA. It stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction and is used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. The process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to enable polymerase enzymes to make new copies of the targeted DNA region.
Graphing in biology
The document describes the characteristics of a good graph, including using a ruler, giving the graph a title, labeling the axes and including units, numbering the axes such that the graph takes up half the page and numbers increase in consistent intervals, and drawing a best fit line rather than connecting data points. It then provides an example of a bad graph that lacks clear labels and spacing and wastes space, and notes issues one could find with it.
Characteristics of life2012
All living things share universal traits such as having DNA, growing and developing over their lifetime, responding to their environment, reproducing offspring sexually or asexually, maintaining homeostasis, obtaining and using energy through metabolism, evolving over time from common ancestors, and being made of one or more cells.
Science overview
Science is a method of understanding the natural world through making observations and developing testable explanations known as hypotheses. Scientists form hypotheses and models to make predictions that can be observed, and theories are explanations that have been well tested to unify broad observations. The scientific process involves observations, developing hypotheses and models, making predictions, and building theories through testing to best explain natural phenomena.
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Notes mutations
A mutation is a change in DNA sequence that can be caused by copying errors during DNA replication or exposure to mutagens like UV light or chemicals. There are several types of mutations, including point mutations which change a single DNA base pair, frameshift mutations which insert or delete base pairs changing all subsequent amino acids, and chromosomal mutations which involve gains or losses of entire chromosomes during meiosis. These mutations can have varying effects from no effect to large negative effects depending on the type of mutation and which gene is affected.
Succession
Ecological succession is a series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time, typically resulting in an increase in species diversity. Succession can be primary, occurring in areas with no previous community traces like new lava, or secondary, in partially disturbed areas where soil survives. Pioneer species alter the environment making it suitable for other species in successional stages from grasses to shade-tolerant trees in a climax community.
Pcr
PCR is a technique used to make millions of copies of a particular region of DNA. It stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction and is used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. The process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to enable polymerase enzymes to make new copies of the targeted DNA region.
Graphing in biology
The document describes the characteristics of a good graph, including using a ruler, giving the graph a title, labeling the axes and including units, numbering the axes such that the graph takes up half the page and numbers increase in consistent intervals, and drawing a best fit line rather than connecting data points. It then provides an example of a bad graph that lacks clear labels and spacing and wastes space, and notes issues one could find with it.
Characteristics of life2012
All living things share universal traits such as having DNA, growing and developing over their lifetime, responding to their environment, reproducing offspring sexually or asexually, maintaining homeostasis, obtaining and using energy through metabolism, evolving over time from common ancestors, and being made of one or more cells.
Science overview
Science is a method of understanding the natural world through making observations and developing testable explanations known as hypotheses. Scientists form hypotheses and models to make predictions that can be observed, and theories are explanations that have been well tested to unify broad observations. The scientific process involves observations, developing hypotheses and models, making predictions, and building theories through testing to best explain natural phenomena.
Competition
The document defines niche as the range of conditions a species lives in and how it obtains resources to survive and reproduce. A niche explains how a species fits into an ecosystem. Habitat is a species' location while niche includes location and occupation. The document also defines competition as occurring when organisms seek the same limited resources in the same place and time, and can be intraspecific or interspecific. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the exact same niche, while niche partitioning allows species to divide resources and coexist by each occupying a different niche.
Notes dna structure
The document provides instructions and notes on DNA structure. It explains that DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of a phosphate and sugar backbone with nitrogenous bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine in the center. It notes that adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine. The document instructs the reader to make a cover for their interactive notes on the DNA unit and include a color picture.
Diversity
The document defines species richness, species evenness, and species diversity. It notes that species diversity incorporates both richness and evenness. It also discusses biodiversity as the total genetic variation among organisms and some reasons for preserving biodiversity, including potential new medicines from plants, pest resistance genes in crop wild relatives, and ecosystem services from diverse ecosystems. Finally, it introduces keystone species as those that play a key role in maintaining ecosystem diversity and structure, providing sea otters and their effect on kelp forests as an example.
