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Diagram of Mendel's experiment
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Diversity
The document defines species richness, species evenness, and species diversity. It notes that species diversity incorporates both richness and evenness. It also discusses biodiversity as the total genetic variation among organisms and some reasons for preserving biodiversity, including potential new medicines from plants, pest resistance genes in crop wild relatives, and ecosystem services from diverse ecosystems. Finally, it introduces keystone species as those that play a key role in maintaining ecosystem diversity and structure, providing sea otters and their effect on kelp forests as an example.
Cladograms
A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between species by depicting lineages and their shared common ancestors. It represents groups of species that share a single common ancestor as clades. Derived characteristics are traits that evolved in a common ancestor and were passed down to its descendants, helping to determine how species are related on the cladogram. The example shows how to build a cladogram by determining which species share certain traits like legs, fur, being carnivorous, or having retractable claws.
Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk born in 1822 who is considered the "Father of genetics". He studied pea plants and discovered the basic principles of heredity through experimentation, though his work was not appreciated until 25 years after his death. His experiments distinguished between an organism's genotype, which are its genes, and its phenotype, which is how it appears physically.
Notes blood type
The document summarizes key information about human blood types:
1) Humans have 4 main blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
2) Blood types A and B are co-dominant traits, while O is recessive.
3) Type O blood is considered the universal donor as it can be donated to all other blood types, while Type AB is the universal recipient as it can receive donations from all other types.
Succession
Ecological succession is a series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time, typically resulting in an increase in species diversity. Succession can be primary, occurring in areas with no previous community traces like new lava, or secondary, in partially disturbed areas where soil survives. Pioneer species alter the environment making it suitable for other species in successional stages from grasses to shade-tolerant trees in a climax community.
Darwin and natural selection
1. The document outlines notes from a biology class lesson on Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection.
2. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s where he began developing his ideas about natural selection and his publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859.
3. The theory of natural selection is explained as individuals varying, some traits helping organisms survive and reproduce more successfully over generations, causing trait frequencies to change in populations over time.
Evidence for evolution
The document provides evidence that supports the theory of evolution from four main points: 1) The fossil record shows evolutionary changes and intermediate forms over time. 2) Comparative anatomy finds that closely related species share homologous structures, such as mammals sharing the same basic bone structure in their forelimbs. 3) Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost their primary function, providing evidence that structures once had a use. 4) Comparative embryology notes that in early stages, embryos of different animal species look similar, suggesting common ancestry.
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Diversity
The document defines species richness, species evenness, and species diversity. It notes that species diversity incorporates both richness and evenness. It also discusses biodiversity as the total genetic variation among organisms and some reasons for preserving biodiversity, including potential new medicines from plants, pest resistance genes in crop wild relatives, and ecosystem services from diverse ecosystems. Finally, it introduces keystone species as those that play a key role in maintaining ecosystem diversity and structure, providing sea otters and their effect on kelp forests as an example.
Cladograms
A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between species by depicting lineages and their shared common ancestors. It represents groups of species that share a single common ancestor as clades. Derived characteristics are traits that evolved in a common ancestor and were passed down to its descendants, helping to determine how species are related on the cladogram. The example shows how to build a cladogram by determining which species share certain traits like legs, fur, being carnivorous, or having retractable claws.
Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk born in 1822 who is considered the "Father of genetics". He studied pea plants and discovered the basic principles of heredity through experimentation, though his work was not appreciated until 25 years after his death. His experiments distinguished between an organism's genotype, which are its genes, and its phenotype, which is how it appears physically.
Notes blood type
The document summarizes key information about human blood types:
1) Humans have 4 main blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
2) Blood types A and B are co-dominant traits, while O is recessive.
3) Type O blood is considered the universal donor as it can be donated to all other blood types, while Type AB is the universal recipient as it can receive donations from all other types.
Succession
Ecological succession is a series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time, typically resulting in an increase in species diversity. Succession can be primary, occurring in areas with no previous community traces like new lava, or secondary, in partially disturbed areas where soil survives. Pioneer species alter the environment making it suitable for other species in successional stages from grasses to shade-tolerant trees in a climax community.
Darwin and natural selection
1. The document outlines notes from a biology class lesson on Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection.
2. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s where he began developing his ideas about natural selection and his publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859.
3. The theory of natural selection is explained as individuals varying, some traits helping organisms survive and reproduce more successfully over generations, causing trait frequencies to change in populations over time.