Notes symbiosis
Symbiosis is a close association between two different species. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, where one species benefits while the other is not affected; mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship; and parasitism, where one species benefits while harming the other. Examples provided include epiphytic plants in commensalism with trees, mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, and tapeworms as parasites that live in animal digestive tracts and steal nutrients. The document concludes with a homework assignment to research and write about one example of mutualism and parasitism.
Osmosis notes
The document defines osmosis as the diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. It explains that solutions can be isotonic when solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal, hypotonic when outside is lower causing water to flow into the cell, or hypertonic when outside is higher causing water to flow out of the cell. Examples are given of pure water, ocean water, and a diagram comparing a cell to a solution to determine if it is iso, hypo, or hypertonic based on solute concentrations and water movement direction.
Macromolecules
The document discusses the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. It provides details on the subunits, composition, structure, examples, and functions of each macromolecule type.
Plasma membrane notes
The plasma membrane maintains the proper concentration of materials inside a cell by selectively controlling what passes in and out. It is made of phospholipids that form a bi-layer, with proteins and carbohydrates embedded within or attached to the surface. Channel and carrier proteins transport select materials through the membrane, while cholesterol strengthens and stabilizes the structure.
Levels of biological organization
The document provides instructions for constructing interactive notes for an ecology unit. It tells the student to label the cover with their name and the unit topic. It then instructs them to staple paper to the cover and number the pages. The next pages will define and provide examples for 5 levels of biological organization - organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. The student is then asked to find or draw pictures illustrating each level and label them accordingly.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis in humans, the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells from one original diploid cell, increasing genetic variation between offspring.
Cell discovery
The document outlines instructions for creating an interactive notebook on cells. It includes constructing a cover page with the unit name, student name, and cell picture. It then details stapling paper and numbering pages. The rest of the document summarizes the history of cell discovery by Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and others. It also outlines the three main points of the cell theory and describes the two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Biology of cancer
Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division that occurs through the process of mitosis. Normally, cells only divide when necessary but in cancer cells divide constantly to form tumors. Mutations in genes that serve as checkpoints to prevent excessive cell division can cause cancer over time as copying errors and mutagens introduce mutations into a person's DNA.
Notes biotic abiotic factors
The document defines key terms in ecology such as ecology, environment, and habitat. It explains that biotic factors refer to living organisms in an environment, while abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical components. Limiting factors are defined as any biotic or abiotic element that limits an organism's survival and productivity, with examples given of how water and light can act as limiting factors for plants in different environments.
What is biology
This document provides instructions for setting up an interactive notebook for an Introduction to Biology class. Students should have their course information sheet signature page ready to hand in. They should also get out 7 pages of binder paper and the assignment sheet. The cover of the notebook should include the class name, student name and information, and a related picture. The pages should be numbered and have designated sections for warm-ups, homework, input, and output. The input section provides an introduction to biology, defining it as the study of living things, and outlines some of the major topics that will be covered, including diversity of life, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology. Students are instructed to look further into one interesting topic and illustrate
Trophic levels
Primary producers use energy from the sun or chemicals to produce organic molecules. Consumers rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients. There are different types of consumers including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers, and detritivores. Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms through eating, while food webs show complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Trophic levels refer to the steps in a food chain, with primary producers at the base and increasing consumer levels above. Only about 10% of available energy is transferred between trophic levels.
Experimental design
Scientists design controlled experiments to test hypotheses and answer testable questions about the natural world. They identify an independent variable to manipulate and keep all other variables constant. For example, an experiment could test if fertilizer increases plant growth by applying fertilizer to half the plots and controlling variables like soil type, water, and sunlight. Good experiments are replicated multiple times to improve reliability. Observations can be quantitative by including numbers or qualitative with descriptions. The results are analyzed to determine if the independent variable affected the outcome.
Active and passive transport
The document discusses two types of transport across the plasma membrane: passive transport, which moves particles down a concentration gradient without requiring energy, and active transport, which moves particles against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Passive transport occurs through diffusion or facilitated diffusion, while active transport uses carrier proteins or endocytosis.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system has two main functions: to supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It has an upper respiratory tract that warms and filters air and a lower tract that includes the trachea and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli that absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and have a sponge-like structure.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart, made of strong cardiac muscle, has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventricle and lungs, then the left atrium and ventricle before being pumped through arteries like the aorta to the body. Oxygen-depleted blood returns via veins like the vena cava to the heart.
Digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. It consists of a long continuous digestive tract that food moves through, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that produce fluids entering the digestive tract include the liver, which produces bile to help digest fat, the gallbladder which stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas which produces digestive enzymes.
Muscles
Muscles are able to contract and shorten, pulling on bones via tendons to cause movement. They require a lot of oxygen and nutrients delivered by blood vessels. Muscle cells use aerobic respiration to generate energy from oxygen, and if worked too hard will switch to less efficient anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid. The document also lists some major muscle names in the arms, trunk, and legs.
Bones
The document lists and describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae. The skull has 22 bones including 8 in the cranium and 14 in the face. The rib cage contains 12 ribs pairs and the breastbone. The vertebrae consist of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx bones. The appendicular skeleton attaches the arms and legs to the axial skeleton. It lists the bones of the arm as the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius and carpals. The bones of the leg are the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula,
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Competition
The document defines niche as the range of conditions a species lives in and how it obtains resources to survive and reproduce. A niche explains how a species fits into an ecosystem. Habitat is a species' location while niche includes location and occupation. The document also defines competition as occurring when organisms seek the same limited resources in the same place and time, and can be intraspecific or interspecific. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the exact same niche, while niche partitioning allows species to divide resources and coexist by each occupying a different niche.
Notes dna structure
The document provides instructions and notes on DNA structure. It explains that DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of a phosphate and sugar backbone with nitrogenous bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine in the center. It notes that adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine. The document instructs the reader to make a cover for their interactive notes on the DNA unit and include a color picture.
Diversity
The document defines species richness, species evenness, and species diversity. It notes that species diversity incorporates both richness and evenness. It also discusses biodiversity as the total genetic variation among organisms and some reasons for preserving biodiversity, including potential new medicines from plants, pest resistance genes in crop wild relatives, and ecosystem services from diverse ecosystems. Finally, it introduces keystone species as those that play a key role in maintaining ecosystem diversity and structure, providing sea otters and their effect on kelp forests as an example.
Notes symbiosis
Symbiosis is a close association between two different species. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, where one species benefits while the other is not affected; mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship; and parasitism, where one species benefits while harming the other. Examples provided include epiphytic plants in commensalism with trees, mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, and tapeworms as parasites that live in animal digestive tracts and steal nutrients. The document concludes with a homework assignment to research and write about one example of mutualism and parasitism.
Osmosis notes
The document defines osmosis as the diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. It explains that solutions can be isotonic when solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal, hypotonic when outside is lower causing water to flow into the cell, or hypertonic when outside is higher causing water to flow out of the cell. Examples are given of pure water, ocean water, and a diagram comparing a cell to a solution to determine if it is iso, hypo, or hypertonic based on solute concentrations and water movement direction.
Macromolecules
The document discusses the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. It provides details on the subunits, composition, structure, examples, and functions of each macromolecule type.
Plasma membrane notes
The plasma membrane maintains the proper concentration of materials inside a cell by selectively controlling what passes in and out. It is made of phospholipids that form a bi-layer, with proteins and carbohydrates embedded within or attached to the surface. Channel and carrier proteins transport select materials through the membrane, while cholesterol strengthens and stabilizes the structure.
Levels of biological organization
The document provides instructions for constructing interactive notes for an ecology unit. It tells the student to label the cover with their name and the unit topic. It then instructs them to staple paper to the cover and number the pages. The next pages will define and provide examples for 5 levels of biological organization - organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. The student is then asked to find or draw pictures illustrating each level and label them accordingly.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis in humans, the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells from one original diploid cell, increasing genetic variation between offspring.