Evidence for evolution
The document provides evidence that supports the theory of evolution from four main points: 1) The fossil record shows evolutionary changes and intermediate forms over time. 2) Comparative anatomy finds that closely related species share homologous structures, such as mammals sharing the same basic bone structure in their forelimbs. 3) Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost their primary function, providing evidence that structures once had a use. 4) Comparative embryology notes that in early stages, embryos of different animal species look similar, suggesting common ancestry.
Notes punnett squares
Reginald Punnett created the Punnett square, a diagram used to predict possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes from a genetic cross. A Punnett square works by writing the alleles of one parent across the top and the other parent down the side, then determining the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring through combination. An example problem shows a black heterozygous female guinea pig mating with a white male, resulting in offspring with 25% BB, 50% Bb, and 25% bb genotypes, and 75% black and 25% white phenotypes.
Cell size
Cells are small because as they get larger, their volume increases faster than their surface area. This decreases the surface area to volume ratio, making it difficult for cells to efficiently exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes through their cell membranes. Maintaining a high surface area to volume ratio allows cells to effectively transport materials needed for survival.
Mitosis notes
Mitosis is the process by which a body cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. It occurs in six steps: interphase where the cell grows and copies its DNA; prophase where the DNA condenses; metaphase where chromosomes line up; anaphase where chromosomes are pulled apart; telophase where new nuclei form; and cytokinesis where the cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is necessary for body growth, repair, and maintenance.
Competition
The document defines niche as the range of conditions a species lives in and how it obtains resources to survive and reproduce. A niche explains how a species fits into an ecosystem. Habitat is a species' location while niche includes location and occupation. The document also defines competition as occurring when organisms seek the same limited resources in the same place and time, and can be intraspecific or interspecific. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the exact same niche, while niche partitioning allows species to divide resources and coexist by each occupying a different niche.
Notes speciation
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Speciation is the origin of new species through evolution. The two main types of speciation discussed are allopatric and sympatric. Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is separated geographically, like squirrels separated by the Grand Canyon. Sympatric speciation can happen without geographic barriers through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out different speciation scenarios in short skits.
Notes biotic abiotic factors
The document defines key terms in ecology such as ecology, environment, and habitat. It explains that biotic factors refer to living organisms in an environment, while abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical components. Limiting factors are defined as any biotic or abiotic element that limits an organism's survival and productivity, with examples given of how water and light can act as limiting factors for plants in different environments.
Notes symbiosis
Symbiosis is a close association between two different species. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, where one species benefits while the other is not affected; mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship; and parasitism, where one species benefits while harming the other. Examples provided include epiphytic plants in commensalism with trees, mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, and tapeworms as parasites that live in animal digestive tracts and steal nutrients. The document concludes with a homework assignment to research and write about one example of mutualism and parasitism.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis in humans, the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells from one original diploid cell, increasing genetic variation between offspring.
Intro to genetics
This document provides instructions on creating a cover sheet for interactive notes on genetics and includes introductory information on genetics. It defines genetics as the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. It defines key genetics terms including trait, allele, dominant allele, and recessive allele. It explains that individuals have two alleles for each gene, one from each parent, and how dominant and recessive alleles determine phenotypes.
Trophic levels
Primary producers use energy from the sun or chemicals to produce organic molecules. Consumers rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients. There are different types of consumers including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers, and detritivores. Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms through eating, while food webs show complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Trophic levels refer to the steps in a food chain, with primary producers at the base and increasing consumer levels above. Only about 10% of available energy is transferred between trophic levels.
5.1 mendel's experiments
1) Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants over 10 years to study inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.
2) He found that some traits are dominant and others recessive, with dominant traits masking recessive traits in the first filial generation.
3) Mendel also discovered that traits are inherited independently according to his Law of Independent Assortment.
Notes dihybrid crosses
This document provides instructions for completing a dihybrid cross involving two traits. It explains that a dihybrid cross involves two different traits, and it outlines the two main steps: 1) determining the gametes of the parents using FOIL and 2) constructing a Punnett square using the gametes to determine the possible offspring genotypes. It includes examples of determining gametes for different parental genotypes and instructions for filling out and coloring a Punnett square to show the possible offspring phenotypes. It concludes with a practice problem to complete.
Notes sex linked traits
The document discusses sex-linked traits which are traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes. It notes that females have two X chromosomes and are denoted XX while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are denoted XY. The X chromosome contains many more genes than the Y chromosome. It describes an experiment by Thomas Hunt Morgan which showed that eye color in fruit flies is sex-linked. It then explains that sex-linked disorders mainly affect males because females need two copies of a recessive gene while males only need one. It gives color blindness as an example and notes that carrier females have one normal and one recessive gene.
Mendels laws
The document summarizes Mendel's two laws of inheritance:
1. The Law of Segregation states that alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation so each offspring inherits one allele for a trait from each parent.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other, with the exception of genes located close together on the same chromosome.
Notes incomplete codominance
Here is a made-up incomplete dominance problem:
Flower petal color:
RR = Red petals
YY = Yellow petals
RY = Orange petals
Cross a red-petaled flower with a yellow-petaled flower. Show the Punnett square and phenotype ratios.
Notes multiple alleles
- Study for the quiz on incomplete/codominance by reviewing notes on pages 12-13 and the incomplete/codominance worksheet.
- Notes on multiple alleles are on page 14. Multiple alleles means that more than two alleles control a trait. Rabbits can have dark gray, light gray, himalayan, or white fur determined by 4 alleles.
- The document provides examples of rabbit genotypes and phenotypes controlled by the C, cch, ch, and c alleles. It includes a practice problem and output activity to create a new multiple alleles trait.
Notes genetic drift
Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events, and is more likely to occur in small populations. Unlike natural selection, genetic drift is random and can cause changes in traits that are beneficial, detrimental, or neutral. Two types of genetic drift are founder effect, which occurs when a small group colonizes a new area, and population bottleneck, which is caused by a drastic reduction in population size, such as from a natural disaster.
Levels of biological organization
The document provides instructions for constructing interactive notes for an ecology unit. It tells the student to label the cover with their name and the unit topic. It then instructs them to staple paper to the cover and number the pages. The next pages will define and provide examples for 5 levels of biological organization - organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. The student is then asked to find or draw pictures illustrating each level and label them accordingly.
Evolution of complex traits
The document discusses complex traits that have multiple interacting parts, such as eyes and blood clotting. It notes that opponents argue some traits are too complex to have evolved through small changes, but biologists have shown this is not true. Complex traits can evolve through natural selection accumulating small beneficial changes over time, and traits may have had different functions in the past and evolved into their current form.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system has two main functions: to supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It has an upper respiratory tract that warms and filters air and a lower tract that includes the trachea and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli that absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and have a sponge-like structure.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart, made of strong cardiac muscle, has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventricle and lungs, then the left atrium and ventricle before being pumped through arteries like the aorta to the body. Oxygen-depleted blood returns via veins like the vena cava to the heart.
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Notes punnett squares
Reginald Punnett created the Punnett square, a diagram used to predict possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes from a genetic cross. A Punnett square works by writing the alleles of one parent across the top and the other parent down the side, then determining the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring through combination. An example problem shows a black heterozygous female guinea pig mating with a white male, resulting in offspring with 25% BB, 50% Bb, and 25% bb genotypes, and 75% black and 25% white phenotypes.
Cell size
Cells are small because as they get larger, their volume increases faster than their surface area. This decreases the surface area to volume ratio, making it difficult for cells to efficiently exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes through their cell membranes. Maintaining a high surface area to volume ratio allows cells to effectively transport materials needed for survival.
Mitosis notes
Mitosis is the process by which a body cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. It occurs in six steps: interphase where the cell grows and copies its DNA; prophase where the DNA condenses; metaphase where chromosomes line up; anaphase where chromosomes are pulled apart; telophase where new nuclei form; and cytokinesis where the cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is necessary for body growth, repair, and maintenance.
Competition
The document defines niche as the range of conditions a species lives in and how it obtains resources to survive and reproduce. A niche explains how a species fits into an ecosystem. Habitat is a species' location while niche includes location and occupation. The document also defines competition as occurring when organisms seek the same limited resources in the same place and time, and can be intraspecific or interspecific. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the exact same niche, while niche partitioning allows species to divide resources and coexist by each occupying a different niche.
Notes speciation
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Speciation is the origin of new species through evolution. The two main types of speciation discussed are allopatric and sympatric. Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is separated geographically, like squirrels separated by the Grand Canyon. Sympatric speciation can happen without geographic barriers through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out different speciation scenarios in short skits.
Notes biotic abiotic factors
The document defines key terms in ecology such as ecology, environment, and habitat. It explains that biotic factors refer to living organisms in an environment, while abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical components. Limiting factors are defined as any biotic or abiotic element that limits an organism's survival and productivity, with examples given of how water and light can act as limiting factors for plants in different environments.