Cell discovery
The document outlines instructions for creating an interactive notebook on cells. It includes constructing a cover page with the unit name, student name, and cell picture. It then details stapling paper and numbering pages. The rest of the document summarizes the history of cell discovery by Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and others. It also outlines the three main points of the cell theory and describes the two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Biology of cancer
Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division that occurs through the process of mitosis. Normally, cells only divide when necessary but in cancer cells divide constantly to form tumors. Mutations in genes that serve as checkpoints to prevent excessive cell division can cause cancer over time as copying errors and mutagens introduce mutations into a person's DNA.
Notes biotic abiotic factors
The document defines key terms in ecology such as ecology, environment, and habitat. It explains that biotic factors refer to living organisms in an environment, while abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical components. Limiting factors are defined as any biotic or abiotic element that limits an organism's survival and productivity, with examples given of how water and light can act as limiting factors for plants in different environments.
What is biology
This document provides instructions for setting up an interactive notebook for an Introduction to Biology class. Students should have their course information sheet signature page ready to hand in. They should also get out 7 pages of binder paper and the assignment sheet. The cover of the notebook should include the class name, student name and information, and a related picture. The pages should be numbered and have designated sections for warm-ups, homework, input, and output. The input section provides an introduction to biology, defining it as the study of living things, and outlines some of the major topics that will be covered, including diversity of life, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology. Students are instructed to look further into one interesting topic and illustrate
Trophic levels
Primary producers use energy from the sun or chemicals to produce organic molecules. Consumers rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients. There are different types of consumers including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers, and detritivores. Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms through eating, while food webs show complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Trophic levels refer to the steps in a food chain, with primary producers at the base and increasing consumer levels above. Only about 10% of available energy is transferred between trophic levels.
Experimental design
Scientists design controlled experiments to test hypotheses and answer testable questions about the natural world. They identify an independent variable to manipulate and keep all other variables constant. For example, an experiment could test if fertilizer increases plant growth by applying fertilizer to half the plots and controlling variables like soil type, water, and sunlight. Good experiments are replicated multiple times to improve reliability. Observations can be quantitative by including numbers or qualitative with descriptions. The results are analyzed to determine if the independent variable affected the outcome.
Active and passive transport
The document discusses two types of transport across the plasma membrane: passive transport, which moves particles down a concentration gradient without requiring energy, and active transport, which moves particles against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Passive transport occurs through diffusion or facilitated diffusion, while active transport uses carrier proteins or endocytosis.
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More from Julie Stewart
Respiratory system
The respiratory system has two main functions: to supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It has an upper respiratory tract that warms and filters air and a lower tract that includes the trachea and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli that absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and have a sponge-like structure.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart, made of strong cardiac muscle, has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventricle and lungs, then the left atrium and ventricle before being pumped through arteries like the aorta to the body. Oxygen-depleted blood returns via veins like the vena cava to the heart.
Digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. It consists of a long continuous digestive tract that food moves through, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that produce fluids entering the digestive tract include the liver, which produces bile to help digest fat, the gallbladder which stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas which produces digestive enzymes.
Muscles
Muscles are able to contract and shorten, pulling on bones via tendons to cause movement. They require a lot of oxygen and nutrients delivered by blood vessels. Muscle cells use aerobic respiration to generate energy from oxygen, and if worked too hard will switch to less efficient anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid. The document also lists some major muscle names in the arms, trunk, and legs.
Bones
The document lists and describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae. The skull has 22 bones including 8 in the cranium and 14 in the face. The rib cage contains 12 ribs pairs and the breastbone. The vertebrae consist of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx bones. The appendicular skeleton attaches the arms and legs to the axial skeleton. It lists the bones of the arm as the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius and carpals. The bones of the leg are the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula,
Organ systems projects
The document provides instructions for creating an interactive notebook on human biology. Students are told to staple paper to the cover and include identifying information and a picture. The notebook then outlines and describes the 11 human organ systems, their functions, and key organs. Students will work in groups to write and perform a 1-2 minute skit about the location and function of an assigned organ.