Notes symbiosis
Symbiosis is a close association between two different species. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, where one species benefits while the other is not affected; mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship; and parasitism, where one species benefits while harming the other. Examples provided include epiphytic plants in commensalism with trees, mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, and tapeworms as parasites that live in animal digestive tracts and steal nutrients. The document concludes with a homework assignment to research and write about one example of mutualism and parasitism.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis in humans, the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells from one original diploid cell, increasing genetic variation between offspring.
Intro to genetics
This document provides instructions on creating a cover sheet for interactive notes on genetics and includes introductory information on genetics. It defines genetics as the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. It defines key genetics terms including trait, allele, dominant allele, and recessive allele. It explains that individuals have two alleles for each gene, one from each parent, and how dominant and recessive alleles determine phenotypes.
Trophic levels
Primary producers use energy from the sun or chemicals to produce organic molecules. Consumers rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients. There are different types of consumers including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers, and detritivores. Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms through eating, while food webs show complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Trophic levels refer to the steps in a food chain, with primary producers at the base and increasing consumer levels above. Only about 10% of available energy is transferred between trophic levels.
5.1 mendel's experiments
1) Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants over 10 years to study inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.
2) He found that some traits are dominant and others recessive, with dominant traits masking recessive traits in the first filial generation.
3) Mendel also discovered that traits are inherited independently according to his Law of Independent Assortment.
Notes dihybrid crosses
This document provides instructions for completing a dihybrid cross involving two traits. It explains that a dihybrid cross involves two different traits, and it outlines the two main steps: 1) determining the gametes of the parents using FOIL and 2) constructing a Punnett square using the gametes to determine the possible offspring genotypes. It includes examples of determining gametes for different parental genotypes and instructions for filling out and coloring a Punnett square to show the possible offspring phenotypes. It concludes with a practice problem to complete.
Notes sex linked traits
The document discusses sex-linked traits which are traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes. It notes that females have two X chromosomes and are denoted XX while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are denoted XY. The X chromosome contains many more genes than the Y chromosome. It describes an experiment by Thomas Hunt Morgan which showed that eye color in fruit flies is sex-linked. It then explains that sex-linked disorders mainly affect males because females need two copies of a recessive gene while males only need one. It gives color blindness as an example and notes that carrier females have one normal and one recessive gene.
Mendels laws
The document summarizes Mendel's two laws of inheritance:
1. The Law of Segregation states that alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation so each offspring inherits one allele for a trait from each parent.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other, with the exception of genes located close together on the same chromosome.
Notes incomplete codominance
Here is a made-up incomplete dominance problem:
Flower petal color:
RR = Red petals
YY = Yellow petals
RY = Orange petals
Cross a red-petaled flower with a yellow-petaled flower. Show the Punnett square and phenotype ratios.
Notes multiple alleles
- Study for the quiz on incomplete/codominance by reviewing notes on pages 12-13 and the incomplete/codominance worksheet.
- Notes on multiple alleles are on page 14. Multiple alleles means that more than two alleles control a trait. Rabbits can have dark gray, light gray, himalayan, or white fur determined by 4 alleles.
- The document provides examples of rabbit genotypes and phenotypes controlled by the C, cch, ch, and c alleles. It includes a practice problem and output activity to create a new multiple alleles trait.
Notes genetic drift
Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events, and is more likely to occur in small populations. Unlike natural selection, genetic drift is random and can cause changes in traits that are beneficial, detrimental, or neutral. Two types of genetic drift are founder effect, which occurs when a small group colonizes a new area, and population bottleneck, which is caused by a drastic reduction in population size, such as from a natural disaster.
Levels of biological organization
The document provides instructions for constructing interactive notes for an ecology unit. It tells the student to label the cover with their name and the unit topic. It then instructs them to staple paper to the cover and number the pages. The next pages will define and provide examples for 5 levels of biological organization - organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. The student is then asked to find or draw pictures illustrating each level and label them accordingly.
Evolution of complex traits
The document discusses complex traits that have multiple interacting parts, such as eyes and blood clotting. It notes that opponents argue some traits are too complex to have evolved through small changes, but biologists have shown this is not true. Complex traits can evolve through natural selection accumulating small beneficial changes over time, and traits may have had different functions in the past and evolved into their current form.
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Respiratory system
The respiratory system has two main functions: to supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It has an upper respiratory tract that warms and filters air and a lower tract that includes the trachea and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli that absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and have a sponge-like structure.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart, made of strong cardiac muscle, has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventricle and lungs, then the left atrium and ventricle before being pumped through arteries like the aorta to the body. Oxygen-depleted blood returns via veins like the vena cava to the heart.