Climate change poster
The document provides instructions for creating a poster showing the impacts of climate change on a specific area or species. It states that the poster should identify at least 3 impacts of climate change, providing a brief explanation and picture for each impact. It also lists potential topics that could be covered on the poster, such as the impacts of climate change on polar bears, coral reefs, agriculture, and coastal cities.
Invasive plants notes
The document defines invasive plants as non-native plants that spread rapidly, out-compete native plants, and have negative ecological or economic impacts. It lists traits of invasive plants such as fast growth, efficient nutrient and water absorption, both sexual and asexual reproduction, effective seed dispersal mechanisms, wide environmental tolerance, and some produce toxins that inhibit other plants. The document also notes invasive plants cost over $140 billion per year in the US, threaten half of endangered species, and can be toxic, increase fire hazards, or cause injury with spines.
Flower notes
Flowers are reproductive organs that bring together pollen and eggs to produce seeds. They have four main parts: sepals which protect the developing flower, petals which are often brightly colored to attract pollinators, stamens which are the male part containing anthers that produce pollen, and carpels which are the female part containing an ovary with eggs and a stigma to receive pollen. A flower lab involves making a detailed drawing of a flower, labeling the parts, and cutting open the ovary to locate the eggs inside.
Seed notes
Seeds contain an embryonic plant and stored food to nourish and protect the embryo. Seeds also disperse the embryo through mechanisms like wind, water, or animals. Additionally, seeds enter dormancy to wait for suitable environmental conditions before germinating. Seeds are important because many are edible and provide humans with most of their calories through cereal grains, beans, and nuts. Students are instructed to write a letter explaining what seeds are and why they are important from the perspective of a seed.
Leaf structure
The document summarizes the structure and function of leaves. It notes that leaves contain a cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and vascular bundles. The cuticle forms a waxy outer covering that prevents water loss. The epidermis forms the top and bottom layers of the leaf and provides protection. The palisade mesophyll contains tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts and performs most photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed cells with fewer chloroplasts. The vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem that transport water and food. Stomata are pores on the underside of leaves that open and close to regulate gas exchange.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugar, which plants then use as food. It takes place in chloroplasts, small oval structures inside plant cells that contain chlorophyll to capture light energy. Chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that became incorporated into plant cells. Photosynthesis also produces oxygen as a byproduct.
Intro to plants
All plants share three main traits: they are eukaryotic, have cell walls containing cellulose, and produce their own food through photosynthesis. The document discusses four types of plants: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms which have cones, and angiosperms which have flowers.
Classification notes
Students are instructed to prepare their interactive notes for a taxonomy unit by making a cover page with their name, class, and an illustration of taxonomy. They should staple paper behind the cover to take notes on classification, where organisms are now grouped by evolutionary relationships determined by characteristics and DNA sequencing. The taxonomic categories from domain to species are listed, with an example classification of humans provided. Students are tasked with creating a mnemonic and drawing to illustrate the categories for their interactive notes.
Cladograms
A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between species by depicting lineages and their shared common ancestors. It represents groups of species that share a single common ancestor as clades. Derived characteristics are traits that evolved in a common ancestor and were passed down to its descendants, helping to determine how species are related on the cladogram. The example shows how to build a cladogram by determining which species share certain traits like legs, fur, being carnivorous, or having retractable claws.
Mitosis notes
Mitosis is the process by which a body cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. It occurs in six steps: interphase where the cell grows and copies its DNA; prophase where the DNA condenses; metaphase where chromosomes line up; anaphase where chromosomes are pulled apart; telophase where new nuclei form; and cytokinesis where the cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is necessary for body growth, repair, and maintenance.
Cell size
Cells are small because as they get larger, their volume increases faster than their surface area. This decreases the surface area to volume ratio, making it difficult for cells to efficiently exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes through their cell membranes. Maintaining a high surface area to volume ratio allows cells to effectively transport materials needed for survival.
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Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
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Handwritten best quality
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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