Digestive system
The digestive system breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. It consists of a long continuous digestive tract that food moves through, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that produce fluids entering the digestive tract include the liver, which produces bile to help digest fat, the gallbladder which stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas which produces digestive enzymes.
Muscles
Muscles are able to contract and shorten, pulling on bones via tendons to cause movement. They require a lot of oxygen and nutrients delivered by blood vessels. Muscle cells use aerobic respiration to generate energy from oxygen, and if worked too hard will switch to less efficient anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid. The document also lists some major muscle names in the arms, trunk, and legs.
Bones
The document lists and describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae. The skull has 22 bones including 8 in the cranium and 14 in the face. The rib cage contains 12 ribs pairs and the breastbone. The vertebrae consist of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx bones. The appendicular skeleton attaches the arms and legs to the axial skeleton. It lists the bones of the arm as the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius and carpals. The bones of the leg are the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula,
Organ systems projects
The document provides instructions for creating an interactive notebook on human biology. Students are told to staple paper to the cover and include identifying information and a picture. The notebook then outlines and describes the 11 human organ systems, their functions, and key organs. Students will work in groups to write and perform a 1-2 minute skit about the location and function of an assigned organ.
Climate change poster
The document provides instructions for creating a poster showing the impacts of climate change on a specific area or species. It states that the poster should identify at least 3 impacts of climate change, providing a brief explanation and picture for each impact. It also lists potential topics that could be covered on the poster, such as the impacts of climate change on polar bears, coral reefs, agriculture, and coastal cities.
Invasive plants notes
The document defines invasive plants as non-native plants that spread rapidly, out-compete native plants, and have negative ecological or economic impacts. It lists traits of invasive plants such as fast growth, efficient nutrient and water absorption, both sexual and asexual reproduction, effective seed dispersal mechanisms, wide environmental tolerance, and some produce toxins that inhibit other plants. The document also notes invasive plants cost over $140 billion per year in the US, threaten half of endangered species, and can be toxic, increase fire hazards, or cause injury with spines.
Flower notes
Flowers are reproductive organs that bring together pollen and eggs to produce seeds. They have four main parts: sepals which protect the developing flower, petals which are often brightly colored to attract pollinators, stamens which are the male part containing anthers that produce pollen, and carpels which are the female part containing an ovary with eggs and a stigma to receive pollen. A flower lab involves making a detailed drawing of a flower, labeling the parts, and cutting open the ovary to locate the eggs inside.
Seed notes
Seeds contain an embryonic plant and stored food to nourish and protect the embryo. Seeds also disperse the embryo through mechanisms like wind, water, or animals. Additionally, seeds enter dormancy to wait for suitable environmental conditions before germinating. Seeds are important because many are edible and provide humans with most of their calories through cereal grains, beans, and nuts. Students are instructed to write a letter explaining what seeds are and why they are important from the perspective of a seed.
Leaf structure
The document summarizes the structure and function of leaves. It notes that leaves contain a cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and vascular bundles. The cuticle forms a waxy outer covering that prevents water loss. The epidermis forms the top and bottom layers of the leaf and provides protection. The palisade mesophyll contains tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts and performs most photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed cells with fewer chloroplasts. The vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem that transport water and food. Stomata are pores on the underside of leaves that open and close to regulate gas exchange.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugar, which plants then use as food. It takes place in chloroplasts, small oval structures inside plant cells that contain chlorophyll to capture light energy. Chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that became incorporated into plant cells. Photosynthesis also produces oxygen as a byproduct.
Intro to plants
All plants share three main traits: they are eukaryotic, have cell walls containing cellulose, and produce their own food through photosynthesis. The document discusses four types of plants: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms which have cones, and angiosperms which have flowers.
Classification notes
Students are instructed to prepare their interactive notes for a taxonomy unit by making a cover page with their name, class, and an illustration of taxonomy. They should staple paper behind the cover to take notes on classification, where organisms are now grouped by evolutionary relationships determined by characteristics and DNA sequencing. The taxonomic categories from domain to species are listed, with an example classification of humans provided. Students are tasked with creating a mnemonic and drawing to illustrate the categories for their interactive notes.
Notes dna structure
The document provides instructions and notes on DNA structure. It explains that DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of a phosphate and sugar backbone with nitrogenous bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine in the center. It notes that adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine. The document instructs the reader to make a cover for their interactive notes on the DNA unit and include a color picture.
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Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
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